Tabs for Contents, notes, highlights

Contents
Notes
Highlights

Detailed Table of Contents

Hide Contents, Notes, and Highlights

Search TermsShow Hide

« Back to eTextbook

Copyright, iv
Preface, xxiii
Chapter 1. Speaking with Confidence, 2
Why Study Public Speaking?, 4
Empowerment, 4
Employment, 5
Public Speaking and Conversation, 5
Public Speaking Is Planned, 6
Public Speaking Is Formal, 6
The Roles of Public Speakers and Audiences Are Clearly Defined, 6
The Communication Process, 7
Communication as Action, 7
Communication as Interaction, 8
Communication as Transaction, 9
The Rich Heritage of Public Speaking, 9
Learning from Great Speakers: Martin Luther King Jr., 10
Public Speaking and Diversity, 12
Improving Your Confidence as a Speaker, 13
Understand Your Nervousness, 13
Build Your Confidence, 16
Speaker’s Homepage: Managing Your Nervousness, 17
Confidently Connecting with Your Audience: Begin with the End in Mind, 19
Summary, 21
Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus, 21
Speech Workshop: Improving Your Confidence as a Public Speaker, 23
Chapter 2. Previewing the Audience-Centered Speechmaking Process, 24
An Audience-Centered Speechmaking Model, 26
Consider Your Audience, 27
Gather and Analyze Information about Your Audience, 27
Consider the Culturally Diverse Backgrounds of Your Audience, 27
Select and Narrow Your Topic, 28
Who Is the Audience?, 28
What Are My Interests, Talents, and Experiences?, 28
Learning from Great Speakers: Abraham Lincoln, 29
What Is the Occasion?, 29
Determine Your Purpose, 29
Determine Your General Purpose, 30
Determine Your Specific Purpose, 30
Develop Your Central Idea, 31
Generate the Main Ideas, 31
Does the Central Idea Have Logical Divisions?, 32
Can You Think of Several Reasons the Central Idea Is True?, 32
Can You Support the Central Idea with a Series of Steps?, 32
Gather Supporting Material, 32
Gather Interesting Supporting Material, 32
Gather Visual Supporting Material, 33
Organize Your Speech, 34
Sample Outline, 34
Rehearse Your Speech, 36
Speaker’s Homepage: The Power of the Internet, 37
Confidently Connecting with Your Audience: Use Your Communication Apprehension to Enhance Your Performance, 37
Deliver Your Speech, 37
Sample Speech, 39
Summary, 40
Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus, 41
Speech Workshop: How to Develop a Speech of Self-Introduction, 43
Chapter 3. Speaking Freely and Ethically, 44
Speaking Freely, 47
Speaking Ethically, 49
Have a Clear, Responsible Goal, 49
Use Sound Evidence and Reasoning, 49
Be Sensitive to and Tolerant of Differences, 50
Be Honest, 51
Learning from Great Speakers: Mohandas Gandhi, 51
Don’t Plagiarize, 52
Sample Oral Citation, 54
Listening Ethically, 54
Communicate Your Expectations and Feedback, 55
Be Sensitive to and Tolerant of Differences, 55
Speaker’s Homepage: Tips for Ethics and Free Speech, 56
Listen Critically, 56
Confidently Connecting with Your Audience: Remember That You Will Look More Confident Than You May Feel, 57
Summary, 57
Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus, 57
Speech Workshop: Avoiding Plagiarism, 59
Chapter 4. Listening to Speeches, 60
Barriers to Effective Listening, 62
Information Overload, 63
Personal Concerns, 64
Outside Distractions, 64
Prejudice, 64
Differences between Speech Rate and Thought Rate, 65
Receiver Apprehension, 66
How to Become a Better Listener, 67
Listen with Your Eyes as Well as Your Ears, 67
Listen Mindfully, 68
Listen Skillfully, 69
Learning from Great Speakers: Cesar Chavez, 73
Improving Your Note-Taking Skills, 74
Listening and Critical Thinking, 75
Separate Facts from Inferences, 75
Evaluate the Quality of Evidence, 76
Evaluate the Underlying Logic and Reasoning, 77
Analyzing and Evaluating Speeches, 77
Understanding Criteria for Evaluating Speeches, 78
Identifying and Analyzing Rhetorical Strategies, 80
Giving Feedback to Others, 81
Speaker’s Homepage: Developing Your Rhetorical Listening Skills, 82
Giving Feedback to Yourself, 84
Confidently Connecting with Your Audience: Look for Positive Listener Support, 84
Summary, 85
Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus, 85
Speech Workshop: Evaluating a Speaker’s Rhetorical Effectiveness, 87
Chapter 5. Analyzing Your Audience, 88
