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Copyright, ii
New to This Edition, iii
Specialized Contents, xi
Welcome to The Essential Elements of Public Speaking, xiii
25 Questions for Successful Public Speaking, IFC-1
1. Introducing Public Speaking, 1
The Benefits of Public Speaking, 2
Improve Your Personal and Social Abilities, 2
Improve Your Academic and Career Skills, 4
Improve Your Public Speaking Abilities, 4
The Essential Elements of Public Speaking, 5
Speaker, 6
Message, 6
Channels, 7
Noise, 8
Audience, 8
Context, 9
Presentation, 9
Ethics, 10
Culture and Gender, 13
Managing Your Apprehension, 14
Reverse the Factors That Cause Apprehension, 16
Restructure Your Thinking, 17
Practice Performance Visualization, 18
Desensitize Yourself, 19
Essentials of Introducing Public Speaking, 19
Essential Terms: Introducing Public Speaking, 20
Public Speaking Exercises, 20
1.1. A Model of Public Speaking, 20
1.2. Cultural Beliefs and Your Audience, 20
1.3. What Do You Say?, 21
LogOn! MySpeechLab, 21
2. Preparing and Presenting a Public Speech (in Brief), 22
Step 1: Select Your Topic and Purpose, 24
Step 2: Analyze Your Audience, 26
Step 3: Research Your Topic, 26
Step 4: Develop Your Thesis and Main Points, 27
Step 5: Support Your Main Points, 29
Step 6: Organize Your Speech Materials, 30
Step 7: Word Your Speech, 30
Step 8: Construct Your Introduction, Conclusion, and Transitions, 31
Introduction, 31
Conclusion, 32
Transitions, 33
Step 9: Rehearse Your Speech, 33
Step 10: Present Your Speech, 33
Essentials of Preparing and Presenting a Public Speech, 36
Essential Terms: Preparing and Presenting a Public Speech, 36
Public Speaking Exercises, 37
2.1. Preparing and Presenting a Speech, 37
2.2. Theses and Main Points, 37
2.3. What Do You Say?, 37
LogOn! MySpeechLab, 37
3. Listening and Criticism, 38
Listening Stages and Techniques, 40
Receiving, 40
Understanding, 41
Remembering, 41
Evaluating, 41
Responding, 42
Culture and Listening, 42
Language and Speech, 42
Nonverbal Differences, 43
Ethnocentrism, 43
Gender and Listening, 44
Guidelines for Listening More Effectively, 45
Listen Actively, 45
Listen for Total Meaning, 47
Listen with Empathy, 47
Listen with an Open Mind, 48
Listen Ethically, 49
Speech Criticism, 52
Culture and Criticism, 52
Principles for More Effective Criticism, 54
Stress the Positive, 55
Be Specific, 55
Be Objective, 56
Be Constructive, 56
Focus on Behavior, 56
Own Your Criticism, 57
Recognize Your Ethical Obligations, 57
Listening to Criticism, 58
Accept the Critic’s Viewpoint, 58
Listen with an Open Mind, 59
Separate Speech Criticism from Personal Criticism, 59
Seek Clarification, 59
Evaluate the Criticism, 59
Essentials of Listening and Criticism, 60
Essential Terms: Listening and Criticism, 60
Public Speaking Exercises, 60
3.1. Do You Really Remember What You Hear?, 60
3.2. Understanding Your Own Listening Barriers, 61
3.3. Listening to New Ideas, 61
3.4. What Do You Say?, 61
LogOn! MySpeechLab, 62
4. Selecting Your Topic, Purpose, and Thesis, 63
Your Topic, 64
A Good Public Speaking Topic, 64
Finding Topics, 65
Limiting Topics, 68
Your Purpose, 71
General Purpose, 71
Specific Purpose, 72
Your Thesis, 74
What Is a Thesis?, 74
How Do Thesis and Specific Purpose Differ?, 77
Wording and Using Your Thesis, 78
Essentials of Selecting Your Topic, Purpose, and Thesis, 82
Essential Terms: Selecting Your Topic, Purpose, and Thesis, 82
Public Speaking Exercises, 82
