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Why You Need This New Edition, i
Copyright, iv
Boxed Features, xiv
Preface, xvi
Unit One. Principles of Communication, 1-a
Chapter 1. Foundations of Human Communication, 1
Why Study Communication?, 2
To Improve Your Employability, 3
To Improve Your Relationships, 3
To Improve Your Health, 4
Communication Defined, 5
Communication Is About Making Sense, 6
Communication Is About Sharing Sense, 6
Communication Is About Creating Meaning, 6
Communication Is About Verbal and Nonverbal Messages, 6
Communication Competence, 7
The Message Should Be Understood, 7
The Message Should Achieve Its Intended Effect, 7
The Message Should Be Ethical, 8
Communication Models, 9
Communication and Ethics: What Are the Sources of Your Ethical Views?, 10
Communication as Action: Message Transfer, 10
Communication as Interaction: Message Exchange, 12
Communication as Transaction: Message Creation, 13
Mediated Communication, 13
Communication Characteristics, 16
Communication Is Inescapable, 16
Communication Is Irreversible, 17
Communication Is Complicated, 17
Communication Emphasizes Content and Relationships, 18
Communication Is Governed by Rules, 18
Communication Principles for a Lifetime, 18
Principle One: Be Aware of Your Communication with Yourself and Others, 19
Principle Two: Effectively Use and Interpret Verbal Messages, 20
Principle Three: Effectively Use and Interpret Nonverbal Messages, 20
Principle Four: Listen and Respond Thoughtfully to Others, 21
Principle Five: Appropriately Adapt Messages to Others, 22
Communicating with Others: Three Contexts, 22
Interpersonal Communication, 23
Group Communication, 23
Communication and Diversity: Principles for a Lifetime: Principles for All Cultures?, 24
Presentational Communication, 25
Principles for a Lifetime: Enhancing Your Skills, 26
Summary, 27
Assessing Your Knowledge, 27
Assessing Your Skill, 28
Web Resources to Improve Your Knowledge and Skill, 29
Chapter 2. Self-Awareness and Communication, 30
Self-Awareness: How Well Do You Know Yourself?, 32
Self-Concept: Who Are You?, 34
Self-Concept Components, 34
One or Many Selves?, 35
Communication and Diversity: Self-Concept from East and West, 35
How the Self-Concept Develops, 37
Self-Esteem: What Is Your Value?, 40
Gender, 40
Social Comparisons, 41
Self-Expectations, 42
Communication and Technology: Searching for One’s Self Online, 43
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy, 43
Communication and the Enhancement of Self-Esteem, 44
Engage in Positive Self-Talk, 44
Visualize, 45
Reframe, 45
Communication and Ethics: Can You Have Too Much Self-Esteem?, 46
Develop Honest Relationships, 47
Surround Yourself with Positive People, 47
Lose Your Baggage, 48
The Perception Process, 48
Stage One: Attention and Selection, 49
Stage Two: Organization, 50
Stage Three: Interpretation, 51
When Perceptions Vary, 51
Communication and the Enhancement of Perceptual Accuracy, 53
Increase Your Awareness, 53
Avoid Stereotypes, 53
Check Your Perceptions, 54
Principles for a Lifetime: Enhancing Your Skills, 55
Summary, 55
Assessing Your Knowledge, 56
Assessing Your Skill, 57
Web Resources to Improve Your Knowledge and Skill, 57
Chapter 3. Understanding Verbal Messages, 58
Why Focus on Language?, 61
The Nature of Language, 62
People Use Words as Symbols, 62
People Attach Meanings to Words, 63
People Create Denotative and Connotative Meanings for Words, 63
People Convey Concrete and Abstract Meanings Through Words, 63
Communication and Technology: Computer Terms: Denotation and Connotation, 64
Meanings Are Culture Bound, 65
Meanings Are Context Bound, 65
