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Copyright, iv
Feature Boxes, xxi
Preface, xxiii
PQ4R—An Enhanced Pedagogical Package, xxviii
The Themes of Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity, xxix
Features, xxxi
The Supplements Package, xxxiii
Acknowledgments, xxxv
1. What Is Human Sexuality?, 1-a
Preview, 1-a
What Is Human Sexuality?, 4
The Study of Human Sexuality, 4
Sexuality and Values, 5
Value Systems for Making Sexual Decisions, 5
Thinking Critically about Human Sexuality, 8
Principles of Critical Thinking, 9
Perspectives on Human Sexuality, 10
The Historical Perspective, 11
A Closer Look: Thinking Critically about Sexual Advice on the Internet: Are There Any Quick Fixes?, 12
The Biological Perspective, 21
The Evolutionary Perspective, 21
The Cross-Species Perspective, 22
The World of Human Sexuality: Influences of Sex, Ethnicity, Age, Marital Status, Level of Education, and Religion on Numbers of Sex Partners, 23
Sociological Perspectives, 25
The World of Human Sexuality: The New Berlin Wall, 26
Psychological Perspectives, 28
Feminist Theory, 30
Queer Theory, 31
Multiple Perspectives on Human Sexuality, 31
Recite, 32
Review, 33
2. Research Methods in Human Sexuality, 34
Preview, 34
A Scientific Approach to Human Sexuality, 37
The Scientific Method, 37
Goals of the Science of Human Sexuality, 38
Populations and Samples: Representing the World of Diversity, 39
Sampling Methods, 40
Methods of Observation, 41
The Case-Study Method, 41
The Survey Method, 41
The Naturalistic Observation Method, 47
Self-Assessment: Would You Tell an Interviewer the Truth on a Survey about Your Sexual Behavior? The Social-Desirability Scale, 48
The Ethnographic Observation Method, 49
The Participant Observation Method, 49
The Laboratory Observation Method, 49
A Closer Look: Physiological Measures of Sexual Arousal, 50
Correlation, 51
The Experimental Method, 53
Experimental and Control Groups, 54
Ethics in Sex Research, 55
The World of Human Sexuality: The Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Ethics Turned Upside Down in Research Gone Wrong, 56
Recite, 58
Review, 59
3. Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology, 60
Preview, 60
External Sex Organs, 63
The Mons Veneris, 64
The Labia Majora, 64
The Labia Minora, 65
The Clitoris, 65
The World of Human Sexuality: Female Genital Mutilation, 66
The Vestibule, 66
The Urethral Opening, 67
The Vaginal Opening, 68
The Perineum, 69
Structures That Underlie the External Sex Organs, 69
Internal Sex Organs, 70
The Vagina, 70
A Closer Look: The G Spot and Female Ejaculation: Sexual Realities or Gynecological Myths?, 72
The Cervix, 72
The Uterus, 74
The Fallopian Tubes, 75
The Ovaries, 75
The Pelvic Examination, 76
The Breasts, 77
Breast Cancer, 79
The World of Human Sexuality: African American Women and Breast Cancer, 81
The Menstrual Cycle, 82
Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle, 83
A Closer Look: Breast Self-Examination, 84
Phases of the Menstrual Cycle, 85
Sex during Menstruation, 90
Menopause, Perimenopause, and the Climacteric, 90
The World of Human Sexuality: Historical and Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Menstruation, 91
Hormone Replacement Therapy: Good Medicine or Menace?, 92
A Closer Look: Myths about Menopause, 93
Menstrual Problems, 94
Dysmenorrhea, 94
Amenorrhea, 95
Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder, 96
How to Handle Menstrual Discomfort, 97
Self-Assessment: Do You Experience PMS or PMDD?, 98
Recite, 100
Review, 101
4. Male Sexual Anatomy and Physiology, 102
Preview, 102
External Sex Organs, 105
The Penis, 105
The Scrotum, 109
Internal Sex Organs, 110
The Testes, 110
A Closer Look: Andropause: When Hormones Rage No More, 112
The Vas Deferens, 113
The Seminal Vesicles, 114
The Prostate Gland, 114
Cowper’s Glands, 115
Semen, 115
Health Problems of the Urogenital System, 116
Urethritis, 116
Cancer of the Testes, 116
Disorders of the Prostate, 117
A Closer Look: Options—and Decisions—for Men with Prostate Cancer, 120
