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Copyright, viii
Preface, xxi
Analyzing Visuals: A Brief Guide, xxxii
Part 1. Foundations of Government, 2
Chapter 1. The Political Landscape, 3
Government: What It Is and Why We Need It, 4
Functions of Government, 5
Types of Government, 6
Origins of American Government: Where Did the Ideas Come From?, 7
The Reformation and the Enlightenment: Questioning the Divine Right of Kings, 7
Hobbes, Locke, and a Social Contract Theory of Government, 7
Global Perspective: American Uniqueness in the World: Are We Number One?, 8
Devising a National Government in the American Colonies, 9
American Political Culture and the Characteristics of American Democracy, 9
Personal Liberty, 9
Equality, 10
Popular Consent and Majority Rule, 10
Popular Sovereignty, 10
Civil Society, 10
Individualism, 10
Religious Faith, 10
American Values/American Voices: Exporting Democracy, 11
Changing Characteristics of the American People, 12
Changing Size and Population, 12
Changing Demographics of the U.S. Population, 12
Analyzing Visuals: Health Improvements Costly in the Long Run, 15
Implications of These Changes, 15
Join the Debate: The Huntington Theory of Hispanization, 16
Political Ideology, 17
Prevailing American Political Ideologies, 18
Problems with Political Labels, 19
Current Attitudes Toward American Government, 20
High Expectations, 20
A Missing Appreciation of the Good, 20
Mistrust of Politicians, 21
Voter Apathy, 22
Redefining Our Expectations, 22
Chapter 2. The Constitution, 24
The Origins of a New Nation, 26
Trade and Taxation, 27
First Steps Toward Independence, 28
The Continental Congresses, 28
The Declaration of Independence, 29
The First Attempt at Government: The Articles of Confederation, 30
Problems Under the Articles of Confederation, 30
The Miracle at Philadelphia: Writing a Constitution, 31
The Characteristics and Motives of the Framers, 31
The Virginia and New Jersey Plans, 32
Analyzing Visuals: Who Were the Framers?, 33
Constitutional Compromises, 34
Unfinished Business Affecting the Executive Branch, 35
The U.S. Constitution, 35
The Basic Principles of the Constitution, 35
The Articles of the Constitution, 38
Join the Debate: The “Equal Opportunity to Govern” Amendment, 40
The Drive for Ratification, 40
Federalists Versus Anti-Federalists, 40
Global Perspective: The Iraqi Constitution, 42
The Federalist Papers, 42
Ratifying the Constitution, 44
Adding a Bill of Rights, 44
Methods of Amending the Constitution, 45
Formal Methods of Amending the Constitution, 45
On Campus: A Student’s Revenge: The Twenty-Seventh (Madison) Amendment, 46
The Living Constitution: Article V, 47
American Values/American Voices: Baseball, Apple Pie, and the Flag: The Politics of Amending the Constitution, 48
Informal Methods of Amending the Constitution, 48
Politics Now: Amending the Constitution, 49
The Constitution of the United States of America, 52
Chapter 3. Federalism, 80
The Origins of the Federal System: Governmental Powers Under the Constitution, 83
National Powers Under the Constitution, 83
State Powers Under the Constitution, 84
Concurrent Powers Under the Constitution, 85
Global Perspective: American and Mexican Federalism, 86
Powers Denied Under the Constitution, 86
The Living Constitution: Tenth Amendment, 87
Relations Among the States, 87
On Campus: Legislating Against Violence Against Women: A Casualty of the Devolution Revolution?, 88
Relations Within the States: Local Government, 89
Federalism and the Marshall Court, 89
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), 89
American Values/American Voices: Legislating for One America or for Individual States?, 90
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), 90
Dual Federalism: The Taney Court, Slavery, and the Civil War, 91
