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Copyright, iv
Maps, xvii
Key Questions, xix
Preface, xxi
Acknowledgments, xxix
Photo Credits, xxxi
Note on Dates and Spelling, xxxv
About the Authors, xxxix
Introduction, xli
Part 1. Departure, 2
1. The Birth of Civilization, 4
Key Question: How do environments shape human communities and human communities alter environments?, 4
The Evolution of Prehistoric Cultures, 6
People in Context: The Iceman, 10
The Archaic States, 13
The Origin of Civilization in Mesopotamia: Sumer, 14
The Rise of Civilization in Egypt, 23
2. The Rise of Empires and the Beginning of the Iron Age, 32
Key Question: Does civilization promote unity or intensify divisions among peoples?, 32
The Transition States, 34
Imperial Egypt: The New Kingdom (1550–1075 B.C.E., Dynasties XVIII–XX), 38
People in Context: King “Tut”, 42
The Indo-Europeans and the Clash of Empires, 45
The Bible and History, 51
Part 2. The Classical Era 2000 B.C.E. to 30 C.E., 60
3. Aegean Civilizations, 62
Key Question: When does civilization in the West become “Western” civilization?, 62
Minoan Mentors, 64
The Mycenaeans, Greece’s First Civilization, 67
The Aegean Dark Age, 70
The Hellenic Era, 72
People in Context: Hesiod, The Uncommon Common Man, 74
The Rise of the Mainland Powers, 79
The Persian Wars: Crucible of a Civilization, 84
4. The Hellenic Era, 90
Key Question: What did the Greeks contribute to the development of modern civilization?, 90
Persian Wars as Catalyst, 92
The Peloponnesian War, 94
People in Context: Aspasia, the Woman Behind the Great Man, 96
Intellectual and Artistic Life in the Polis, 101
5. The Hellenistic Era and the Rise of Rome, 118
Key Question: What circumstances are likely to undermine governments by the people?, 118
The Hellenistic Era, 120
The Origin of Rome, 129
The Roman Republic, 132
Rome’s Civil War, 139
People in Context: Cornelia, Mother of the Gracchi, 140
6. Rome’s Empire and the Unification of the Western World, 148
Key Question: Do people prefer order to liberty?, 148
The Augustan Era, 150
Order and Continuity: The Dynastic Option, 159
Order and Continuity: The Elective Option, 163
People in Context: The Imperial Aristocracy: Pliny the Elder and Pliny the Younger, 164
Life in an Imperial Environment, 169
The Decline of Rome, 172
Part 3. The Division of the West 300 to 1300, 178
7. The West’s Medieval Civilizations, 180
Key Question: Should freedom of religion be limited?, 180
The Christian Element, 182
The German Element, 189
The Byzantine Empire of Constantinople, 193
Islam, 197
People in Context: A’isha (614–678), Wife of the Prophet, 200
8. The Emergence of Europe, 208
Key Question: How did Europe build on its legacies from the ancient world?, 208
The Merovingian Kingdom: Europe’s Nucleus, 210
The Franks’Neighbors, 213
People in Context: Brunhild (d. 613) and Fredegund (d. 597): Powers Behind the Throne, 216
The Carolingian Era, 217
Retrenchment and Reorganization, 225
The Culture of Europe’s Dark Age, 231
9. Europe Turns Outward, 236
Key Question: Was conflict among the medieval civilizations inevitable?, 236
Islam’s Crest and Byzantium’s Resurgence, 238
The Reorganization of Europe, 242
People in Context: Hroswitha of Gandersheim (fl. 935–1002), 252
The Eleventh-Century Turning Point, 254
10. Europe’s High Middle Ages, 266
Key Question: Why are some societies more open to change than others?, 266
The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century, 268
Universities and Scholasticism, 271
Religious Revival and Diversity of Opinion, 274
People in Context: William IX, Duke of Aquitaine and Count of Poitou (1071–1127), 276
The Artistic Vision of the High Middle Ages, 278
The Nation-States of the High Middle Ages, 283
Part 4. Challenges, Conflicts, and Departures, 292
11. Challenges to the Medieval Order, 294
Key Question: What did the crises of the late medieval era reveal about the strengths and weaknesses of Europe’s civilization?, 294
Challenges from Nature, 296
Turmoil in the Middle East, 300
Spiritual Crises, 305
Political Responses: The Burdens of War, 312
People in Context: Christine de Pizan (c. 1364–1430), Professional Writer, 316
12. Renaissance and Exploration, 322
Key Question: How should a society use its history?, 322
The Context for the Renaissance, 324
The Culture of the Renaissance, 329
People in Context: Elisabetta Gonzaga (1472–1526), 334
The Northern Renaissance, 338
The Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, 341
Europe and Atlantic Exploration, 346
13. Reformation, Religious Wars, and National Conflicts, 354
Key Question: How do civilized societies justify war?, 354
The Lutheran Reformation, 356
The Swiss Reformation, 361
The Catholic Reformation, 365
The Habsburg-Valois Wars, 368
England’s Ambivalent Reformation, 369
Convergence of Foreign and Domestic Politics: England, Spain, and France, 372
The Final Religious Upheavals, 377
People in Context: William Shakespeare (1564–1616), 378
Part 5. The Revolutionary Impulse, 388
14. The Early Modern State, 390
Key Question: How do political systems reflect the structure of social and economic life?, 390
Society in Early Modern Europe, 392
Forging Centralized States, 396
People in Context: King James I as Political Theorist, 398
