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Why You Need This New Edition, i
Copyright, vi
Preface, xvii
Part I. Understanding Marriages and Families across Time and Place, 2
Chapter 1. Defining the Family: Institutional and Disciplinary Concerns, 3
Family as a Social Institution, 7
Families as Systems and Groups, 12
Primary versus Secondary Groups, 15
Characteristics of Marriage, Family, and Kinship Systems, 18
Ideal Types, 18
Boundaries of Marriage, 19
Boundaries of the Family, 26
Boundaries of Kinship, 32
Summary, 38
Key Terms and Topics, 39
Discussion Questions, 40
Further Readings, 40
Chapter 2. U.S. Families: Historical Origins, Changes, and Contemporary Issues, 42
Historical Origins of the Modern Family in Europe and America, 46
Prefeudal Family Life, 48
Medieval Family Life, 49
Modernity and the Family, 50
Characteristics of Contemporary U.S. Families, 52
Numbers of Families and Households, 52
Sizes of Families and Households, 54
Marital Status, 56
Family Income, 57
Contemporary U.S. Families and Other Social Institutions, 59
Politics and the Family, 59
Community and the Family, 64
Economy and the Family, 67
Education and the Family, 70
Religion and the Family, 74
Mass Media and the Family, 77
Issues and Changes in Contemporary U.S. Families, 80
Meaning of Marriage and the Family, 81
Family Functions, 83
Same -Sex Marriage and Parenthood, 85
Marital- and Gender-Role Differentiation, 86
Other Contemporary Issues, 89
Summary, 89
Key Terms and Topics, 90
Discussion Questions, 91
Further Readings, 92
Chapter 3. Marriage and the Family: Disciplinary and Theoretical Approaches, 94
Sociology of the Family, 99
Uses of Family Sociology, 99
Social Science Approach to the Family, 101
Relationship between Research and Theory: The Scientific Process, 102
Assumptions, 105
Concepts and Variables, 105
Propositions and Hypotheses, 107
Research Methods and Statistical Concepts, 108
Quantitative Research Designs, 109
Theories and Frames of Reference, 117
Structural-Functional Frame of Reference, 118
Social Conflict Frame of Reference, 122
Symbolic Interaction Frame of Reference, 124
Social Exchange Frame of Reference, 128
Family Systems Frame of Reference, 131
Developmental Frame of Reference, 133
Alternative Perspectives, 135
Postmodernism, 135
Feminism, 136
Appraisal and Expansion of Contemporary Family Theory, 138
Summary, 139
Key Terms and Topics, 140
Discussion Questions, 141
Further Readings, 142
Part II. Sociocultural Contexts and the Diversity of Families in the United States, 144
Chapter 4. Social Class Variations, 145
Meaning of Social Class, 146
Determination of Social Class, 148
Consequences of Socioeconomic Status to Families, 150
Social Categories of Families, 152
Wealthy Families, 152
Working Families, 154
Families Living in Poverty, 163
Programs and Policies to Help Families in Poverty, 173
Are Marriage Promotion Policies the Answer?, 176
Social Mobility: Changing Family Lifestyles, 180
Likelihood of Vertical Social Mobility, 182
Extent of Vertical Social Mobility, 182
Consequences of Social Mobility, 183
Summary, 184
Key Terms and Topics, 186
Discussion Questions, 186
Further Readings, 187
Chapter 5. Race and Ethnic Variations, 188
Meanings of Race and Ethnicity, 190
Historical Context, 191
Current Ecological Context, 193
African American Families, 195
Historical Context, 195
Socioeconomic Context, 198
Patterns of Family Life, 204
Hispanic American Families, 208
Historical Context, 208
Socioeconomic Context, 212
Patterns of Family Life, 214
Asian American Families, 218
Historical Context, 219
Socioeconomic Context, 220
Patterns of Family Life, 221
Native American Family System, 223
Historical Context, 224
Socioeconomic Context, 226
Patterns of Family Life, 227
Summary, 230
