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Copyright, ii
Special Features, xv
Preface, xviii
Part I. Understanding the City: Its Origin and Development, 1
Chapter 1. Exploring the City, 1
Why Study the City?, 2
Deciding What Is “Urban”, 3
The Urban Transformation, 5
Urbanization as a Process, 5
Levels of Urbanization, 7
Urbanism as a Way of Life, 7
The Complexity of the City: Various Perspectives, 10
The City in History, 10
The Emergence of Urban Sociology, 12
Geography and Spatial Perspectives, 12
Critical Urban Sociology: The City and Capitalism, 14
Social Psychology: The Urban Experience, 15
Comparative Urbanism: The City and Culture, 16
The Anatomy of Modern North American Cities, 18
The City in Global Perspective, 19
The Quality of City Life, 20
Key Terms, 22
Internet Activity, 22
Chapter 2. The Origins and Development of the World’s Cities, 23
Urban Origins, 24
Archaeology: Digging the Early City, 24
The First Permanent Settlements, 25
The City Emerges, 26
The First Urban Revolution: City-States and Urban Empires, 30
The Near East: Mesopotamia and Egypt, 31
The Indus Region, 33
A Glance Eastward: China, 34
A Glance Westward: The Americas, 35
Summary: Traits of Early Cities, 36
Crete and Greece, 38
Rome, 38
Decline: The Middle Ages, 40
Revival: Medieval and Renaissance Cities, 40
The Second Urban Revolution: The Rise of Modern Cities, 43
Case Study: London—The History of a World City, 45
Beginnings: 55 B.C.E–1066 C.E., 46
The Medieval City: 1066–1550, 47
The World City Emerges: 1550–1800, 48
Industrialization and Colonization: 1800–1900, 49
The Modern Era: 1900 to the Present, 49
Summary, 52
Conclusion, 53
Key Terms, 54
Internet Activities, 54
Chapter 3. The Development of North American Cities, 55
The Colonial Era: 1600–1800, 56
Characteristics of Colonial Cities, 56
The City-Instigated Revolutionary War, 57
Growth and Expansion: 1800–1870, 58
The Beginnings of Industrialization, 59
Urban–Rural/North–South Tensions, 60
The Era of the Great Metropolis: 1870–1950, 60
Technological Advance, 60
Suburbs and the Gilded Age, 61
The Great Migration, 62
Politics and Problems, 63
The Quality of Life in the New Metropolis, 63
The North American City: 1950 to the Present, 64
Decentralization, 64
The Sunbelt Expansion, 68
The Postindustrial City, 71
Deterioration and Regeneration, 71
The Future, 73
The Human Cost of Economic Restructuring, 74
Case Study: New York—The “Big Apple”, 74
The Colonial Era, 75
Growth and Expansion, 77
The Great Metropolis Emerges, 77
New York Today, 79
Summary, 84
Conclusion, 85
Key Terms, 85
Internet Activities, 85
Chapter 4. Today’s Cities and Suburbs, 86
Urban and Suburban Sprawl, 87
What Is Sprawl?, 87
Why Do We Have Sprawl?, 89
Consequences of Sprawl, 91
Smart Growth, 94
Land Purchases, 95
Urban Growth Boundaries, 96
Revitalizing Existing Cities and Towns, 96
Transit-Oriented Approaches, 97
Exurbs, 98
The New Cities, 99
Characteristics and Commonalities, 101
Types of New Cities, 101
Evolving Middle-Class Centers, 101
Three New City Variations, 105
Gated Communities, 107
Types of Gated Communities, 108
A Sense of Community, 109
Common-Interest Developments, 110
Case Study: Portland, Oregon, 113
The Physical Setting, 113
History, 113
Urban Decline and the Planners’ Response to Sprawl, 114
Portland Today, 115
Summary, 116
Conclusion, 117
Key Terms, 117
Internet Activities, 117
Part II. Disciplinary Perspectives, 118
Chapter 5. Urban Sociology: Classic and Modern Statements, 118
The European Tradition: 1846–1921, 119
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: From Barbarism to Civilization, 119
Ferdinand Tönnies: From Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft, 121
Emile Durkheim: Mechanical and Organic Solidarity, 124
Georg Simmel: The Mental Life of the Metropolis, 125
Max Weber: The Historical and Comparative Study of Cities, 128