Male Sexual Functions, 122
Erection, 122
Spinal Reflexes and Sexual Response, 122
Ejaculation, 125
Recite, 128
Review, 129
5. Sexual Arousal and Response, 130
Preview, 130
Making Sense of Sex: The Role of the Senses in Sexual Arousal, 133
Vision: The Better to See You With, 133
Smell: Does the Nose Know Best?, 133
The Skin Senses: Sex as a Touching Experience, 135
A Closer Look: The Search for a “Magic” Love Potion: On the Threshold?, 136
Taste: On Savory Sex, 137
Hearing: The Better to Hear You With, 138
Aphrodisiacs: Of Spanish Flies and Rhino Horns, 138
Anaphrodisiacs, 139
Psychoactive Drugs, 140
Sexual Response and the Brain: Cerebral Sex?, 142
On Pushing the Right Buttons: Are There Pleasure Centers in the Brain?, 143
Sex Hormones and Sexual Behavior, 144
Organizing and Activating Influences, 144
Sex Hormones and Male Sexual Behavior, 146
Sex Hormones and Female Sexual Behavior, 147
Sexual Response, 148
The Four-Phase Masters and Johnson Sexual Response Cycle, 148
Kaplan’s Three Stages of Sexual Response: An Alternative Model, 154
Controversies about Orgasm, 155
Recite, 158
Review, 159
6. Gender Identity and Gender Roles, 160
Preview, 160
Prenatal Sexual Differentiation, 163
Genetic Factors in Sexual Differentiation, 166
The Role of Sex Hormones in Sexual Differentiation, 166
Descent of the Testes and the Ovaries, 167
Sex Chromosomal Abnormalities, 167
Gender Identity, 168
Nature and Nurture in Gender Identity, 168
Transsexualism/Transgenderism, 170
A Closer Look: Boys Who Are Reared as Girls, 172
The World of Human Sexuality: Third Gender/Third Sex, 175
Gender Roles and Stereotypes, 176
Sexism, 179
Gender Roles and Sexual Behavior, 179
Sex Differences in Cognition, Personality, and Behavior, 180
Differences in Cognitive Abilities, 180
Differences in Personality, 182
Differences in Social Behavior, 183
On Becoming a Man or a Woman: Gender Typing, 183
Biological Perspectives, 183
The World of Human Sexuality: The Eye That Roves around the World?, 184
Psychological Perspectives, 187
Psychological Androgyny and the Reconstruction of Masculinity–Femininity: The More Traits, the Merrier?, 191
Recite, 194
Review, 195
7. Attraction and Love—Binding Forces, 196
Preview, 196
Attraction: The Force That Binds?, 199
Physical Attractiveness: How Important Is Looking Good?, 200
The World of Human Sexuality: Wide Eyed with . . . Beauty, 201
The World of Human Sexuality: Sex Differences in Preferences in Mates across 37 Cultures, 203
The Attraction–Similarity Hypothesis: Who Is “Right” for You?, 205
Attitudes: Do “Opposites Attract” or Do “Birds of a Feather Flock Together”?, 207
A Closer Look: “The (Electronic) Nearness of You”, 208
Reciprocity: If You Like Me, You Must Have Excellent Judgment, 208
Love: “The Morning and the Evening Star”?, 209
A Closer Look: Watching New Love as It Sears the Brain, 210
Romantic Love, 210
Infatuation versus “True Love”: Will Time Tell?, 212
Contemporary Models of Love: Dare Science Intrude?, 213
Self-Assessment: Sternberg’s Triangular Love Scale, 217
Recite, 220
Review, 221
8. Relationships and Communication, 222
Preview, 222
The ABC(DE)s of Romantic Relationships, 225
A Closer Look: They Say You Can’t Hurry Love . . . But How about Speed Dating?, 226
Not-So-Small Talk: An Audition for Building a Relationship, 226
“Opening Lines”: How Do You Get Things Started?, 227
Self-Disclosure: You Tell Me and I’ll Tell You . . . Carefully, 228
Intimacy: Sharing Innermost Thoughts and Feelings, 229
Jealousy: Is the World a Real-Life Temptation Island?, 233
Responses to Deterioration of a Relationship, 234
Breaking Up—Breaking Up Is (Often) Hard to Do, 235
A Closer Look: In Modern E-Mail Romance, “Trash” Is Just a Click Away, 236
Loneliness: “All the Lonely People, Where Do They All Come From?”, 238
Coping with Loneliness, 239
Satisfaction in Relationships: Communication as Key, 240
Relationships between Heterosexuals, Gay Males, Lesbians, Bisexuals, and Transgendered Individuals, 241
