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Copyright, ii
Preface, xv
Chapter 1. Introduction and Research Methods, 1
What Is Cognitive Psychology?, 2
The History of Cognitive Psychology in Brief, 5
The Rise and Fall of Behaviorism, 7
Cognitive Psychology Is about Processing Information, 10
Cognitive Metaphors and Cognitive Models, 10
Metaphors, 10
Models, 11
Theories, 14
Perspectives, 14
The Relationship between Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Science, 20
Research Methods, 23
Measuring Psychological Correlates to the Physical World, 24
Documenting Unique Cases, 28
Ethics, 29
To the Student, 29
Student Resource Center, 30
Study Guide, 30
Key Terms, 31
Starting Points, 32
Chapter 2. Cognitive Neuroscience, 33
Exploring the Brain: The Frontier Within, 34
Logbook: The Twenty-First Century—Brain Sciences, 35
Mind–Body Issues, 35
The Central Nervous System, 38
The Neuron, 38
The Anatomy of the Brain, 42
Discovering Cortical Functioning, 45
Early Studies in Localization, 45
A Tale of Two Hemispheres, 51
Cognitive Neuroscience, 57
Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, 58
The Neuroscientists’ Toolbox, 59
EEG, 61
CT Scans, 61
PET Scans, 62
MRI and fMRI, 63
MEG, 64
TMS, 64
Micro CT, 64
Research Using Imaging Techniques: Examples of PET, 64
Student Resource Center, 67
Study Guide, 67
Key Terms, 68
Starting Points, 68
Chapter 3. Sensation, Perception, and Attention, 70
The Computational Brain, 71
Sensation and Perception, 72
Vision, 73
Illusions, 75
Prior Knowledge, 77
Sensory-Brain Predisposition, 79
Everything We Know Is Wrong, 80
Perceptual Span, 82
Iconic Storage, 83
Echoic Storage, 84
Function of Sensory Stores, 86
Attention, 87
Processing Capacity and Selective Attention, 91
Auditory Signals, 92
Models of Selective Attention, 94
The Filter Model: Broadbent, 94
The Attenuation Model: Treisman, 97
Visual Attention, 100
Automatic Processing, 102
The Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention, 104
Attention and the Human Brain, 104
Attention and PET, 107
Student Resource Center, 109
Study Guide, 109
Key Terms, 110
Starting Points, 111
Chapter 4. Object Recognition, 112
Perceptual Theories, 114
Constructive Perception, 116
Direct Perception, 116
Visual Pattern Recognition, 117
Subjective Organization, 117
Gestalt Theory, 119
Canonic Perspectives, 122
Bottom-Up versus Top-Down Processing, 125
Template Matching, 127
Geon Theory, 129
Feature Analysis, 133
Eye Movements and Object Recognition, 135
Prototype Matching, 136
Abstraction of Visual Information, 137
Pseudomemory, 138
Theories of Prototype Formation, 139
Pattern Recognition among Experts, 141
Chess Players, 141
Object Recognition—The Role of the Perceiver, 143
Student Resource Center, 144
Study Guide, 144
Key Terms, 147
Starting Points, 147
Chapter 5. Memory Models and Short-Term Memory, 148
Dualist Models of Memory, 149
James, 149
Waugh and Norman, 152
Atkinson and Shiffrin, 152
Short-Term Memory, 154
Cognitive Neuroscience Support, 156
Working Memory Model, 158
Capacity of STM, 159
Coding of Information in STM, 160
Retrieval of Information from STM, 164
Student Resource Center, 167
Study Guide, 167
Key Terms, 168
Starting Points, 168
Chapter 6. Memory Theories and Long-Term Memory, 169
Localization and Distribution of LTM, 170
Capacity of LTM, 171
Theoretical Analysis of Expertise, 173
Duration of LTM, 173
VLTM and Cognitive Psychology, 176
Autobiographical Memories, 179
LTM Storage, 180
Codes, 181
Level of Processing, 181
Self-Reference Effect, 185
A Connectionist Model of Memory, 187
Schemas and Gist, 187
Types of Memory, 191
Autobiographical Memories, 192
Knowing What and Knowing That, 193
Episodic and Semantic Memory, 193
Cognitive Neuroscience Support, 194
Student Resource Center, 198
Study Guide, 198
Key Terms, 198
Starting Points, 199
Chapter 7. Forgetting and Remembering, 200
Historical Perspective, 201
Theories of Forgetting, 202
Memory Errors, 207
False Memories, 207
Remembering, 209
Factors that Enhance Memory, 209
Mnemonic Techniques, 210
Extraordinary Memories, 215
S.: Luria, 215
V. P.: Hunt and Love, 216
E.: A Case of Photographic Memory, 216
Student Resource Center, 219
Study Guide, 219
Key Term, 219
Starting Points, 220
Chapter 8. Consciousness, 221
History of Consciousness, 223
Framework for Consciousness: AWAREness, 224
Functions of Consciousness, 230
Consciousness as a Scientific Construct, 232
States of Consciousness, 232
Sleep, 233
Dreaming, 235
Drug Use, 237
Meditation, 237
Models of Consciousness, 238
Baars’s Global Workspace Theory, 238
Automatic Processes, 241
Implicit Memory, 242
Priming Studies, 242
Metacognition, 246