4.1. Brainstorming for Topics, 82
4.2. Limiting Topics, 83
4.3. What Do You Say?, 83
LogOn! MySpeechLab, 83
5. Analyzing and Adapting to Your Audience, 84
Audiences and Audience Analysis, 85
The Audience: Two Basic Characteristics, 85
Learning about Your Audience, 87
Analyze Audience Sociology, 91
Age, 91
Gender, 93
Affectional Orientation, 95
Educational and Intellectual Levels, 95
Religion and Religiousness, 96
Cultural Factors, 97
Other Audience Factors, 98
Context Characteristics, 99
Analyze Audience Psychology, 99
How Willing Is Your Audience?, 99
How Favorable Is Your Audience?, 100
How Knowledgeable Is Your Audience?, 107
How Homogeneous Is Your Audience?, 108
Analyze and Adapt during the Speech, 109
Focus on Listeners as Message Senders, 109
Ask “What If” Questions, 109
Address Audience Responses Directly, 110
Essentials of Analyzing and Adapting to Your Audience, 110
Essential Terms: Analyzing and Adapting to Your Audience, 111
Public Speaking Exercises, 111
5.1. Analyzing an Unknown Audience, 111
5.2. Predicting Listeners’ Attitudes, 111
5.3. What Do You Say?, 112
LogOn! MySpeechLab, 112
6. Using Supporting Materials and Presentation Aids, 113
Supporting Materials, 114
Examples, 114
Analogies, 115
Definitions, 116
Narration, 118
Testimony, 119
Statistics, 121
Presentation Aids, 122
Types of Presentation Aids, 124
The Media of Presentation Aids, 127
Preparing Presentation Aids, 128
Using Presentation Aids, 130
Computer-Assisted Presentations, 131
Essentials of Using Supporting Materials and Presentation Aids, 139
Essential Terms: Using Supporting Materials and Presentation Aids, 139
Public Speaking Exercises, 140
6.1. Amplifying Statements, 140
6.2. Galileo and the Ghosts, 140
6.3. Critically Evaluating Testimony, 140
6.4. Analyzing Presentation Aids, 140
6.5. What Do You Say?, 140
LogOn! MySpeechLab, 141
7. Organizing Your Speech, 142
The Body of the Speech, 143
Select and Word Your Main Points, 143
Organize Your Main Points, 146
Introductions, Conclusions, and Transitions, 157
Introductions, 158
Conclusions, 162
Common Faults of Introductions and Conclusions, 165
Transitions, 166
Outlining the Speech, 167
Constructing the Outline, 167
Sample Outlines, 169
A Brief Note on Organization and Flexibility, 178
Essentials of Organizing Your Speech, 179
Essential Terms: Organizing Your Speech, 179
Public Speaking Exercises, 180
7.1. Generating Main Points, 180
7.2. Constructing Introductions and Conclusions, 180
7.3. What Do You Say?, 180
LogOn! MySpeechLab, 181
8. Wording Your Speech, 182
How Language Works, 183
Language Varies in Directness, 183
Language Varies in Abstraction, 184
Language Varies in Objectivity, 184
Language Varies in Orality, 185
Language Varies in Accuracy, 187
Choosing Words, 190
Clarity, 190
Vividness, 194
Appropriateness, 196
Personal Style, 205
Phrasing Sentences, 206
Essentials of Wording Your Speech, 208
Essential Terms: Wording Your Speech, 209
Public Speaking Exercises, 209
8.1. Making Concepts Specific, 209
8.2. Talking about Cultural Identities, 209
8.3. What Do You Say?, 209
LogOn! MySpeechLab, 210
9. Presenting Your Speech, 211
Methods of Presentation, 212
Speaking Impromptu, 212
Speaking from Manuscript, 213
Speaking Extemporaneously, 214
Effective Vocal Delivery, 219
Volume, 220
Rate, 221
Pitch, 221
Pauses, 222
Articulation and Pronunciation, 223
Effective Bodily Action, 225
Eye Contact, 226
Facial Expression, 226
Posture, 226
Dress, 227