Dred Scott and the Advent of Civil War, 91
The Civil War, Its Aftermath, and the Continuation of Dual Federalism, 91
Setting the Stage for a Stronger National Government, 92
Cooperative Federalism: The New Deal and the Growth of National Government, 92
The New Deal, 93
The Changing Nature of Federalism: From Layer Cake to Marble Cake, 94
Federal Grants and National Efforts to Influence the States, 94
Politics Now: Bringing Home the Bacon, 96
New Federalism: Returning Power to the States, 96
The Reagan Revolution, 97
The Devolution Revolution, 97
Federalism Under the Bush Administration, 98
The Supreme Court: A Return to States’ Rights?, 99
Join the Debate: The No Child Left Behind Act, 100
Analyzing Visuals: State-by-State Report Card on Access to Abortion, 102
Chapter 4. Civil Liberties, 106
The First Constitutional Amendments: The Bill of Rights, 108
The Incorporation Doctrine: The Bill of Rights Made Applicable to the States, 109
Selective Incorporation and Fundamental Freedoms, 110
First Amendment Guarantees: Freedom of Religion, 111
The Establishment Clause, 111
American Values/American Voices: Where’s the Wall?, 113
The Free Exercise Clause, 114
First Amendment Guarantees: Freedom of Speech, Press, and Assembly, 114
Freedom of Speech and the Press, 114
Global Perspective: Freedom of the Press, 115
On Campus: Political Speech and Mandatory Student Fees, 117
Protected Speech and Publications, 117
Unprotected Speech and Publications, 118
Freedoms of Assembly and Petition, 120
The Second Amendment: The Right to Keep and Bear Arms, 121
The Rights of Criminal Defendants, 122
The Fourth Amendment and Searches and Seizures, 122
Join the Debate: The USA Patriot Act, 124
The Fifth Amendment: Self-Incrimination and Double Jeopardy, 124
The Fourth and Fifth Amendments and the Exclusionary Rule, 126
The Sixth Amendment and the Right to Counsel, 127
The Sixth Amendment and Jury Trials, 127
The Eighth Amendment and Cruel and Unusual Punishment, 128
Analyzing Visuals: U.S. Executions by Year, 1976–2006, 129
The Living Constitution: Ninth Amendment, 130
The Right to Privacy, 130
Birth Control, 130
Abortion, 131
Homosexuality, 132
The Right to Die, 132
Politics Now: The Right to Die?, 133
Chapter 5. Civil Rights, 136
Slavery, Abolition, and Winning the Right to Vote, 1800–1890, 138
Slavery and Congress, 138
The First Civil Rights Movements: Abolition and Women’s Rights, 139
The 1850s: The Calm Before the Storm, 139
The Civil War and Its Aftermath: Civil Rights Laws and Constitutional Amendments, 139
The Living Constitution: Thirteenth Amendment, Section 1, 140
Civil Rights, Congress, and the Supreme Court, 141
The Push for Equality, 1890–1954, 142
The Founding of Key Groups, 143
Litigating for Equality, 143
American Values/American Voices: Who Is Entitled to Vote?, 145
The Civil Rights Movement, 146
School Desegregation After Brown, 146
A New Move for African American Rights, 147
Formation of New Groups, 147
Join the Debate: Brown v. Board of Education After Fifty Plus Years, 148
Analyzing Visuals: Police Confront Civil Rights Demonstrators in Birmingham, 150
The Civil Rights Act of 1964, 150
The Women’s Rights Movement, 151
Litigation for Equal Rights, 151
The Equal Protection Clause and Constitutional Standards of Review, 153
Statutory Remedies for Sex Discrimination, 154
Other Groups Mobilize for Rights, 155
Hispanic Americans, 155
Native Americans, 157
Politics Now: Reclaiming Rights: Indians Use Diverse Ways to Reverse the Economic Adversity of Discrimination, 158
Gays and Lesbians, 158
Disabled Americans, 159
Global Perspective: Disability Rights, 160
Continuing Controversies in Civil Rights, 160
Affirmative Action, 161
Pay Equity and Other Issues of Workplace Discrimination, 161