The Power of Words, 65
Communication and Diversity: Code Switching as Linguistic Flexibility, 66
The Power to Create and Label Experience, 66
The Power to Affect Thoughts and Actions, 67
The Power to Shape and Reflect Culture, 68
The Power to Make and Break Relationships, 68
Confronting Bias in Language, 69
Biased Language: Race, Ethnicity, Nationality, and Religion, 69
Biased Language: Gender and Sexual Orientation, 72
Biased Language: Age, Class, and Ability, 74
Communication and Ethics: “That’s So Gay!”, 75
Using Words to Establish Supportive Relationships, 76
Describe Your Own Feelings Rather Than Evaluate Others, 77
Solve Problems Rather Than Control Others, 77
Be Genuine Rather Than Manipulative, 78
Empathize Rather Than Remain Detached from Others, 78
Be Flexible Rather Than Rigid Toward Others, 78
Present Yourself as Equal Rather Than Superior, 78
Avoid Gunny-Sacking, 79
Principles for a Lifetime: Enhancing Your Skills, 80
Summary, 81
Assessing Your Knowledge, 81
Assessing Your Skill, 82
Web Resources to Improve Your Knowledge and Skill, 83
Chapter 4. Understanding Nonverbal Messages, 84
Why Focus on Nonverbal Communication?, 86
Nonverbal Messages Communicate Feelings and Attitudes, 87
Nonverbal Messages Are More Believable Than Verbal Ones, 88
Communication and Technology: Computer-Mediated Communication: Conveying Emotions, 88
Nonverbal Messages Are Critical to Successful Relationships, 89
Nonverbal Messages Serve Multiple Functions, 89
The Nature of Nonverbal Communication, 91
The Culture-Bound Nature of Nonverbal Communication, 91
The Rule-Governed Nature of Nonverbal Communication, 92
The Ambiguous Nature of Nonverbal Communication, 93
The Continuous Nature of Nonverbal Communication, 93
The Nonlinguistic Nature of Nonverbal Communication, 93
The Multichanneled Nature of Nonverbal Communication, 94
Codes of Nonverbal Communication, 94
Appearance, 95
Body Movement, Gestures, and Posture, 95
Communication and Ethics: Lie Detectors, 98
Eye Contact, 98
Facial Expressions, 99
Touch, 100
Communication and Diversity: Cultural Meanings of Silence, 100
The Voice, 101
Physical Environment, Space, and Territory, 102
How to Interpret Nonverbal Cues More Accurately, 105
Immediacy, 106
Arousal, 106
Dominance, 107
Principles for a Lifetime: Enhancing Your Skills, 108
Summary, 108
Assessing Your Knowledge, 109
Assessing Your Skill, 110
Web Resources to Improve Your Knowledge and Skill, 111
Chapter 5. Listening and Responding, 112
The Importance of Listening and Responding Skills, 114
How We Listen, 115
Selecting, 115
Attending, 115
Communication and Technology: Listening When No One Is Home, 116
Understanding, 116
Remembering, 116
Responding, 117
Listening Styles, 117
People-Oriented Listening, 118
Action-Oriented Listening, 118
Content-Oriented Listening, 118
Time-Oriented Listening, 119
Listening Barriers, 120
Communication and Diversity: East and West Listening Styles, 120
Self Barriers, 121
Information-Processing Barriers, 123
Context Barriers, 124
Improving Your Listening Skills, 125
Stop: Turn Off Competing Messages, 126
Look: Listen with Your Eyes, 127
Listen: Understand Both Details and Major Ideas, 128
Communication and Diversity: Who Are Better Listeners: Men or Women?, 128
Responding Skills, 131
Be Descriptive, 131
Be Timely, 132
Be Brief, 132
Be Useful, 132
Responding with Empathy, 132
Understand Your Partner’s Feelings, 133
Ask Appropriate Questions, 133
Paraphrase Message Content, 133
Paraphrase Emotions, 134
Communication and Ethics: Expressing Honest Social Support to Others, 135
Principles for a Lifetime: Enhancing Your Skills, 136