Becoming an Audience-Centered Speaker, 90
Gather Information about Your Audience, 91
Analyze Information about Your Audience, 93
Establish Common Ground with Your Audience, 94
Look for Audience Member Similarities, 94
Look for Audience Member Differences, 94
Learning from Great Speakers: Winston Churchill, 95
Adapt to Your Audience, 95
Analyzing Your Audience before You Speak, 96
Demographic Audience Analysis, 96
Confidently Connecting with Your Audience: Learn as Much as You Can about Your Audience, 99
Psychological Audience Analysis, 106
Situational Audience Analysis, 109
Adapting to Your Audience as You Speak, 112
Identifying Nonverbal Audience Cues, 112
Developing Your Speech Step by Step: Consider Your Audience, 113
Speaker’s Homepage: Gathering Information about Your Audience, 113
Responding to Nonverbal Cues, 114
Strategies for Customizing Your Message to Your Audience, 115
Analyzing Your Audience after You Speak, 117
Nonverbal Responses, 118
Verbal Responses, 118
Survey Responses, 118
Behavioral Responses, 118
Summary, 119
Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus, 119
Speech Workshop: Developing Communication Strategies to Adapt to Your Audience, 121
Chapter 6. Developing Your Speech, 122
Select and Narrow Your Topic, 125
Guidelines for Selecting a Topic, 125
Confidently Connecting with Your Audience: Select an Interesting Topic, 126
Strategies for Selecting a Topic, 127
Speaker’s Homepage: Using the Web to Prime Your Creative Pump for a Speech Topic, 129
Narrowing the Topic, 130
Determine Your Purpose, 130
Developing Your Speech Step by Step: Select and Narrow Your Topic, 131
General Purpose, 131
Specific Purpose, 132
Developing Your Speech Step by Step: Determine Your Purpose, 134
Develop Your Central Idea, 135
A Complete Declarative Sentence, 135
Learning from Great Speakers: Frederick Douglass, 136
Direct, Specific Language, 136
Developing Your Speech Step by Step: Develop Your Central Idea, 136
A Single Idea, 137
An Audience-Centered Idea, 137
Generate and Preview Your Main Ideas, 138
Generating Your Main Ideas, 138
Previewing Your Main Ideas, 140
Meanwhile, Back at the Computer ..., 140
Developing Your Speech Step by Step: Generate Your Main Ideas, 141
Summary, 142
Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus, 142
Speech Workshop: Strategies for Selecting a Speech Topic, 144
Chapter 7. Gathering Supporting Material, 146
Personal Knowledge and Experience, 148
The Internet, 148
Directories and Search Engines, 149
Evaluating Web Resources, 150
Speaker’s Homepage: Evaluating Web Sites, 152
Library Resources, 153
Books, 153
Periodicals, 154
Online Databases, 156
Newspapers, 156
Reference Resources, 156
Government Documents, 158
Special Services, 158
Interviews, 159
Preparing for the Interview, 159
Learning from Great Speakers: Eleanor Roosevelt, 160
Conducting the Interview, 160
Following Up the Interview, 161
Resources from Special-Interest Groups and Organizations, 161
Research Strategies, 162
Confidently Connecting with Your Audience: Prepare Early, 162
Develop a Preliminary Bibliography, 162
Locate Resources, 164
Evaluate the Usefulness of Resources, 165
Take Notes, 166
Developing Your Speech Step by Step: Gather Supporting Material, 166
Identify Possible Presentation Aids, 168
Summary, 168
Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus, 169
Speech Workshop: Gathering Supporting Material for Your Speech, 170
Chapter 8. Using Supporting Material, 172
Illustrations, 174
Brief Illustrations, 175
Extended Illustrations, 175
Hypothetical Illustrations, 176
Using Illustrations Effectively, 176
Learning from Great Speakers: Garrison Keillor, 177
Descriptions and Explanations, 177
Describing, 178
Explaining How, 178
Explaining Why, 179
Using Descriptions and Explanations Effectively, 179
Definitions, 179
Definitions by Classification, 180
Operational Definitions, 180
Using Definitions Effectively, 180
Analogies, 181
Literal Analogies, 181
Figurative Analogies, 182
Using Analogies Effectively, 182
Statistics, 182
Using Statistics as Support, 183
Using Statistics Effectively, 183
Opinions, 185
Expert Testimony, 186
Lay Testimony, 186
Literary Quotations, 186
Using Opinions Effectively, 187