Key Terms and Topics, 231
Discussion Questions, 231
Further Readings, 232
Part III. Relationship Formation Processes and Nonmarital Relationships, 234
Chapter 6. Partnering and Marriage Formation, 235
Marriage Trends and Characteristics, 237
Structural Constraints on Marriage Rates, 242
Variations in Marriage Rates, 244
Purposes and Consequences of Marriage, 245
Why Marry?, 245
Marital Status and Well-Being, 247
Systems of Partner Selection and Choice, 251
Patterns of Selection and Choice, 252
Intermarriage, 254
Dimensions and Consequences of Homogamy and Intermarriage, 257
Age at Marriage, 257
Social Status, 259
Religion and Intermarriage, 261
Race, Ethnicity, and Intermarriage, 264
Summary, 269
Key Terms and Topics, 270
Discussion Questions, 271
Further Readings, 271
Chapter 7. Premarital and Nonmarital Relationships, 272
Sociocultural Context of Nonmarital Relationships, 274
The Social Construction of Love, 278
Individualistic Factors in Partner Selection, 282
Instinctive and Biological Theories, 282
Parental Image Theory, 282
Complementary Needs Theory, 283
Interactional Processes in Partner Selection, 284
Value Theory, 284
Role Theory, 286
Exchange Theory, 286
Sequential Theories, 287
Premarital/Nonmarital Relationship Dynamics, 288
Hooking Up and Dating, 289
Engagement, 292
Nonmarital Cohabitation, 293
Incidence and Prevalence of Cohabitation, 294
Methodological Concerns in the Study of Cohabition, 297
Interactional Patterns and Outcomes in Cohabiting Relationships, 301
Cohabitation and Marital Quality and Stability, 304
Summary, 306
Key Terms and Topics, 307
Discussion Questions, 308
Further Readings, 308
Chapter 8. Sexuality and Nonmarital Relationships, 310
Social Regulation of Sexual Relationships, 313
Biological versus Sociological Approaches to Sexual Behavior, 315
The Social Dimensions of Sexuality, 317
Social Network Theory, 317
Choice Theory, 318
Sexual Script Theory and Sexualization, 319
Sexual Orientation, 321
Heteronormativity, 323
Nonmarital Sexual Behavior, 325
Family Antecedents of Sexual Behavior, 325
Nonfamily Influences on Sexual Behavior, 327
Relevance of Formal Sex Education, 328
Premarital Sexual Intercourse, 329
Changes in Premarital Sexual Activity, 330
High-Risk Sexual Behavior and AIDS, 333
Summary, 335
Key Terms and Topics, 336
Discussion Questions, 337
Further Readings, 337
Part IV. Life Course Conditions and Changes in Families, 338
Chapter 9. The Marital System, 339
Transition to Marriage, 340
Division of Labor in Marriage, 344
Meanings of Housework and the Homemaker Role, 344
Gender Differences in Housework, 346
Employed Women and Marriage, 352
Power in Conjugal and Intimate Relationships, 355
Characteristics of Power, 355
Power and Decision Making in Intimate Relationships, 356
Marital Quality, 360
Assessing Marital Quality, 360
Marital Quality between Generations, 364
Marital Quality over the Life Course, 366
Marital Commitment and Stability, 368
Sex and Marriage, 370
Marital Sexual Activity over the Life Course, 371
Factors Related to Marital Sexuality, 372
Sexual Adjustment in Marriage, 373
Extramarital Sex, 375
Incidence of and Attitudes toward Extramarital Sex, 376
Same-Sex Relationships, 377
Summary, 378
Key Terms and Topics, 380
Discussion Questions, 380
Further Readings, 381
Chapter 10. Parenthood and Fertility, 382
The Value of Children, 384
Fertility Behaviors, 388
Social Consequences of Parenthood, 395
Childless/Childfree Marriages, 396
Voluntary Childlessness, 398
Involuntary Childlessness, 399
Young and Unwed Parenthood, 400
Concerns about Young Parenthood, 400
Concerns about Unwed Parenthood, 404
Family Size and Related Factors, 410
Effects of Family Size on Members, 410
Birth Order and Sibling Relationships, 413
Sex Control, 414
Summary, 416
Key Terms and Topics, 417