Summary, 137
Assessing Your Knowledge, 138
Assessing Your Skill, 139
Web Resources to Improve Your Knowledge and Skill, 139
Chapter 6. Adapting to Others: Diversity and Communication, 140
Understanding Diversity, 143
Gender, 143
Sexual Orientation, 145
Ethnicity, 146
Age, 146
Ethically Adapting Your Communication to Others, 148
Culture and Communication, 148
Communication and Diversity: Diversity Almanac, 149
Defining Culture, 150
Communication and Technology: Adapting to Cultural Differences When Communicating Electronically, 151
Cultural Contexts, 151
Cultural Values, 152
Barriers to Bridging Differences and Adapting to Others, 157
Assuming Superiority, 157
Assuming Similarity, 158
Assuming Differences, 158
Communication and Ethics: Stereotyping Others, 160
Stereotyping and Prejudice, 160
Adapting to Others Who Are Different from You, 161
Seek Information, 162
Ask Questions and Listen, 163
Tolerate Ambiguity, 163
Develop Mindfulness, 164
Become Other-Oriented, 164
Adapt to Others, 166
Principles for a Lifetime: Enhancing Your Skills, 168
Summary, 168
Assessing Your Knowledge, 169
Assessing Your Skill, 170
Web Resources to Improve Your Knowledge and Skill, 171
Unit Two. Interpersonal Communication, 172
Chapter 7. Understanding Interpersonal Communication, 173
What Is Interpersonal Communication?, 174
Interpersonal Communication Involves Quality, 175
Interpersonal Communication Involves Mutual Influence, 175
Interpersonal Communication Helps Manage Relationships, 175
Initiating Relationships, 176
Interpersonal Attraction: Why We Like Whom We Like, 177
Communication and Diversity: Thinking Outside the Race, 179
Communicating Our Attraction, 180
Getting That First Conversation Going, 182
Maintaining Relationships, 187
Self-Disclosure: Revealing Yourself to Others, 187
Communication and Technology: “High Tech” Self-Disclosure, 189
Two Models of Self-Disclosure, 191
Expressing Emotions, 193
Communication and Ethics: PostSecret, 194
Principles for a Lifetime: Enhancing Your Skills, 195
Summary, 196
Assessing Your Knowledge, 197
Assessing Your Skill, 198
Web Resources to Improve Your Knowledge and Skill, 199
Chapter 8. Enhancing Relationships, 200
The Importance of Friendship, 202
Communication Principles for a Lifetime: Enhancing Friendships, 204
The Importance of Family, 204
Communication Principles for a Lifetime: Enhancing Family Relationships, 204
The Importance of Colleagues, 205
Communication Principles for a Lifetime: Enhancing Workplace Relationships, 205
Stages of Relationship Development, 206
Relational Escalation, 207
Relational De-Escalation, 208
Communication and Ethics: How Easy Should a Breakup Be?, 210
Communication and Technology: Cheating in Cyberspace, 211
Tensions in Relationships: The Dialectical Perspective, 211
Integration–Separation: Autonomy versus Connection, 212
Stability–Change: Predictability versus Novelty, 213
Expression–Privacy: Openness versus Closedness, 213
Managing Interpersonal Conflict, 214
A World of Conflict, 214
Types of Conflict, 214
Communication and Diversity: Conflict and Culture, 217
How Conflict Functions in Relationships, 217
Styles of Managing Conflict, 220
Conflict Management Skills, 221
Principles for a Lifetime: Enhancing Your Skills, 225
Summary, 227
Assessing Your Knowledge, 227
Assessing Your Skill, 228
Web Resources to Improve Your Knowledge and Skill, 229
Unit Three. Communicating in Groups and Teams, 230
Chapter 9. Understanding Group and Team Performance, 231
Groups and Teams Defined, 232
Communicating in Small Groups, 233
Communicating in Teams, 234
When Not To Collaborate in Groups and Teams, 236