Speaker’s Homepage: Using the Internet to Find Interesting Supporting Material, 188
Selecting the Best Supporting Material, 189
Confidently Connecting with Your Audience: Select Interesting Supporting Material, 189
Summary, 190
Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus, 190
Speech Workshop: Identifying a Variety of Supporting Material for Your Speech, 192
Chapter 9. Organizing Your Speech, 194
Organizing Your Main Ideas, 197
Organizing Ideas Topically, 197
Confidently Connecting with Your Audience: Organize Your Message, 198
Ordering Ideas Chronologically, 199
Arranging Ideas Spatially, 200
Organizing Ideas to Show Cause and Effect, 200
Organizing Ideas by Problem and Solution, 201
Acknowledging Cultural Differences in Organization, 202
Learning from Great Speakers: Desmond Tutu, 203
Subdividing Your Main Ideas, 204
Speaker’s Homepage: Internet Resources to Help You Organize Your Speech, 204
Integrating Your Supporting Material, 205
Sample Integration of Supporting Material, 205
Organizing Your Supporting Material, 206
Primacy or Recency, 206
Developing Your Speech Step by Step: Organize Your Speech, 207
Specificity, 207
Complexity, 207
From Soft to Hard Evidence, 208
Developing Signposts, 209
Transitions, 209
Previews, 211
Summaries, 212
Supplementing Signposts with Presentation Aids, 213
Summary, 213
Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus, 214
Speech Workshop: Organizing Your Ideas, 216
Chapter 10. Introducing and Concluding Your Speech, 218
Purposes of Introductions, 220
Get the Audience’s Attention, 221
Give the Audience a Reason to Listen, 221
Introduce the Subject, 222
Establish Your Credibility, 222
Preview Your Main Ideas, 223
Effective Introductions, 224
Illustrations or Anecdotes, 224
Startling Facts or Statistics, 225
Quotations, 225
Humor, 226
Questions, 227
References to Historical Events, 228
References to Recent Events, 228
Personal References, 228
References to the Occasion, 229
References to Preceding Speeches, 229
Speaker’s Homepage: Using the Web to Find an Attention-Catching Introduction, 230
Purposes of Conclusions, 230
Summarize the Speech, 231
Provide Closure, 232
Effective Conclusions, 233
Methods Also Used for Introductions, 233
Confidently Connecting with Your Audience: Be Familiar with Your Introduction and Conclusion, 233
References to the Introduction, 233
Inspirational Appeals or Challenges, 234
Learning from Great Speakers: Patrick Henry, 235
Summary, 235
Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus, 236
Speech Workshop: Developing the Introduction and Conclusion to Your Speech, 237
Chapter 11. Outlining and Editing Your Speech, 238
Developing Your Preparation Outline, 240
The Preparation Outline, 240
Sample Preparation Outline, 242
Sample Preparation Outline, 244
Editing Your Speech, 246
Developing Your Delivery Outline and Speaking Notes, 247
The Delivery Outline, 248
Sample Delivery Outline, 248
Speaking Notes, 249
Speaker’s Homepage: Using Internet Resources to Improve Your Outlining Skill, 249
Confidently Connecting with Your Audience: Use Your Well-Prepared Speaking Notes When You Rehearse, 249
Sample Delivery Outline, 250
Learning from Great Speakers: Mark Twain, 252
Summary, 253
Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus, 254
Speech Workshop: Outlining Your Speech, 255
Chapter 12. Using Words Well: Speaker Language and Style, 256
Oral versus Written Language Style, 258
Oral Style Is More Personal Than Written Style, 259
Oral Style Is Less Formal Than Written Style, 259
Oral Style Is More Repetitive Than Written Style, 260
Using Words Effectively, 260
Use Specific, Concrete Words, 260
Use Simple Words, 261
Use Words Correctly, 262
Adapting Your Language Style to Diverse Listeners, 263
Use Language That Your Audience Can Understand, 263
Use Appropriate Language, 263
Use Unbiased Language, 264
Crafting Memorable Word Structures, 265
Confidently Connecting with Your Audience: Use Words to Manage Your Anxiety, 265
Creating Figurative Images, 266
Creating Drama, 266
Creating Cadence, 267
Speaker’s Homepage: Using Internet Resources to Polish Your Spoken Prose, 268
Learning from Great Speakers: John F. Kennedy, 269
Analyzing an Example of Memorable Word Structure, 270
Tips for Using Language Effectively, 271