Conflict Resolution, 242
Communication Skills for Enhancing Relationships and Sexual Relations: How to Do It, 243
Obstacles to Sexual Communication, 243
A Closer Look: The Active-Listening Controversy, 244
Recite, 252
Review, 253
9. Sexual Behaviors and Fantasies, 254
Preview, 254
Solitary Sexual Behavior, 257
Historical Medical Views of Masturbation, 258
The World of Human Sexuality: Demographic Factors and Masturbation, 260
Masturbation Techniques Used by Males, 261
Masturbation Techniques Used by Females, 262
Sexual Behavior with Others, 264
Foreplay, 264
Kissing, 265
Touching, 266
Stimulation of the Breasts, 268
Oral–Genital Stimulation, 269
The World of Human Sexuality: Demographic Factors and Oral Sex, 270
Sexual Intercourse: Positions and Techniques, 272
Sexual Fantasies, 278
A Closer Look: The Brody Studies on the Effects of Masturbation versus Penile–Vaginal Intercourse: Time for Some Critical Thinking, 280
Sexual Fantasies of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual (LGB) Individuals, 281
Recite, 282
Review, 283
10. Sexual Orientation, 284
Preview, 284
Getting Oriented toward Sexual Orientation, 286
Coming to Terms with Terms, 287
Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity, 287
Classification of Sexual Orientation: Is Yes or No Enough?, 288
Bisexuality, 292
Perspectives on Gay Male and Lesbian Sexual Orientations, 293
Historical Perspectives, 293
The World of Human Sexuality: Ethnicity and Sexual Orientation: A Matter of Belonging, 294
Cross-Cultural Perspectives, 296
Cross-Species Perspectives, 296
Attitudes toward Sexual Orientation in Contemporary Society, 297
Biological Perspectives, 301
A Closer Look: Pheromones and Sexual Orientation, 303
Psychological Perspectives, 304
Gender Nonconformity, 305
Adjustment of Gay Males and Lesbians, 307
Homophobia, 308
“Treatment” of Gay Male and Lesbian Sexual Orientations, 310
Coming Out: Coming to Terms with Being Gay, 311
Coming Out to Oneself, 311
Coming Out to Others, 312
Gay Lifestyles, 313
Lifestyle Differences between Gay Males and Lesbians, 314
Variations in Gay Lifestyles, 315
A Closer Look: Many Couples Must Negotiate Terms of “Brokeback” Marriages, 316
Recite, 318
Review, 319
11. Conception, Pregnancy, and Childbirth, 320
Preview, 320
Conception: Against All Odds, 322
Optimizing the Chances of Conception, 323
Selecting the Sex of Your Child, 325
Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technology, 326
Male Fertility Problems, 326
Female Fertility Problems, 327
Pregnancy, 329
Early Signs of Pregnancy, 330
Pregnancy Tests, 330
Early Effects of Pregnancy, 330
Miscarriage, 331
Sex during Pregnancy, 331
Psychological Changes during Pregnancy, 332
Prenatal Development, 333
Stages of Prenatal Development, 334
Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development, 338
A Closer Look: Preventing Your Baby from Being Infected with HIV, 340
Chromosomal and Genetic Abnormalities, 344
Childbirth, 347
Stages of Childbirth, 347
Methods of Childbirth, 350
Birth Problems, 352
The World of Human Sexuality: Maternal and Infant Mortality around the World, 354
The Postpartum Period, 355
Breast-feeding versus Bottle Feeding, 356
Resumption of Ovulation and Menstruation, 358
Resumption of Sexual Activity, 358
Recite, 360
Review, 361
12. Contraception and Abortion, 362
Preview, 362
Contraception, 365
Contraception in the United States: The Legal Battle, 365
Methods of Contraception, 366
A Closer Look: Talking with Your Partner about Contraception, 367
Oral Contraceptives, 367
The “Morning After” Pill, 371
The Contraceptive Patch, 372
Injectable Contraceptives, 372
Intrauterine Devices, 373
The Diaphragm, 375
Spermicides, 376
The Contraceptive Sponge, 378
The Cervical Cap, 378
The Condom, 379
Douching, 383
The Withdrawal Method, 383
Fertility Awareness Methods, 383
Sterilization, 385
A Closer Look: Selecting a Method of Contraception, 389
Abortion, 391
When Does Human Life Begin?, 392
Historical and Legal Perspectives on Abortion, 392