Understanding Types of Groups and Teams, 237
Primary Groups, 237
Study Groups, 237
Communication and Ethics: Ethically Achieving a Team Goal, 237
Therapy Groups, 238
Problem-Solving Groups, 238
Focus Groups, 238
Communication and Technology: Does Virtual Group Communication Improve Decision Making?, 238
Social Groups, 239
Understanding Group and Team Dynamics, 239
Roles, 239
Rules, 241
Norms, 241
Status, 244
Power, 244
Cohesiveness, 246
Communication Interaction Patterns, 247
Understanding Phases of Group and Team Development, 249
Orientation, 249
Conflict, 249
Emergence, 250
Reinforcement, 250
The Process Nature of Group Phases, 251
Communication and Diversity: The Impact of Individualism and Collectivism on Groups and Teams, 252
How Real Groups and Teams Interact in Organizations, 252
Principles for a Lifetime: Enhancing Your Skills, 253
Summary, 254
Assessing Your Knowledge, 255
Assessing Your Skill, 256
Web Resources to Improve Your Knowledge and Skill, 257
Chapter 10. Enhancing Group and Team Performance, 258
What Effective Group Members Do, 260
Identify and Implement Key Functions to Achieve Results, 261
Identify a Clear, Elevating Goal, 261
Develop a Results-Driven Structure, 262
Gather and Use Information Effectively, 262
Develop Options, 262
Evaluate Ideas, 263
Develop Sensitivity Toward Others, 263
Structuring Group and Team Problem Solving, 264
Step 1: Identify and Define the Problem, 266
Step 2: Analyze the Problem, 267
Step 3: Generate Creative Solutions, 268
Step 4: Select the Best Solution, 270
Communication and Ethics: Managing Conflict in Groups and Teams, 272
Step 5: Take Action, 273
Enhancing Group and Team Leadership, 273
Trait Approach, 274
Functional Approach, 274
Styles Approach, 275
Situational Approach, 277
Transformational Leadership, 277
Enhancing Group and Team Meetings, 279
Communication and Diversity: Differences in the Use of Time in Groups and Teams, 280
Manage Meeting Structure, 281
Manage Meeting Interaction, 283
Communication and Technology: Participating in Virtual Meetings, 286
Principles for a Lifetime: Enhancing Your Skills, 286
Summary, 287
Assessing Your Knowledge, 288
Assessing Your Skill, 289
Web Resources to Improve Your Knowledge and Skill, 289
Unit Four. Presentational Speaking, 292
Chapter 11. Developing Your Presentation, 293
An Overview of the Presentational Speaking Process, 295
Developing Your Presentation Step by Step: Consider Your Audience, 296
Understanding Speaker Anxiety, 296
Managing Speaker Anxiety, 297
Know How to Develop a Presentation, 298
Be Prepared, 298
Focus on Your Audience, 298
Focus on Your Message, 299
Give Yourself a Mental Pep Talk, 299
Use Deep-Breathing Techniques, 299
Take Advantage of Opportunities to Speak, 299
Seek Professional Help, 299
Selecting and Narrowing Your Topic, 300
Who Is the Audience?, 300
What Is the Occasion?, 300
What Are My Interests and Experiences?, 300
Conducting Silent Brainstorming, 301
Scanning Web Directories and Web Pages, 302
Listening and Reading for Topic Ideas, 302
Developing Your Presentation Step by Step: Selecting and Narrowing Your Topic, 302
Identifying Your Purpose, 303
General Purpose, 304
Specific Purpose, 304
Developing Your Presentation Step by Step: Identifying Your Purpose, 304
Developing Your Central Idea, 305
An Audience-Centered Idea, 306
A Single Topic, 306
Developing Your Presentation Step by Step: Developing Your Central Idea, 307
A Complete Declarative Sentence, 307
Direct, Specific Language, 307
Generating Main Ideas, 307
Does the Central Idea Have Logical Divisions?, 308
Can You Think of Several Reasons the Central Idea Is True?, 308