Gestures, 227
Movement, 227
Proxemics, 228
Using Notes, 228
Rehearsal: Practicing and Improving Delivery, 229
Research the Speech as a Whole, 230
Time the Speech, 230
Approximate the Actual Speech Situation, 230
Incorporate Changes and Delivery Notes, 230
Rehearse Often, 231
Essentials of Presenting Your Speech, 231
Essential Terms: Presenting Your Speech, 231
Public Speaking Exercises, 232
9.1. Communicating Vocally but Nonverbally, 232
9.2. Checking Your Pronunciation, 232
9.3. What Do You Say?, 232
LogOn! MySpeechLab, 233
10. Informing Your Audience, 234
Goals of Informative Speaking, 235
Principles of Informative Speaking, 236
Limit the Amount of Information, 236
Adjust the Level of Complexity, 236
Stress Relevance and Usefulness, 237
Relate New Information to Old, 238
Vary the Levels of Abstraction, 238
Make Your Speech Easy to Remember, 239
Speeches of Description, 245
Thesis, 245
Main Points, 245
Support, 245
Organization, 246
Speeches of Definition, 251
Thesis, 251
Main Points, 252
Support, 252
Organization, 252
Speeches of Demonstration, 254
Thesis, 254
Main Points, 254
Support, 254
Organization, 255
Essentials of Informing Your Audience, 256
Essential Terms: Informing Your Audience, 257
Public Speaking Exercises, 257
10.1. Defining Terms, 257
10.2. A Two-Minute Informative Speech, 257
10.3. What Do You Say?, 257
LogOn! MySpeechLab, 257
11. Persuading Your Audience, 258
Goals of Persuasive Speaking, 259
Principles of Persuasive Speaking, 260
Anticipate Selective Exposure, 260
Ask for Reasonable Amounts of Change, 261
Identify with Your Audience, 263
Be Culturally Sensitive, 263
Use Logical Appeals, 265
Use Emotional Appeals, 269
Use Credibility Appeals, 275
Motivate Your Listeners, 279
Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Fact, 279
Thesis, 281
Main Points, 281
Support, 281
Organization, 282
Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Value, 286
Thesis, 287
Main Points, 287
Support, 288
Organization, 288
Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Policy, 289
Thesis, 289
Main Points, 289
Support, 290
Organization, 290
Essentials of Persuading Your Audience, 291
Essential Terms: Persuading Your Audience, 292
Public Speaking Exercises, 292
11.1. Developing Persuasive Strategies, 292
11.2. Questions of Fact, Value, and Policy, 292
11.3. Constructing Motivational Appeals, 293
11.4. Establishing Credibility, 293
11.5. What Do You Say?, 293
LogOn! MySpeechLab, 293
12. Speaking on Special Occasions, 294
The Speech of Introduction, 295
The Speech of Presentation or Acceptance, 296
The Speech to Secure Goodwill, 298
The Speech of Dedication, 301
The Commencement Speech, 301
The Speech of Inspiration, 302
The Eulogy, 304
The Farewell Speech, 306
The Toast, 306
Presenting the Group’s Thinking, 307
General Speaking Guidelines, 307
Speaking in the Panel Group, 308
Speaking in the Symposium and Team Presentations, 308
Oral and Written Reports, 310
The Special Occasion Speech in Cultural Perspective, 312
Essentials of Speaking on Special Occasions, 313
Essential Terms: Speaking on Special Occasions, 313
Public Speaking Exercises, 314
12.1. Developing the Speech of Introduction, 314
12.2. Developing the Speech of Presentation/Acceptance, 314
12.3. Developing the Speech to Secure Goodwill, 314
12.4. What Do You Say?, 314
LogOn! MySpeechLab, 315
Glossary, 316
References, 320
Index, 324
Credits, 330

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