On Campus: Campaigning for a Living Wage, 162
Part 2. Institutions of Government, 164
Chapter 6. Congress, 165
The Constitution and the Legislative Branch of Government, 166
How Congress Is Organized, 167
The Role of Political Parties in Organizing Congress, 168
The House of Representatives, 170
The Living Constitution: Article I, Section 8, Clause 4, 171
Join the Debate: Minority Party Rights in Congress, 172
The Senate, 174
The Committee System, 174
The Members of Congress, 177
Running for and Staying in Office, 178
Congressional Demographics, 178
Global Perspective: Parliamentary Systems: The Israeli Knesset, 179
Analyzing Visuals: Approval Ratings of Congress and Individual Representatives, 180
Theories of Representation, 180
How Members Make Decisions, 182
Party, 182
Constituents, 183
Colleagues and Caucuses, 183
Interest Groups, Lobbyists, and Political Action Committees, 183
Politics Now: Muslim Staffers Seek to Educate Members of Congress, 184
Staff and Support Agencies, 185
The Law-making Function of Congress, 185
How a Bill Becomes a Law, 185
American Values/American Voices: The Gang of Fourteen and the Search for Compromise, 188
Congress and the President, 188
The Shifting Balance of Power, 189
Congressional Oversight of the Executive Branch, 189
Congress and the Judiciary, 191
Chapter 7. The Presidency, 194
The Origins of and Rules Governing the Office of President of the United States, 197
Presidential Qualifications and Terms of Office, 197
Rules of Succession, 198
The Living Constitution: Twenty-Fifth Amendment, Section 2, 199
The Constitutional Powers of the President, 199
The Appointment Power, 200
The Power to Convene Congress, 200
The Power to Make Treaties, 201
The Veto Power, 201
The Power to Preside over the Military as Commander in Chief, 201
The Pardoning Power, 203
The Development and Expansion of Presidential Power, 203
Join the Debate: The War Powers Act, 204
Politics Now: The Expansion of Presidential Powers, 207
The Presidential Establishment, 207
The Vice President, 208
The Cabinet, 208
The First Lady, 208
The Executive Office of the President (EOP), 209
The White House Staff, 210
The President as Policy Maker, 210
The President’s Role in Proposing and Facilitating Legislation, 210
The Budgetary Process and Legislative Implementation, 211
Policy Making Through Regulation, 212
Presidential Leadership and the Importance of Public Opinion, 212
Presidential Leadership, 213
American Values/American Voices: The President and Moral Leadership, 214
Global Perspective: North Korea’s Kim Jong Il and Uncontrolled Executive Authority, 215
Going Public: Mobilizing Public Opinion, 215
Analyzing Visuals: Presidential Approval Ratings Since 1953, by Party, 216
The Public’s Perception of Presidential Performance, 217
Chapter 8. The Executive Branch and the Federal Bureaucracy, 220
The Origins and Growth of the Federal Bureaucracy, 223
The Civil War and the Growth of Government, 223
From the Spoils System to the Merit System, 223
Regulating the Economy and Growth of Government in the Twentieth Century, 224
Analyzing Visuals: The Ebb and Flow of Federal Employees in the Executive Branch, 1789–2005, 225
The Modern Bureaucracy, 226
Who Are Bureaucrats?, 226
Global Perspective: Bureaucratic Culture in the United Kingdom, 228
Formal Organization, 229
The Living Constitution: Article II, Section 2, Clause 1, 230
Government Workers and Political Involvement, 233
How the Bureaucracy Works, 233
Making Policy, 235
On Campus: Enforcing Gender Equity in College Athletics, 236
Making Agencies Accountable, 237
Executive Control, 237
Politics Now: E-Government, 238
American Values/American Voices: Executive Control of the Bureaucracy, 239
Join the Debate: Fuel Efficiency Standards and Government Policy, 240