Can You Support the Central Idea with a Series of Steps or a Chronological Sequence?, 308
Developing Your Presentation Step by Step: Generating Your Main Ideas, 309
Gathering Supporting Material, 310
Sources of Supporting Material, 310
Communication and Technology: A New Kind of Search Engine, 311
Communication and Ethics: A Question of Speechwriting, 314
Types of Supporting Material, 315
Developing Your Presentation Step by Step: Gathering Supporting Material, 316
Communication and Diversity: Adapting to Diverse Audiences, 318
Acknowledgment of Supporting Material, 320
Principles for a Lifetime: Enhancing Your Skills, 321
Summary, 322
Assessing Your Knowledge, 323
Assessing Your Skill, 324
Web Resources to Improve Your Knowledge and Skill, 325
Chapter 12. Organizing and Outlining Your Presentation, 326
Organizing Your Main Ideas, 328
Organizing Ideas Topically, 329
Organizing Ideas Chronologically, 329
Organizing Ideas Spatially, 329
Organizing Ideas to Show Cause and Effect, 330
Organizing Ideas by Problem and Solution, 330
Organizing Your Supporting Material, 330
Communication and Diversity: Acknowledging Cultural Differences in Organizing Messages, 332
Organizing Your Presentation for the Ears of Others, 333
Previews, 333
Verbal and Nonverbal Transitions, 333
Communication and Ethics: The Ethics of Primacy and Recency, 333
Summaries, 334
Introducing and Concluding Your Presentation, 335
Introductions, 335
Conclusions, 337
Outlining Your Presentation, 339
Preparation Outline, 339
Communication and Technology: Using Outlining Software, 340
Sample Preparation Outline, 341
Speaking Notes, 343
Principles for a Lifetime: Enhancing Your Skills, 345
Summary, 345
Assessing Your Knowledge, 346
Assessing Your Skill, 347
Web Resources to Improve Your Knowledge and Skill, 347
Chapter 13. Delivering Your Presentation, 348
Methods of Delivery, 350
Manuscript Speaking, 350
Memorized Speaking, 351
Impromptu Speaking, 351
Extemporaneous Speaking, 352
Effective Verbal Delivery, 353
Using Words Well, 353
Crafting Memorable Word Structures, 354
Effective Nonverbal Delivery, 357
Eye Contact, 357
Physical Delivery, 357
Facial Expression, 359
Communication and Diversity: The Academic Quarter, 359
Vocal Delivery, 360
Developing Your Presentation Step by Step: Rehearsing Your Presentation, 361
Appearance, 361
Effective Presentation Aids, 362
Communication and Technology: Rehearsing on Videotape, 363
Types of Presentation Aids, 363
Guidelines for Preparing Presentation Aids, 367
Communication and Ethics: Profanity in an Audio Presentation Aid, 368
Guidelines for Using Presentation Aids, 368
Some Final Tips for Rehearsing and Delivering Your Presentation, 370
Developing Your Presentation Step by Step: Delivering Your Presentation, 371
Principles for a Lifetime: Enhancing Your Skills, 372
Summary, 373
Assessing Your Knowledge, 374
Assessing Your Skill, 375
Web Resources to Improve Your Knowledge and Skill, 375
Chapter 14. Speaking to Inform, 376
Types of Informative Presentations, 378
Presentations About Objects, 378
Communication and Ethics: Confidential or Potentially Dangerous Information, 379
Presentations About Procedures, 379
Presentations About People, 380
Presentations About Events, 380
Presentations About Ideas, 381
Strategies for Organizing Your Informative Presentation, 381
Organizing Presentations About Objects, 381
Organizing Presentations About Procedures, 381
Organizing Presentations About People, 382
Organizing Presentations About Events, 382
Organizing Presentations About Ideas, 382
Strategies for Making Your Informative Presentation Clear, 383
Simplify Ideas, 384