Self-Assessment: Pro-Choice or Pro-Life? Where Do You Stand?, 393
A Closer Look: The Abortion Battle: A Nation Divided?, 396
Methods of Abortion, 397
Psychological Consequences of Abortion, 400
A Closer Look: The Battle over Partial-Birth Abortion, 401
Recite, 404
Review, 405
13. Sexuality in Childhood and Adolescence, 406
Preview, 406
Infancy (0 to 2 Years): The Search for the Origins of Human Sexuality, 408
The Infant’s Capacity for Sexual Response, 409
Masturbation, 409
Sexual Curiosity, 409
Genital Play, 410
Co-Sleeping, 411
Sexual Orientation of Parents, 411
Early Childhood (3 to 8 Years), 411
Masturbation, 412
Male–Female Sexual Behavior, 412
Male–Male and Female–Female Sexual Behavior, 413
A Closer Look: How Should Parents React When Children Masturbate?, 414
Preadolescence (9 to 13 Years), 414
Masturbation, 415
Male–Female Sexual Behavior, 415
Male–Male and Female–Female Sexual Behavior, 415
Sex Education and Miseducation: More Than “Don’t”, 415
A Closer Look: Talking with Your Children about Sex, 416
Adolescence, 418
Puberty, 418
The World of Human Sexuality: U.S. Falls Behind in Sex Education, 420
Masturbation, 422
Male–Female Sexual Behavior, 423
The World of Human Sexuality: Teen Sex Is Common Worldwide, 424
Male–Male and Female–Female Sexual Behavior, 427
Teenage Pregnancy, 427
A Closer Look: Keeping Teenagers in Line Online, 428
Recite, 432
Review, 433
14. Sexuality in Adulthood, 434
Preview, 434
Being Single, 436
Dating—Hooking Up? Having “Friends with Benefits”?, 438
A Closer Look: “Hooking Up”, 439
Cohabitation: “Darling, Would You Be My POSSLQ?”, 440
Cohabitation and Later Marriage: Benefit or Risk?, 442
Marriage: Tying the Knot, 442
A Closer Look: Is Marriage in Trouble?, 443
Why Do People Marry?, 444
Types of Marriage, 445
Arranged Marriage, 445
Gay Marriage, 446
Other Wrinkles in Marriage, 447
Whom Do We Marry? Are Marriages Made in Heaven or in the Neighborhood?, 448
Marital Sex, 449
Extramarital Sex, 453
A Closer Look: From Tinseltown to Splitsville: Just Do the Math, 454
Divorce: Breaking Bonds, 457
Life in Blended Families: His, Hers, Theirs, and . . ., 459
Sex in the Later Years, 460
Physical Changes, 460
Patterns of Sexual Activity, 463
Sex and Disability, 463
Physical Disabilities, 464
Psychological Disabilities, 466
Recite, 468
Review, 469
15. Sexual Dysfunctions, 470
Preview, 470
Types of Sexual Dysfunctions, 473
Sexual Desire Disorders, 474
Sexual Arousal Disorders, 475
Orgasmic Disorders, 478
Sexual Pain Disorders, 479
Origins of Sexual Dysfunctions: A Biopsychosocial Approach, 481
Biological Causes, 482
Psychosocial Causes, 484
Treatment of Sexual Dysfunctions, 487
The Masters-and-Johnson Approach, 488
Integration of Sex Therapy and Psychotherapy, 489
Treatment of Sexual Desire Disorders, 489
A Closer Look: How Do You Find a Qualified Sex Therapist?, 490
Treatment of Sexual Arousal Disorders, 491
A Closer Look: Thinking Critically about Buying Viagra and Other Drugs Online, 496
Treatment of Orgasmic Disorders, 498
A Closer Look: The Search for the Female Equivalent of Viagra, 500
Treatment of Sexual Pain Disorders, 503
Recite, 504
Review, 505
16. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 506
Preview, 506
An Epidemic, 508
A Closer Look: Talking with Your Partner about STIs, 510
Bacterial Infections, 511
Gonorrhea, 511
Self-Assessment: STI Attitude Scale, 512
Syphilis, 517
Chlamydia, 520
Other Bacterial Infections, 521
Vaginal Infections, 522
Bacterial Vaginosis, 523
Candidiasis, 523
Trichomoniasis, 524
Viral Infections, 525
HIV/AIDS, 525
The World of Human Sexuality: Killer of Dreams, 528
A Closer Look: Is Kissing Safe?, 533
Genital Herpes, 535
Viral Hepatitis, 538
Human Papilloma Virus, 539
Molluscum Contagiosum, 540
Ectoparasitic Infestations, 540
Pediculosis, 540
Scabies, 541
Prevention of STIs: More Than Safer Sex, 542
Practice Abstinence or Monogamy, 542
Be Knowledgeable about the Risks, 542
Remain Sober, 544
Inspect Yourself and Your Partner, 544
Use Latex Condoms, 544