Congressional Control, 240
Judicial Control, 241
Chapter 9. The Judiciary, 244
The Constitution and the Creation of the Federal Judiciary, 247
The Living Constitution: Article III, Section 1, 248
The Judiciary Act of 1789 and the Creation of the Federal Judicial System, 249
Join the Debate: Senate Advice and Consent and Judicial Nominations, 250
The Marshall Court: Marbury v. Madison (1803) and Judicial Review, 250
The American Legal System, 252
Jurisdiction, 252
Criminal and Civil Law, 253
Global Perspective: The European Court of Justice, 254
The Federal Court System, 255
District Courts, 255
The Courts of Appeals, 256
The Supreme Court, 256
How Federal Court Judges Are Selected, 257
Who Are Federal Judges?, 257
Appointments to the U.S. Supreme Court, 257
Nomination Criteria, 258
Analyzing Visuals: Race/Ethnicity and Gender of District Court Appointees, 259
Politics Now: The Roberts Court, 260
The Supreme Court Confirmation Process, 261
The Supreme Court Today, 262
Deciding to Hear a Case, 263
How Does a Case Survive the Process?, 266
Hearing and Deciding the Case, 267
Judicial Philosophy and Decision Making, 269
Judicial Philosophy, Original Intent, and Ideology, 269
Models of Judicial Decision Making, 270
Public Opinion, 270
American Values/American Voices: Judicial Independence and the Court of World Opinion, 271
Judicial Policy Making and Implementation, 272
Policy Making, 272
Implementing Court Decisions, 272
Part 3. Political Behavior, 276
Chapter 10. Public Opinion and the News Media, 277
Political Socialization, 278
The Family, 278
School and Peers, 279
Join the Debate: Teaching Civics in American High Schools, 280
The Mass Media, 281
Religious Beliefs, 282
Race and Ethnicity, 282
Gender, 283
Age, 284
Analyzing Visuals: Racial and Ethnic Attitudes on Selected Issues, 285
Region, 285
The Impact of Events, 286
Public Opinion and Polling, 286
The History of Public Opinion Research, 286
Traditional Public Opinion Polls, 288
Political Polls, 290
Shortcomings of Polling, 291
Politics Now: Public Opinion and Political Capital, 292
Why We Form and Express Political Opinions, 293
Personal Benefits, 293
Political Knowledge, 294
Cues from Leaders, 294
Political Ideology, 294
The Evolution of News Media in the United States, 295
Print Media, 295
The Living Constitution, 296
Radio News, 297
Television News, 297
The New Media, 299
On Campus: Where do College Students Get Their Campaign News?, 300
Current Media Trends, 301
Increasing Use of Experts, 301
Global Perspective: Al-Jazeera: The CNN of the Arab World?, 302
Rules Governing the Media, 303
Journalistic Standards, 303
Government Regulation of the Electronic Media, 304
Content Regulation, 304
Efforts to Regulate Media Practices, 304
American Values/American Voices: How Much Freedom Should the Press Be Allowed?, 305
How the Media Cover Politics, 306
How the Press and Public Figures Interact, 306
Covering the Presidency, 307
Covering Congress, 308
Covering the Supreme Court, 309
The Media’s Influence on the Public, 309
Media Effects, 309
Media Bias, 310
Chapter 11. Political Parties and Interest Groups, 314
Political Parties, 317
The Evolution of the American Party System, 317
The Living Constitution, 319
The Functions of the American Two-Party System, 323
The Party Organization, 328
Sources of Party Identification, 330
Politics Now: A Purple Electorate?, 331
The Future of Party Politics, 333
Global Perspective: The Emergence of New Parties, 334
Interest Groups, 335
Why and How Interest Groups Form and Maintain Themselves, 335
The Origins and Development of American Interest Groups, 336
Join the Debate: Should There Be Limits on Interest Group Participation?, 338
On Campus: Speaking Up, 340
What Do Interest Groups Do?, 342