Pace Your Information Flow, 384
Relate New Information to Old, 384
Strategies for Making Your Informative Presentation Interesting, 385
Relate to Your Listeners’ Interests, 385
Communication and Diversity: Using an Interpreter, 386
Use Attention-Catching Supporting Material, 386
Establish a Motive for Your Audience to Listen to You, 387
Use Word Pictures, 388
Create Interesting Presentation Aids, 388
Communication and Technology: Using an Electronic Thesaurus, 389
Use Humor, 389
Strategies for Making Your Informative Presentation Memorable, 390
Build in Redundancy, 390
Use Adult Learning Principles, 390
Reinforce Key Ideas Verbally, 390
Reinforce Key Ideas Nonverbally, 391
Sample Informative Presentation, 392
Principles for a Lifetime: Enhancing Your Skills, 393
Summary, 394
Assessing Your Knowledge, 395
Assessing Your Skill, 396
Web Resources to Improve Your Knowledge and Skill, 397
Chapter 15. Speaking to Persuade, 398
Persuasion Defined, 400
Communication and Ethics: Hidden Agendas, 401
Motivating Your Audience: The Psychology of Persuasion, 402
Dissonance, 402
Needs, 403
Fear Appeals, 403
Positive Appeals, 404
The Elaboration Likelihood Model, 404
Selecting and Narrowing Your Persuasive Topic, 405
Identifying Your Persuasive Purpose, 405
Developing Your Central Idea as a Persuasive Proposition, 406
Propositions of Fact, 407
Propositions of Value, 407
Propositions of Policy, 407
Supporting Your Presentation with Credibility, Logic, and Emotion, 408
Ethos: Establishing Your Credibility, 408
Communication and Diversity: “Elementary Reasoning, My Dear Watson”, 410
Logos: Using Evidence and Reasoning, 411
Pathos: Using Emotion, 413
Organizing Your Persuasive Message, 414
Problem and Solution, 415
Cause and Effect, 415
Refutation, 416
The Motivated Sequence, 416
Communication and Technology: The Motivated Sequence in Television Advertising, 418
How to Adapt Ideas to People and People to Ideas, 419
The Receptive Audience, 419
The Neutral Audience, 419
The Unreceptive Audience, 420
Sample Persuasive Presentation, 421
Principles for a Lifetime: Enhancing Your Skills, 424
Summary, 425
Assessing Your Knowledge, 426
Assessing Your Skill, 427
Web Resources to Improve Your Knowledge and Skill, 428
Appendix A. Interviewing, 429
The Nature and Types of Interviews, 430
Information-Gathering Interview, 430
Appraisal Interview, 430
Problem-Solving Interview, 431
Persuasion Interview, 431
Job Interview, 431
Interview Structure, 432
The Opening, 432
The Body: Asking Questions, 433
The Conclusion, 435
How to Be Interviewed for a Job, 436
Be Aware of Your Skills and Abilities, 436
Prepare Your Resumé, 437
Identify the Needs of Your Potential Employer, 438
Look Your Best, 438
Polish Your Online Appearance, 440
Listen, Respond, and Ask Appropriate Questions, 440
Follow Up After the Interview, 441
Communication and Technology: Tips for E-Resumés, 443
How to Be Interviewed in an Information-Gathering Interview, 443
Prepare for the Interview, 443
Listen Effectively, 444
Respond Appropriately, 444
The Responsibilities of the Interviewer, 444
Be Aware of Biases and Prejudices, 445
Adapt to an Interviewee’s Behavior, 445
Deal Wisely with Sensitive Content, 445
Listen Effectively, 445
Record Information, 445
Ask Appropriate Questions, 445
Principles for a Lifetime: Enhancing Your Skills, 446
Summary, 447
Appendix B. Sample Speeches for Discussion and Evaluation, 448
Informative Speech: Advertising and Reptilian Codes by Mary Kate Raffetto, 448
Persuasive Speech by Amy Solomito, 450
Endnotes, 452
Practice Test Answer Key, 475
Index, 476
Credits, 484

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