The European Tradition: An Evaluation, 129
Urban Sociology in North America: 1915–1970, 131
Robert Park and Sociology at the University of Chicago, 131
Louis Wirth and Urban Theory, 134
Herbert Gans and the Urban Mosaic, 137
Wirth and Gans: A Comparison, 137
Claude Fischer and Subcultural Theory, 138
Classic Theories and Modern Research: Myths and Realities, 140
Tolerance in the City, 140
Impersonality in the City, 140
Density and Urban Pathology, 142
Urban Malaise, 144
New Directions in Urban Sociology, 145
Summary, 145
Conclusion, 146
Key Terms, 146
Internet Activities, 146
Chapter 6. Spatial Perspectives: Making Sense of Space, 147
Urban Geography, 148
The Location of Cities, 149
Why Cities Are Where They Are, 151
The Shape of the City, 155
The Radiocentric City, 156
The Gridiron City, 156
Urban Ecology, 157
Concentric Zones, 158
Sectors, 161
Multiple Nuclei, 162
Limitations, 163
Social Area Analysis and Mapping, 164
GIS Mapping, 164
Limitations, 164
The Los Angeles School: Postmodernism, 166
Building Blocks, 166
Main Arguments, 167
Limitations, 167
Summary, 168
Conclusion, 169
Key Terms, 169
Internet Activities, 170
Chapter 7. Critical Urban Sociology: The City and Capitalism, 171
Urban Economics: The Traditional Perspective, 172
Central Place Theory, 172
The General Pattern of Land Use, 174
Limitations, 176
Urban Political Economy, 177
Henri Lefebvre: Redefining the Study of Cities, 178
Urban Areas as Themed Environments, 179
David Harvey: The Baltimore Study, 180
Manuel Castells: Updating Marx, 181
Allen Scott: Business Location and the Global Economy, 182
John Logan and Harvey Molotch: Urban Growth Machines, 184
The Global Economy, 185
Deindustrialization, 185
Economic Restructuring, 186
World-Systems Analysis, 187
Urban Political Economy: Four Principles, 192
The Urbanization of Poverty, 194
The Developing World, 194
The Developed World, 194
Summary, 200
Conclusion, 200
Key Terms, 201
Internet Activities, 201
Chapter 8. Social Psychology: The Urban Experience, 202
The Physical Environment, 203
Kevin Lynch: The Image of the City, 203
Stanley Milgram: More on Mental Maps, 206
The Social Environment: Gesellschaft, 210
The Pedestrian: Watching Your Step, 211
A World of Strangers, 212
Class, Race, and the Urban Experience, 215
The City as Gesellschaft: A Reassessment, 216
The Social Environment: Gemeinschaft, 216
Urban Networks, 218
Identifying with the City, 223
The City as Gemeinschaft: A Reassessment, 223
The Texture of the City, 223
Humanizing the City, 228
Social Movements and City Life, 230
Suburban Life, 231
The Stereotypes, 231
The Physical Environment, 232
The Social Environment, 233
Summary, 233
Conclusion, 234
Key Terms, 234
Internet Activities, 234
Chapter 9. Comparative Urbanism: The City and Culture, 235
The City and the Countryside, 236
Interdependencies, 236
Urban Dominance, 238
The City and Civilization, 242
Oswald Spengler: The “Soul” of the City, 242
Lewis Mumford: The City as the Center of Civilization, 243
Daniel J. Monti: The Civic Culture of the City, 245
The City and Societal Culture, 246
Case Study: Ming Peking, 246
Physical Structure, 246
Symbolism, 248
Case Study: Hellenic Athens, 250
The Preclassical Period, 250
The Golden Age, 250
Behind the Glory, 252
Ming Peking and Athens: A Comparison, 253
The Culture of Capitalism and the City, 253
The Capitalist City, 254
The Industrial Revolution, 255
Urban Life as Economics, 256
Assets and Debits, 258
Case Study: Communist Beijing, 258
The Emergence of Modern Beijing, 261
Urban Life as Politics, 261
The Difficulties of Urban Life, 262
Economic Reform and Environmental Issues, 262
A Rising Consumerism, 263
Summary, 264
Conclusion, 264
Key Terms, 265
Internet Activities, 265
Part III. The Structure of the City, 266
Chapter 10. Stratification and Social Class: Urban and Suburban Lifestyles, 266
