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Why Do You Need this New Edition?, i
Copyright, iv
Preface, xv
1. Speech Communication, 1
The Communicative Act, 1
Speaker, 3
Message, 3
Channel, 3
Audience, 3
Response, 3
Communication Breakdowns, 4
Listening, 4
Barriers to Listening, 5
Ways to Improve Listening, 6
Getting Started, 8
Say Something Worthwhile, 9
Say it in a Confident Way, 10
Projecting Confidence, 11
Energize Yourself, 12
The Truth about Nervousness, 12
How to Develop Self-Confidence, 13
Stretch Your Comfort Zone, 15
Visual Imagery is a Powerful Tool, 15
Visual Imagery for Confidence in Public Speaking, 15
A Script for Using Visual Imagery to Develop Confidence in Speaking, 16
Step One: Systematic Relaxation, 16
Step Two: Favorite Peaceful Place, 17
Step Three: Rehearsing Your Desired Behavior, 17
Ethics in Communication, 17
Exercises, 21
Speech Assignments, 21
2. Audience Analysis, 23
Who Exactly is My Audience?, 23
What Response Can I Reasonably Expect from My Audience?, 24
Will My Audience Find This Subject Useful?, 24
Will My Audience Find This Subject Interesting?, 25
What Is My Audience’s Knowledge of My Subject?, 25
What Demographic Characteristics Should I Consider About My Audience?, 26
Is My Audience’s Attitude Favorable, Indifferent, or Opposed?, 27
A Favorable Audience, 27
An Indifferent Audience, 27
An Opposed Audience, 29
Exercises, 32
Speech Assignments, 35
3. Determine Your Purpose and Subject, 37
Selecting a Subject, 38
Is the Subject Suited to My Purpose?, 39
Is the Subject Interesting to Me?, 39
Am I Qualified to Speak on This Subject?, 40
Will My Audience Find This Subject Interesting?, 40
Will My Audience Find This Subject Useful?, 40
Is My Subject Sufficiently Narrowed?, 41
Specific Purpose, 41
The Central Idea, 42
The Central Idea Should Be a Complete Sentence, 42
The Central Idea Should Be a Statement You Must Explain or Defend, 42
The Central Idea Should Be Specific, 43
The Central Idea Should Cover a Single Topic, 43
The Central Idea Should Be Audience Centered, 43
The Central Idea Should Relate to Purpose, 44
Exercises, 44
Questions for Discussion, 45
Speech Assignments, 45
4. The Introduction and Conclusion, 48
Objectives of Introductions, 48
Attention Step in Introductions, 49
Start Off with Humor, 49
Begin with a Brief Story, 49
Ask a Rhetorical Question, 50
Begin with a Statistic, 50
Refer to Previous Speaker, 50
Refer to Familiar Terms, 51
Begin with a Definition, 51
Begin with a Starting Statement, 51
Start with a Quotation, 51
List a Series of Examples, 51
Types of Conclusions, 52
End with a Call to Action, 53
End with a Rhetorical Question, 53
End with a Positive Vision of the Future, 53
End with a Restatement of Your Central Idea, 53
End with a Summary of the Main Ideas Developed in Your Speech, 54
End with a Negative Vision of the Future, 54
Sample Full-Sentence Outline for a Speech to Instruct, 54
Bibliography, 58
Exercises, 58
Speech Assignments, 58
5. Gathering Supportive Material, 60
Personal Experience and Knowledge, 60
Brainstorming, 61
Clustering, 61
The Library, 62
The Librarian, 62
The Computerized Catalog, 63
Electronic Resources, 63
Computerized Research Services, 63
The Internet, 64
Ethics in Using the Internet, 64
The World Wide Web, 65
E-mail, 66
Telnet, 66
Usenet, 67
Interviewing, 67
Taking Notes, 68
Bibliography, 69
An Article in a Periodical, 69
A Book, 69
Exercises, 69
Speech Assignments, 70
6. Supporting Your Ideas, 71
