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Copyright, ii
Preface, x
Chapter 1. Beginning a Research Project: The Preliminary Steps, 1
Starting a Research Project: Defining the Research Question, 2
Organizing the Research Study: The Use of Models, 3
Identifying the Elements to Study: Model Building, 7
Presenting the Model: Types of Models, 11
Limitations of Models and Model Building for Specific Users, 13
The Components of Models: An Introduction to the Terminology, 14
Selecting a Research Question, 19
Summary, 20
Notes, 21
Terms for Review, 21
Questions for Review, 22
Problems for Homework and Discussion, 22
Disk Work, 24
Recommended for Further Reading, 24
Chapter 2. Designs for Description, 25
Designs to Find Relationships and Show Trends, 27
Qualitative Research and Designs to Fill in the Details, 38
Meta-Analysis, 45
Summary, 48
Notes, 49
Terms for Review, 51
Questions for Review, 51
Problems for Homework and Discussion, 52
Disk Work, 54
Recommended for Further Reading, 54
Chapter 3. Designs for Explanation, 56
Internal and External Validity, 58
Experimental Designs, 68
Quasi-Experimental Designs, 77
Nonexperimental Designs, 88
Determining Causality with Cross-Sectional Studies, 91
Summary, 93
Notes, 95
Terms for Review, 96
Questions for Review, 96
Problems for Homework and Discussion, 97
Disk Work, 99
Recommended for Further Reading, 100
Chapter 4. Measuring Variables, 101
Measurement and Measurement Scales, 105
Reliability, 109
Operational Validity, 118
Sensitivity, 125
Summary, 126
Notes, 128
Terms for Review, 129
Questions for Review, 129
Problems for Homework and Discussion, 130
Disk Work, 131
Recommended for Further Reading, 132
Chapter 5. Sampling, 133
Sampling Terminology, 134
Probability Sampling Designs, 137
Nonprobability Sampling Designs, 146
Sample Size, 150
Summary, 162
Notes, 163
Terms for Review, 164
Questions for Review, 164
Problems for Homework and Discussion, 165
Disk Work, 166
Recommended for Further Reading, 167
Appendix 5.1: Calculation of the Standard Error, 168
Appendix 5.2: Calculation of Sample Size for Means, 170
Appendix 5.3: Sample Size for Small Populations, 171
Chapter 6. Contacting and Talking to Subjects, 172
Contacting Subjects, 173
Planning for a Survey, 175
Mailed Questionnaires, 176
Internet Surveys, 182
Telephone Surveys, 184
In-Person Interviewing, 191
Selecting a Method of Data Collection, 200
Summary, 203
Notes, 206
Terms for Review, 208
Questions for Review, 208
Problems for Homework and Discussion, 209
A Class Project, 210
Recommended for Further Reading, 210
Chapter 7. Data Collection: Questions and Questionnaires, 212
Questionnaire and Question Content, 213
Questionnaire Structure, 216
Question and Response Wording, 224
Question Sequencing and Questionnaire Design, 232
Summary, 242
Notes, 243
Terms for Review, 244
Questions for Review, 244
Problems for Homework and Discussion, 245
Disk Work, 247
Recommended for Further Reading, 247
Chapter 8. Protection of Human Research Subjects and Other Ethical Issues, 248
Illustrative Cases, 249
Principles of Ethical Treatment of Human Subjects, 252
Protecting Privacy and Confidentiality, 257
Federal Policy on Protection of Human Subjects and Institutional Review Boards, 260
Beyond Informed Consent and Confidentiality: Issues of Interest to Administrators, 262
Summary, 264
Notes, 266
Terms for Review, 268
Questions for Review, 268
Problems for Homework and Discussion, 268
Recommended for Further Reading, 269
Chapter 9. Secondary Data Analysis: Finding and Analyzing Existing Data, 270
Working with Secondary Data, 271
U.S. Census Data, 280
Using Census Data, 289
Vital Statistics, 292
Summary, 294
Notes, 295
Terms for Review, 296
Questions for Review, 296
Problems for Homework and Discussion, 297
Disk Work, 297
Recommended for Further Reading, 298
Chapter 10. Combining Indicators: Index Construction, 299
Defining the Concept, 301
Selecting the Items, 301
Combining the Items in an Index, 303
Weighting the Separate Items, 303
Creating Standardized Indicators for Indices, 305
Examples of Creating Indices, 308
Factor Analysis, 312
Index Numbers, 315
Summary, 316
Notes, 317
Terms for Review, 318
Questions for Review, 318
Problems for Homework and Discussion, 319
Disk Work, 319
Recommended for Further Reading, 320
Appendix 10.1: Using z-Scores to Standardize Measures for Indices, 321
Appendix 10.2: Calculating Factor Scale Scores, 322
Chapter 11. Univariate Analysis, 323
Computer Software for Data Management and Analysis, 324
Analyzing and Presenting the Data, 327
Visual Presentation of Data, 331
Quantitative Measures, 337
Characteristics of a Distribution, 342
Exploratory Data Analysis, 354
Summary, 356
Notes, 357
Terms for Review, 359
Questions for Review, 359
Problems for Homework and Discussion, 359
Disk Work, 362
Recommended for Further Reading, 363
Appendix 11.1: Statistical Calculations, 364
Appendix 11.2: Data Preparation, 366
Chapter 12. Examining Relationships among Variables: Tests of Statistical Significance, 368
Stating the Null Hypothesis, 370
Selecting an Alpha Level, 373
Selecting and Computing a Test Statistic, 376
Making a Decision, 381
Reporting Tests of Statistical Significance, 383
Modifications and Alternatives to Tests of Statistical Significance, 385
Summary, 387
Notes, 388
Terms for Review, 389
Questions for Review, 389
Problems for Homework and Discussion, 389
Disk Work, 392
Recommended for Further Reading, 392
Appendix 12.1: Calculating Chi-Square and Two-Sample t-Tests, 393
Chapter 13. Examining Relationships among Variables: Contingency Tables with Measures of Association, Analysis of Variance, 396
Constructing and Interpreting Contingency Tables, 397
Selecting and Using Measures of Association, 401
Measures of Association with Control Variables, 408
Tests of Statistical Significance and Measures of Association, 413
Comparison of Means and Analysis of Variance, 413
Summary, 418
Notes, 419
Terms for Review, 420
Questions for Review, 420
Problems for Homework and Discussion, 423
Disk Work, 425
Recommended for Further Reading, 426
Appendix 13.1: Some Measures of Association for Nominal and Ordinal Data, 427
Chapter 14. Regression Analysis and Correlation, 430
Analyzing Two-Interval Variables, 431
Regression Analysis: The Multivariate Case, 439
Multicollinearity, 446
Regression and Non-Interval Variables, 449
Regression Models to Analyze Time-Series Data, 451
Regression and Causality, 454
Summary, 455
Notes, 456
Terms for Review, 457
Questions for Review, 458
Problems for Homework and Discussion, 459
Disk Work, 463
Recommended for Further Reading, 464
Appendix 14.1: Calculating Regression Statistics for Bivariate Relationships, 465
Chapter 15. Communicating Findings and Completing the Project, 467
Variations in Audiences and Their Needs, 468
Components of the Quantitative Report, 469
Ethical Issues, 478
Summary, 483
Notes, 484
Terms for Review, 485
Questions for Review, 485
Problems for Homework and Discussion, 485
Recommended for Further Reading, 486
Glossary, 487
Index, 497

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