Discussion Questions, 418
Further Readings, 418
Chapter 11. Parenting Roles and Child Socialization, 420
Models of Good Parenting, 423
Motherhood and Fatherhood, 424
Parenting Styles and Child Outcomes, 426
Parent—Child Attachment, 426
Parenting Styles, 427
Theories of Socialization, 432
Learning/Behaviorist Frame of Reference, 432
Psychoanalytic Frame of Reference, 433
Child Development Frames of Reference: Erikson and Piaget, 436
Symbolic Interaction Frame of Reference, 437
Socialization in Adolescence and Beyond, 443
Gender Identity and Sex-Role Socialization, 445
Female—Male Differences, 446
Sex-Role Socialization, 449
Single Parenting, 450
Mothers as Single Parents, 451
Fathers as Single Parents, 453
Overview of Single Parenthood, 454
Summary, 455
Key Terms and Topics, 456
Discussion Questions, 456
Further Readings, 457
Chapter 12. The Aging Family, 458
Postparental Period: The Middle Years, 460
Marital Status and Coresidence in the Middle Years, 461
Significance of the Middle Years, 463
Grandparent Status, 466
Stepgrandparents, 469
Grandparent Rights, 469
Families of Later Life and People Who Are Aged, 469
Growth of the Elderly Population, 469
Marital Status in the Later Years, 472
Intergenerational Relationships, 473
Living Arrangements among the Elderly, 477
Common Problems of People Who Are Aged, 478
Health and Care, 478
Children’s Problems, 479
Income and Standard of Living, 480
Abuse and Neglect, 481
Socialization in Later Life, 481
Retirement, 482
Dying and Death, 483
Widows and Widowers, 485
Summary, 487
Key Terms and Topics, 487
Discussion Questions, 488
Further Readings, 488
Part V. Family Crisis and Social Policy, 490
Chapter 13. Family Stress and Violence, 491
Social Stresses on Families, 493
ABCX Model of Stress, 493
Variations of the ABCX Model, 495
Violence in Families and among Intimates, 497
Myths of Family Violence, 499
Causes of Family Violence, 500
Child Abuse and Violence, 502
Parent Abuse and Violence, 505
Wife and Female Partner Abuse and Violence, 506
Husband and Male Partner Abuse and Violence, 509
Mutual Abuse and Violence in Couples, 510
Sibling Abuse and Violence, 511
Elder Abuse and Violence, 512
Violence among Other Intimates, 512
Treating and Preventing Family Violence, 515
Summary, 516
Key Terms and Topics, 517
Discussion Questions, 517
Further Readings, 518
Chapter 14. Divorce and Remarriage, 520
Desertion and Marital Separation, 523
Annulment, 524
Divorce around the World, 525
Divorce in the United States, 527
Divorce Rates, 527
Trends in Divorce, 530
Variations in Divorce, 532
Legal and Social Grounds for Divorce, 538
Impact of Children on Parental Divorce, 540
Consequences of Divorce for Adults, 542
Consequences for Children of Divorced Parents, 543
Remarriages and Stepfamilies, 549
People Who Remarry, 549
Marriage among the Remarried, 550
Remarried Couples with Stepchildren: Reconstituted Families, 551
Summary, 555
Key Terms and Topics, 555
Discussion Questions, 556
Further Readings, 557
Chapter 15. Family Social Policy, 558
Meaning and Use of Family Policy, 561
Research on Family Policy, 562
Research to Establish Family Policy, 564
Research to Evaluate Existing Family Policy, 565
Research on the Impact of Family Policy, 565
Overview of Research, 566
Issues Surrounding Family Policy, 566
Goals and Objectives of Family Policy, 567
Levels of Policy Control, 568
Public versus Private Positions, 570
Preventive or Ameliorative Policy, 571
Biological or Relationship Policy, 573
Micro- versus Macro-Level Policy, 574
Future of the Family System, 576
Summary, 579
Key Terms and Topics, 579
Discussion Questions, 580
Further Readings, 580
Glossary, 583
Name Index, 599
Subject Index, 609
Photo Credits, 623

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