Examples, 72
Brief Factual Example, 72
Brief Hypothetical Example, 72
Detailed Factual Example, 72
Detailed Hypothetical Example, 73
Explanation, 73
Exposition, 73
Analysis, 73
Definition, 74
Description, 74
Statistics, 74
Dramatize Your Statistics, 75
Round Off Your Statistics, 75
Display Your Statistics Visually, 76
Testimony, 76
Comparison and Contrast, 77
Visual Aids, 78
Benefits of Visual Aids, 79
Specific Suggestions for Using Visual Aids, 80
Computer-Generated Visual Aids, 81
Combined Supports, 82
Exercises, 82
Speech Assignments, 82
7. Preparing the Content of Your Speech, 84
Organizing Your Speech, 85
Introduction, 85
Body, 85
Conclusion, 85
Planning the Body, 85
Deciding on Main Points, 86
Write Your Main Points as Complete Sentences, 86
Arranging the Central Idea and Main Points, 87
Add Appropriate Supporting Material, 90
Outlining Your Speech, 90
Planning Outline, 91
Transitions, 95
Exercises, 95
Speech Assignments, 96
8. Delivering Your Speech, 98
Impromptu Speeches, 99
Manuscript Speeches, 99
Memorized Speeches, 100
Extemporaneous Speeches, 100
Nonverbal Communication, 101
Kinesics, 102
Paralanguage, 104
Effective Word Choice, 108
Clarity, 108
Interestingness, 110
Appropriateness, 110
Extemporaneous Method, 111
Using Note Cards, 113
Practicing the Speech, 115
Delivery Distractions, 116
Delivery Pitfalls, 117
Exercises, 117
Speech Assignments, 118
9. Informing, 120
Demonstration Speeches, 120
Description Speeches, 122
Types of Description Speeches, 122
Expository Speeches, 123
Types of Expository Speeches, 123
Explanation, 124
Analysis, 125
Explication, 126
Evaluation, 126
Comparison and Contrast, 127
Example, 128
Guidelines for Informative Speaking, 128
Make Your Material Clear, 128
Make Your Delivery Interesting, 129
Sample Speech to Inform, 130
Exercises, 133
Speech Assignments, 134
10. Persuasion, 136
Persuasion Defined, 136
Personal Proof, 137
Psychological Proof, 139
Logical Proof, 142
Deductive Reasoning, 143
Inductive Reasoning, 144
Reasoning by Generalization, 145
Other Forms of Reasoning, 145
Reasoning by Comparison, 145
Reasoning from Cause and Effect, 146
Fallacies, 146
Unwarranted or Hasty Generalization, 146
Errors in Causal Induction, 146
Begging the Question, 147
Ignoring the Question, 147
False Analogy, 148
Either/or Fallacy, 148
Ad Hominem, 148
Red Herring, 148
Ad Populum, 148
Types of Persuasive Speeches, 149
Speeches to Convince, 149
Speeches to Reinforce, 149
Speeches to Actuate, 150
Sample Speech to Convince, 150
Sample Speech to Reinforce, 151
Exercises, 155
Speech Assignments, 155
11. Group Communication, 157
The Functions of Discussion, 157
Social Discussion, 157
Educative Discussion, 158
Therapeutic Discussion, 158
Problem-Solving Discussion, 158
Types of Discussion, 159
The Roundtable, 159
The Panel, 159
The Symposium, 159
The Lecture Forum, 160
The Dialogue, 160
The Interview, 160
Role-Playing, 160
Participating in Discussion, 162
Listen Carefully, 162
Be Prepared, 162
Be Spontaneous, 162
Share the Spotlight, 163
Be Courteous, 163
Be Cooperative, 163
Be Objective, 163
Stick to the Point, 163
Use Time Wisely, 163
Speak Concisely, 164
Be Natural, 164
Moderating the Discussion, 164
A Pattern for Problem Solving, 164
Identifying the Problem, 164
Analyzing the Problem, 165
Finding the Best Solution, 165
Actuating the Solution, 166
Evaluating Discussions, 166
Using Case Problems, 166
Exercises, 169
Index, 171

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