Summary, 271
Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus, 272
Speech Workshop: Conducting a “Language Style Audit” of Your Speech, 273
Chapter 13. Delivering Your Speech, 274
The Power of Speech Delivery, 276
Listeners Expect Effective Delivery, 277
Listeners Make Emotional Connections with You Through Delivery, 277
Listeners Believe What They See, 278
Methods of Delivery, 278
Manuscript Speaking, 278
Memorized Speaking, 279
Impromptu Speaking, 279
Extemporaneous Speaking, 281
Characteristics of Effective Delivery, 282
Eye Contact, 282
Gestures, 283
Movement, 286
Posture, 287
Facial Expression, 288
Vocal Delivery, 288
Learning from Great Speakers: Marcus Tullius Cicero, 289
Personal Appearance, 294
Speaker’s Homepage: Evaluating Speaker Delivery, 294
Audience Diversity and Delivery, 295
Rehearsing Your Speech: Some Final Tips, 296
Developing Your Speech Step by Step: Rehearse Your Speech, 297
Delivering Your Speech, 298
Adapting Your Speech Delivery for Television, 299
Confidently Connecting with Your Audience: Re-Create the Speech Environment When You Rehearse, 299
Developing Your Speech Step by Step: Deliver Your Speech, 300
Responding to Questions, 300
Summary, 302
Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus, 303
Speech Workshop: Improving Your Speech Delivery, 305
Chapter 14. Using Presentation Aids, 306
The Value of Presentation Aids, 308
Learning from Great Speakers: Ronald Reagan, 309
Types of Presentation Aids, 310
Three-Dimensional Presentation Aids, 311
Two-Dimensional Presentation Aids, 312
Computer-Generated Presentation Aids, 318
Audiovisual Aids, 321
Speaker’s Homepage: Using the Internet as a Source for Visuals for Your Speeches, 322
Guidelines for Developing Presentation Aids, 323
Make Them Easy to See, 323
Keep Them Simple, 323
Select the Right Presentation Aids, 324
Do Not Use Dangerous or Illegal Presentation Aids, 324
Guidelines for Using Presentation Aids, 325
Rehearse with Your Presentation Aids, 325
Make Eye Contact with Your Audience, Not with Your Presentation Aids, 325
Explain Your Presentation Aids, 325
Do Not Pass Objects Among Members of Your Audience, 326
Use Animals with Caution, 326
Use Handouts Effectively, 326
Time the Use of Visuals to Control Your Audience’s Attention, 327
Confidently Connecting with Your Audience: Practice with Your Presentation Aids to Boost Your Confidence, 328
Use Technology Effectively, 328
Remember Murphy’s Law, 328
Summary, 329
Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus, 330
Speech Workshop: A Checklist for Using Effective Presentation Aids, 331
Chapter 15. Speaking to Inform, 332
Goals of Informative Speaking, 334
Speaking to Enhance Understanding, 334
Speaking to Maintain Interest, 335
Speaking to Be Remembered, 335
Types of Informative Speeches, 336
Speeches about Objects, 336
Confidently Connecting with Your Audience: Focus on Your Information Rather Than Your Fear, 337
Speeches about Procedures, 337
Speeches about People, 338
Speeches about Events, 338
Speeches about Ideas, 339
Strategies to Enhance Audience Understanding, 340
Speak with Clarity, 341
Use Principles and Techniques of Adult Learning, 341
Clarify Unfamiliar Ideas or Complex Processes, 342
Use Effective Visual Reinforcement, 344
Strategies to Maintain Audience Interest, 344
Establish a Motive for Your Audience to Listen to You, 344
Speaker’s Homepage: Finding Late-Breaking News and Information for Your Speech, 345
Tell a Story, 345
Present Information That Relates to Your Listeners, 346
Learning from Great Speakers: Oprah Winfrey, 346
Use the Unexpected, 347
Strategies to Enhance Audience Recall, 347
Build In Redundancy, 347
Make Your Key Ideas Short and Simple, 348
Sample Informative Speech, 348
Pace Your Information Flow, 349
Reinforce Key Ideas, 350
Summary, 351
Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus, 351
Speech Workshop: Developing a Vivid Word Picture, 353
Chapter 16. Understanding Principles of Persuasive Speaking, 354
Persuasion Defined, 356
How Persuasion Works, 358
A Classical Rhetoric Approach to Understanding Persuasion, 358
ELM: A Contemporary Approach to Understanding Persuasion, 359
How to Motivate Listeners, 360
Use Dissonance, 361
Use Listener Needs, 363