American Values/American Voices: Trips for Judges, 344
Analyzing Visuals: Interest Group Ratings of Selected Members of Congress, 347
Chapter 12. Voting, Elections, and Campaigns, 350
Voting Behavior, 352
Patterns in Voter Turnout, 352
Global Perspective: Political Participation Around the World, 353
On Campus: Students and Voting, 355
Why Is Voter Turnout So Low?, 356
Join the Debate: Does Low Turnout Matter?, 358
Patterns in Vote Choice, 359
Types of Elections, 360
American Values/American Voices: Protecting the Electoral Process, 361
Presidential Elections, 362
The Nomination Campaign, 362
The Living Constitution, 363
The General Election Campaign, 365
The Key Players in a Presidential Campaign, 366
The Electoral College: How Presidents Are Elected, 367
Politics Now: Should We Abolish the Electoral College?, 369
Congressional Elections, 371
The Incumbency Advantage, 371
Redistricting, 371
The Impact of Scandals, 372
Presidential Coattails, 372
Midterm Elections, 372
The Media’s Role in the Campaign Process, 374
Paid Media, 375
Free Media, 375
The New Media, 375
Campaign Finance, 376
Current Rules, 377
Analyzing Visuals: The Ten Most Active 527 Groups in 2004, 380
The Fall of the Soft-Money Loophole and the Rise of the 527 Loophole, 380
Bringing It Together: The 2004 Presidential Campaignn and Election, 381
The Party Nomination Battle, 382
The Democratic Convention, 383
The Republican Convention, 383
The Presidential Debates, 384
The Fall Campaign and General Election, 384
Election Results, 385
Analyzing the Outcome of the 2004 Election, 385
Chapter 13. Social and Economic Policy, 388
The Policy-making Process, 390
Stages of the Policy Process, 391
Problem Recognition and Definition, 392
Agenda Setting, 392
Politics Now: The Politics of Immigration Reform, 393
Policy Formulation, 393
Policy Adoption, 394
Budgeting, 394
Policy Implementation, 395
Policy Evaluation, 396
Social Welfare Policy, 397
The Origins of Social Welfare Policy, 397
On Campus: Student Loan Relief, 398
Social Welfare Policies Today, 400
Analyzing Visuals: Unemployment Rates by State, 403
Health Care, 405
American Values/American Voices: Liberty and Health Care for All, 406
Economic Policy, 408
The Origins of Economic Policy, 408
The Living Constitution: Sixteenth Amendment, 409
The Progressive Era and the New Deal, 409
Economic and Social Regulations, 411
Deregulation, 411
Stabilizing the Economy, 412
Join the Debate: File Sharing and Protecting Intellectual Property Rights, 414
Global Perspective: Economic Freedom Around the World, 416
Chapter 14. Foreign and Defense Policy, 418
The Living Constitution: Article I, Section 8, 421
The Origins of Current U.S. Foreign and Defense Policy, 422
Détente and Human Rights: 1969–1981, 423
Containment Revisited and Renewed: 1981–1989, 424
Searching for a New International Order: 1989–2000, 425
Politics Now: The United States and the International Criminal Court, 426
The War on Terrorism: 2001 to the Present, 427
Join the Debate: Should the United States Pull Out of the United Nations?, 430
Foreign Policy Decision Making, 430
The Executive Branch, 430
Congress, 433
The Military-Industrial Complex, 435
The News Media, 435
Analyzing Visuals: Abu Ghraib Prisoner Abuse, 436
The Public, 436
Twenty-First-Century Challenges, 437
Global Perspective: U.S. Foreign Policy and the United Nations, 438
American Values/American Voices: Multilateralism and Unilateralism in American Foreign Policy, 439
Appendices, 442
Appendix I. The Declaration of Independence, 442
Appendix II. Federalist No. 10, 444
Appendix III. Federalist No. 51, 447
Appendix IV. Presidents, Congresses, and Chief Justices 1789–2007, 449
Selected Supreme Court Cases, 452
Notes, 457
Glossary, 467
Index, 475

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