Social Stratification, 267
Social Class Distinctions, 268
Income Distribution Nationwide, 271
Incomes Within and Outside Cities, 272
Wealth and Net Worth, 272
Poverty Nationwide, 273
Poverty Within and Outside Cities, 274
A Cautionary Note, 276
Urban Social Class Diversity, 276
Upper-Class Urban Neighborhoods, 277
Middle-Class Urban Neighborhoods, 279
Working-Class Urban Neighborhoods, 283
Mixed-Income Urban Neighborhoods, 286
Low-Income Urban Neighborhoods, 288
The Homeless, 289
Suburban Social Class Diversity, 290
Upper-Income Suburbs, 290
Middle-Income Suburbs, 291
Working-Class Suburbs, 291
Suburban Cosmopolitan Centers, 293
Minority Suburbs, 293
Summary, 296
Conclusion, 297
Key Terms, 297
Internet Activities, 297
Chapter 11. Race, Ethnicity, and Gender: Urban Diversity, 298
Cities and Immigrants, 299
Ethnic Enclaves and Ethnic Identity, 300
Ethnic Change, 301
Racial and Ethnic Minorities, 303
Blacks, 303
Asians and Pacific Islanders, 308
Hispanics, 311
Muslims, 313
Native Peoples, 315
Women and Urban Life, 316
Work, 318
Urban Space, 319
The Public Sphere, 319
Case Study: Chicago, “City of the Big Shoulders”, 320
Early Chicago, 321
The Burning and Rebuilding of Chicago, 322
Jane Addams and Hull House, 322
Chicago in the Early Twentieth Century, 323
The Postwar Period, 324
The Chicago Machine, 324
Ordered Segmentation, 325
Chicago Today, 325
Summary, 328
Conclusion, 329
Key Terms, 329
Internet Activities, 330
Chapter 12. Housing, Education, Crime: Confronting Urban Problems, 331
Housing: A Place to Live, 332
Adequate Housing: Who Has It?, 332
Housing Problems: A Brief History, 332
Public Housing, 334
Deterioration and Abandonment in the Inner City, 336
The Inner City Today: A Revival?, 338
The New Urbanism, 341
Education: The Urban Challenge, 345
Meeting the “No Child Left Behind” Challenge, 346
Magnet Schools, 347
School Vouchers, 348
Charter Schools, 349
Crime: Perception and Reality, 350
Public Perception of Crime, 351
Explaining High-Crime Areas, 353
Effects of Crime on Everyday Life, 355
What Is the Solution?, 356
Summary, 359
Conclusion, 359
Key Terms, 360
Internet Activities, 360
Part IV. Global Urban Developments, 361
Chapter 13. Cities in the Developing World, 361
Latin American Cities, 363
Early Cities, 364
European Dominance, 365
Modern Cities, 368
African Cities, 369
Early Cities, 369
European Dominance, 371
Modern Cities, 373
Middle Eastern Cities, 374
Islamic Cities, 374
European Dominance, 375
Modern Cities, 377
Asian Cities, 378
India, 378
China, 381
Japan, 383
Southeast Asia, 385
Common Legacies, 387
Economic Legacies, 387
Political Legacies, 388
Common Problems, 388
Spiraling Populations, 389
Quality of Life, 389
Environment, 390
Shantytowns, 390
Summary, 393
Conclusion, 394
Key Terms, 394
Internet Activities, 394
Chapter 14. Planning the Urban Environment, 395
Visions, 396
City Planning in World History, 397
Why Plan?, 399
Planning in the Industrial Era: 1800–1900, 400
The “City Beautiful” Movement, 400
The New Towns Movement, 400
A Socialist–Feminist New Town, 401
British New Towns, 401
New Towns Worldwide, 402
New Towns in North America, 404
What Makes New Towns Succeed or Fail?, 410
Architectural Visions, 410
The Radiant City, 410
Broadacre City, 411
The Arcology, 411
TRY-2004, 413
Utopia’s Limitations, 414
More Focused Urban Planning, 414
Sidewalks and Neighborhoods, 414
Squares and Parks, 415
The Middle Ground, 416
The Realities of Urban Planning, 417
Economics and Politics, 417
The Importance of Values, 418
Case Study: Toronto, Ontario, 419
The Physical Setting, 419
History, 420
Creation of a Metropolitan Government, 420
Two Phases of Urban Planning, 421
Toronto Today, 422
Summary, 423
Conclusion, 424
Key Terms, 426
Internet Activities, 426
Glossary, 427
References, 431
Photo Credits, 445
Index, 447

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