Use Barrier Devices When Practicing Oral Sex (Fellatio or Cunnilingus), 545
Avoid High-Risk Sexual Behaviors, 545
Wash the Genitals before and after Sex, 545
Have Regular Medical Checkups, 545
Discuss Whether You and Your Partner Should Undergo Testing before Initiating Sexual Relations, 546
Engage in Noncoital Sexual Activities, 546
Consult Your Physician If You Suspect That You Have Been Exposed to an STI, 546
Get to Know Your Partner before Initiating Sexual Relations, 546
Avoid Other High-Risk Behaviors, 547
Sources of Help, 547
Recite, 548
Review, 549
17. Atypical Sexual Variations, 550
Preview, 550
Normal versus Deviant Sexual Behavior, 553
The Paraphilias, 554
Fetishism, 555
Transvestism, 556
A Closer Look: Archie: A Case of Transvestism, 557
Exhibitionism, 557
A Closer Look: Michael: A Case of Exhibitionism, 559
How to Respond to an Exhibitionist, 560
Obscene Telephone Calling and Chat Scatophilia, 560
Voyeurism, 561
Sexual Masochism, 562
A Closer Look: Shooting Private Parts in Public Places, 563
Sexual Sadism, 565
Frotteurism, 566
Other Paraphilias, 567
A Closer Look: Say Cheese, You Sleaze! Cam-Phone Gals Snap Subway Gropers, 568
Theoretical Perspectives, 569
Biological Perspectives, 569
Psychoanalytic Perspectives, 570
Cognitive–Behavioral Perspectives, 571
Sociological Perspectives, 571
An Integrated Perspective: The “Lovemap”, 572
Treatment of the Paraphilias, 572
Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, 573
Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy, 573
Medical Approaches, 575
Recite, 576
Review, 577
18. Sexual Coercion, 578
Preview, 578
Rape: The Most Intimate Crime of Violence, 582
The World of Human Sexuality: Pakistan’s War of Terror on Rape Victims, 583
Incidence of Rape, 583
Types of Rape, 584
A Closer Look: Anatomy of a Date Rape: Ann and Jim, 585
Social Attitudes, Myths, and Cultural Factors That Encourage Rape, 588
Self-Assessment: Cultural Myths That Create a Climate That Supports Rape, 590
A Closer Look: “Rophies”—The Date Rape Drug, 591
Psychological Characteristics of Rapists: Who Are They?, 591
Adjustment of Rape Survivors, 592
A Closer Look: The (Highly Controversial!) Evolutionary View of Rape, 593
Treatment of Rape Survivors, 595
Rape Prevention, 595
Sexual Abuse of Children, 597
Patterns of Abuse, 598
A Closer Look Desperate Housewives’ Star Teri Hatcher Reveals History of Childhood Sexual Abuse, 599
A Closer Look: The Siren Song of Sex with Boys, 600
Pedophilia, 601
Incest: Breaking Taboos, 602
Effects of Sexual Abuse on Children, 604
Prevention of Sexual Abuse of Children, 605
Treatment of Survivors of Sexual Abuse, 606
Treatment of Rapists and Child Molesters, 606
Sexual Harassment, 607
Sexual Harassment with Victims from Minority Groups, 609
Sexual Harassment in the Workplace, 610
Sexual Harassment on Campus, 610
How to Resist Sexual Harassment, 611
Recite, 614
Review, 615
19. The World of Commercial Sex: A Disneyland for Adults?, 616
Preview, 616
Prostitution: Sex on the Run, 618
Incidence of Prostitution in the United States Today, 619
Types of Female Prostitutes, 619
A Closer Look: “Prostitution” or “Sex Work”? What’s in a Name?, 620
The World of Human Sexuality: A Woman without Importance: Sex Slavery in Pakistan, 624
Getting into “The Life”, 625
“Johns”—The Customers of Female Prostitutes, 626
Male Prostitution, 627
Sexually Transmitted Infections and Prostitution, 629
The World of Human Sexuality: The West Gets Wilder—A Brothel for Women, 630
Pornography and Obscenity, 632
What Is Pornographic?, 633
Pornography and the Law, 634
A Closer Look: Porn in Your Pocket?, 635
Prevalence and Use of Erotica and Pornography, 638
The World of Human Sexuality: Feminists and Antipornography Campaigns, 639
Cybersex Addiction: For Some, Sex Is Nothing but ’Net, 640
Pornography and Sexual Coercion, 641
Recite, 645
Review, 646
Appendix: Scoring Keys for Self-Assessments, 647
References, 651
Name Index, 675
Subject Index, 685
Photo Credits, 699
SafeZone Boxes, IFC-1

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