Student Resource Center, 249
Study Guide, 249
Key Terms, 250
Starting Points, 250
Chapter 9. The Verbal Representation of Knowledge, 252
Language and Knowledge, 253
Associationist Approach, 253
Organizational Variables, 253
Semantic Organization of Knowledge, 254
Set-Theoretical Model, 255
Semantic Feature-Comparison Model, 256
Semantic Network Models, 258
Spreading Activation Model, 259
Propositional Networks, 261
Human Associative Memory (HAM) and the Representation of Knowledge, 261
Experts and Organization, 265
Cognitive Neuroscience Support, 265
A Taxonomy of Memory Structure, 266
Connectionism and the Representation of Knowledge, 267
Student Resource Center, 271
Study Guide, 271
Key Terms, 272
Starting Points, 272
Chapter 10. The Visual Representation of Knowledge, 273
Historical Perspective, 274
Theories of the Visual Representation of Knowledge, 275
Dual-Coding Hypothesis, 276
Conceptual-Propositional Hypothesis, 278
Functional-Equivalency Hypothesis, 279
Cognitive Neuroscience Support, 281
Cognitive Maps, 288
Synesthesia: The Sound of Colors, 293
Student Resource Center, 297
Study Guide, 297
Key Terms, 298
Starting Points, 298
Chapter 11. Language, 299
Words and Their Associated Meanings, 300
Grammar and Its Structure, 300
Neurological Basis of Language, 301
Linguistics Hierarchy, 301
Phonemes, 302
Morphemes, 303
Morphology, 303
Syntax, 303
Transformational Grammar, 304
Propositions, 305
Psycholinguistics, 307
Nature versus Nurture, 307
Linguistic-Relativity Hypothesis, 308
Language and Neurology, 309
Reading, 310
Text Processing: Evidence from Eye-Tracking Studies, 314
Lexical-Decision Task (LDT), 317
Cognitive Neuroscience Support, 320
Comprehension, 321
Top-Down Processing, 324
Bottom-up Processing, 325
A Model of Text Comprehension, 326
Student Resource Center, 330
Study Guide, 330
Key Terms, 331
Starting Points, 332
Chapter 12. Cognition across the Lifespan, 333
Cognitive Development, 334
Assimilation and Accommodation: Piaget, 335
Mind in Society: Vygotsky, 342
Neural Development, 345
Early Neural Development, 345
Environment and Neural Development, 348
Cerebral Asymmetry, 349
Development of Cognitive Abilities, 350
Intelligence, 350
Information-Acquisition Skills, 351
Memory, 357
Higher-Order Cognition in Children, 360
Prototype Formation among Children, 363
Cognition and Aging, 365
Cognitive Neuroscience Support, 367
Student Resources Center, 370
Study Guide, 370
Key Terms, 371
Starting Points, 371
Chapter 13. Concept Formation, Logic, and Decision Making, 373
Concept Formation, 374
Association, 375
Hypothesis Testing, 376
Logic, 377
Deductive Reasoning, 379
Syllogistic Reasoning, 382
Decision Making, 387
Inductive Reasoning, 387
Decision Making in the “Real World”, 388
Cognitive Neuroscience Support, 392
Decision Frames, 394
Estimating Probabilities, 395
Representativeness Heuristic, 397
Bayes’s Theorem and Decision Making, 397
Decision Making and Rationality, 400
Student Resource Center, 402
Study Guide, 402
Key Terms, 403
Starting Points, 403
Chapter 14. Problem Solving, Creativity, and Human Intelligence, 405
Problem Solving, 406
Gestalt Psychology and Problem Solving, 406
Representation of the Problem, 409
Internal Representation and Problem Solving, 412
Creativity, 416
Creative Process, 416
Creativity and Functional Fixedness, 418
Investment Theory of Creativity, 418
The Adaptive Function of Creativity, 419
Judging Creativity, 420
H. O.: Case Study of an Artist—Solso; Miall and Tchalenko, 423
Human Intelligence, 427
The Problem of Definition, 427
Cognitive Theories of Intelligence, 429
Cognitive Neuroscience Support, 436
Student Resource Center, 442
Study Guide, 442
Key Terms, 443
Starting Points, 443
Chapter 15. Artificial Intelligence, 445
Historical Perspective, 448
Calculators, 448
Computers, 450
Early AI, 451
Recent AI, 454
AI and Human Cognition, 456
The Thinking Machine, 458
The Turing Test, 458
The Chinese Room, 459
Perception and AI, 461
Line Analysis, 461
Pattern Recognition, 462
Recognition of Complex Objects, 464
Decision Making and AI, 468
Language and AI, 468
Eliza, Parry, and NETtalk, 470
Meaning and AI, 473
Continuous Speech Recognition (CSR), 475
Language Understanding Program, 475
Problem Solving, Game Playing, and AI, 476
Computer Chess, 479
AI and the Arts, 480
Robots, 484
The Future of AI, 486
AI and Scientific Inquiry, 488
Student Resource Center, 491
Study Guide, 491
Key Terms, 491
Starting Points, 492
Glossary, 493
References, 509
Name Index, 555
Subject Index, 563
Brain Scans of an Artist and Nonartist While Sketching a Portrait, EM-1
Endpaper, EP-1

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