Use Positive Motivation, 364
Use Negative Motivation, 365
Learning from Great Speakers: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, 366
How to Develop Your Persuasive Speech, 368
Consider the Audience, 368
Select and Narrow Your Persuasive Topic, 369
Determine Your Persuasive Purpose, 370
Develop Your Central Idea and Main Ideas, 370
Confidently Connecting with Your Audience: Breathe to Relax, 371
Putting Persuasive Principles into Practice, 373
Speaker’s Homepage: Finding Out about Congressional Legislation for Persuasive Speeches, 374
Summary, 375
Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus, 375
Speech Workshop: Developing a Persuasive Speech, 377
Chapter 17. Using Persuasive Strategies, 378
Establishing Credibility, 380
Enhancing Your Credibility, 381
Using Logic and Evidence to Persuade, 382
Understanding Types of Reasoning, 383
Persuading the Diverse Audience, 387
Supporting Your Reasoning with Evidence, 389
Using Evidence Effectively, 390
Avoiding Faulty Reasoning, 391
Speaker’s Homepage: Information Triage: Identifying Reasoning Fallacies, 393
Using Emotion to Persuade, 393
Confidently Connecting with Your Audience: Enhance Your Initial Credibility, 394
Tips for Using Emotion to Persuade, 394
Learning from Great Speakers: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 395
Using Emotional Appeals: Ethical Issues, 397
Strategies for Adapting Ideas to People and People to Ideas, 398
Persuading the Receptive Audience, 398
Persuading the Neutral Audience, 399
Persuading the Unreceptive Audience, 400
Strategies for Organizing Persuasive Messages, 401
Problem–Solution, 402
Refutation, 403
Cause and Effect, 404
The Motivated Sequence, 404
Sample Persuasive Speech, 408
Summary, 410
Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus, 410
Speech Workshop: Adapting Ideas to People and People to Ideas, 412
Chapter 18. Speaking for Special Occasions and Purposes, 414
Public Speaking in the Workplace, 416
Group Presentations, 416
Public-Relations Speeches, 419
Confidently Connecting with Your Audience: Seek a Variety of Speaking Opportunities, 420
Ceremonial Speaking, 420
Introductions, 420
Toasts, 421
Speaker’s Homepage: A Toast to You and Yours: Tips for Making Toasts, 422
Award Presentations, 422
Nominations, 422
Acceptances, 423
Keynote Addresses, 424
Commencement Addresses, 424
Commemorative Addresses and Tributes, 425
Eulogies, 425
After-Dinner Speaking: Using Humor Effectively, 426
Humorous Topics, 427
Humorous Stories, 427
Humorous Verbal Strategies, 428
Humorous Nonverbal Strategies, 429
Learning from Great Speakers: Dave Barry, 429
Summary, 430
Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus, 430
Speech Workshop: Introducing a Speaker, 431
Epilogue, 432
Speaker’s Homepage: Learning More about Communication, 433
Appendix A. Speaking in Small Groups, 434
Solving Problems in Groups and Teams, 435
1. Identify and Define the Problem, 436
2. Analyze the Problem, 436
3. Generate Possible Solutions, 437
4. Select the Best Solution, 437
5. Test and Implement the Solution, 438
Participating in Small Groups, 438
Come Prepared for Group Discussions, 438
Do Not Suggest Solutions before Analyzing the Problem, 438
Evaluate Evidence, 439
Help Summarize the Group’s Progress, 439
Listen and Respond Courteously to Others, 439
Help Manage Conflict, 439
Leading Small Groups, 439
Leadership Responsibilities, 440
Leadership Styles, 440
Speaker’s Homepage: Using Parliamentary Procedure to Give Structure to Large Groups, 442
Appendix B. The Classical Tradition of Rhetoric by Thomas R. Burkholder, 443
The Earliest Teachers of Rhetoric, 443
Beginning of the Greek Tradition: The Sophists, 444
Plato, 445
Aristotle, 446
The Roman Tradition, 447
Conclusion, 448
References, 449
Appendix C. Speeches for Analysis and Discussion, 450
I Have a Dream by Martin Luther King Jr., 450
Van Gogh’s Incredible Life by Kristy Shaw, 452
Harvard Commencement Speech by Bill Gates, 455
Tissue Trade Reform by Christina Costanzo, 459
Ovarian Cancer: Breaking the Silence by Viqar Mohammad, 461
The Hillbilly Girl by Bridget Traut, 463
A Jury Not of Her Peers by Colston Reid, 466
Endnotes, 469
Index, 483

Search Results

« Back to eTextbook


PAGE	Description

54	...