Absolutism in France, 399
Constitutionalism in England, 404
Wars of Empire and Global Markets, 406
Central and Eastern Europe, 408
Europe’s Declining Powers, 411
15. New World Views: Europe’s Scientific Revolution, 418
Key Question: How does the study of the natural world influence religious belief and the understanding of truth?, 418
The Medieval World View, 420
Anticipating the New Science, 422
New Directions in Astronomy and Physics, 424
New Approaches to Truth, 427
Theory and Application, 429
Politics as Science, 432
Science and Religion, 434
People in Context: Locke as Natural Philosopher, 435
Superstition and Its Victims, 436
16. The Age of Enlightenment: Rationalism and Its Uses, 440
Key Question: How do people construct ideas of progress?, 440
Critiquing the Traditional Way of Life, 442
Formulas for Improving Material Conditions, 449
Enlightened Despots, 451
Critiquing the Enlightenment, 453
People in Context: Olympe de Gouges, 456
The Arts in the Age of Reason, 459
17. Rebellion and Revolution: American Independence and the French Revolution, 462
Key Question: Can political change occur without social and economic upheaval?, 462
America Rejects Europe, 464
Revolution in France, 470
People in Context: Edmund Burke on Revolution, 476
Napoleon Bonaparte and the Export of Revolution, 1799–1815, 480
The French Revolution and the Americas, 485
Part 6. Europe Triumphant, 1815–1914, 490
18. Industry, Society, and Environment, 492
Key Question: How do technology and urbanization influence the relationship between humans and nature?, 492
From Rural to Urban Lifestyles in Europe, 494
Agriculture, Demographics, and Labor, 497
Innovations in Production, 501
The Social Consequences of Industrialization, 506
People in Context: Alfred Krupp, 510
19. The Age of Ideology, 518
Key Question: What leads people to challenge conventional ideas and practices?, 518
The Congress System and the Conservative Agenda, 520
Ideological Ferment, 523
The Revolutions of 1848, 527
People in Context: Giuseppe Mazzini, 532
Britain and Reform, 533
The Romantic Movement, 536
Utilitarianism and Utopian Socialism, 539
The Marxist Challenge, 541
20. The Consolidation of Nation-States, 546
Key Question: Is nationalism a constructive force in the modern age?, 546
Italian Unification, 548
The Creation of Modern Germany, 551
Constitutional Change in France and Britain, 557
The Waning of the Habsburg, Russian, and Ottoman Empires, 562
The United States and Western Europe, 568
Nationalism and Race, 571
People in Context: Theodor Herzl and Jewish Nationalism, 573
21. Global Empire and European Culture, 576
Key Question: How does the projection of power reflect wider cultural values?, 576
The New Imperialism: Motives and Methods, 578
The Scramble for Empire: Africa, 581
The Scramble for Empire: South and East Asia, 584
Imperialism, Intellectual Controversy, and European Culture, 589
Transformation in the Arts, 595
People in Context: Marie Curie and Modern Physics, 596
Part 7. Europe in Crisis, 1914–1945, 602
22. World War I: The End of Enlightenment, 604
Key Question: Are nation-states inherently adversarial?, 604
The Alliance System, 606
The Experience of Modern War, 609
The Eastern Front and Europe’s Empire, 612
Naval War and American Entry, 615
The Impact of Total War at Home, 618
The Russian Revolution, 620
People in Context: John Reed and Bolshevism, 624
The Peace Settlement and European Consciousness, 625
23. The Troubled Interwar Years, 632
Key Question: Can personal liberty be maintained under conditions of material hardship?, 632
Postwar Problems in Western Europe, 634
The Price of Victory, 635
The Great Depression, 1929–1939, 638
Italy: The First Fascist State, 641
Authoritarian Regimes in Spain and Eastern Europe, 643
The Emergence of Nazi Germany, 644
People in Context: José Ortega y Gasset, 645
Imperial Japan, 650
The Soviet Union Under Stalin, 651
24. World War II: Europe in Eclipse, 656
Key Question: Can the force of ideas sustain a civilization under attack?, 656
The Process of Appeasement, 1933–1939, 658
Nazism Triumphant, 1939–1941: Europe and North Africa, 661
People in Context: Charles de Gaulle and Free France, 664
The German Empire, 666
The Home Front and the Role of Women, 670
War in Asia and the Pacific, 672
The Tide Turns, 1942–1945, 674
Planning for the Postwar World, 679
Part 8. The Postwar Western Community, 1945–2008, 682
25. Decolonization and the Cold War, 684
Key Question: How does ideology shape public policy?, 684
The Eclipse of Postwar Optimism, 686
The End of European Empire, 694
Expanding the Cold War, 701
People in Context: Ho Chi Minh, 706
The Cold War and Nuclear Threat, 708
26. Western Civilization and the Global Community, 714
Key Question: Has the West defined the process of globalization?, 714
The End of Communism, 716
United Europe?, 723
Science, Technology, and the Environment, 731
Women and the Struggle for Equality, 736
People in Context: Simone de Beauvoir, 738
Religious Divides and Ethnic Nationalism, 739
The Postindustrial West, 744
Glossary, 748
Suggested Resources, 754
Index, 765
DVD Table of Contents, 791
Inside front cover map, IFC-1
Inside back cover map, IBC-1

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