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Why Do You Need this New Edition?, i
Copyright, iv
Features, xv
Preface, xvii
Acknowledgments, xxiv
Part One. Public Speaking in the World of Electronic Culture, 2
1. Speech, Speaking, and Training in Higher Education, 2
Studying Public Speaking, 4
Orality in Social-Political Life, 6
Basic Elements in the Speech-Making Process, 8
Ethical Responsibilities for Speakers, 10
Ethos in the Western World, 10
Speaking of . . . Ethics: Ethics and Public Speaking, 11
The Moral Bases of Public Decision Making, 12
Your First Speech, 13
Speaking of . . . Apprehension: First-Time Fears, 14
Assessing Your Progress, 15
Chapter Summary, 15
Assessment Activities, 16
Using the Web, 16
References, 16
2. Getting Started, 18
Selecting and Narrowing Your Subject, 20
Speaking of . . . Skills: Brainstorming to Generate Topics, 21
Determining Your Purposes and Central Idea, 22
General Purposes, 22
Specific Purposes, 23
Central Ideas, 24
Analyzing the Audience and Occasion, 26
Gathering Your Speech Material, 27
Making an Outline, 27
Practicing Aloud, 29
Developing Confident Delivery, 29
Speaking of . . . Skills: Practicing Your Speech, 30
Speaking of . . . Apprehension: State and Trait Apprehension, 32
Assessing Your Progress, 32
Chapter Summary, 32
Assessment Activities, 32
Using the Web, 33
References, 33
3. Critical Listening, 34
Hearing and Listening, 36
Barriers to Good Listening, 36
Practical Listening Techniques, 37
Know Your Purposes, 37
Listening for Comprehension, 39
Speaking of . . . Skills: Good Note Taking and Active Listening, 39
Speaking of . . . Ethics: Deliberately Misguiding Listeners, 41
Critical Listening, 42
Developing Skills for Critical Listening, 43
Assessing Your Progress, 44
Chapter Summary, 44
Assessment Activities, 44
Using the Web, 45
References, 45
Listening Workshop, 46
4. Public Speaking and Cultural Challenges, 48
The Nature of Cultural Processes, 50
Understanding Our Multicultural Society, 52
Recognizing Diversity, 52
Identifying Multiple Values, 54
Strategies for Negotiating Cultural Differences, 57
Accepting Multiple Paths to Goals, 57
Choosing a Rhetorical Frame, 59
Maintaining Self-Identity in the Face of Difference, 60
Speaking of . . . Ethics: Adapting to Moral Codes, 61
Assessing Your Progress, 63
Chapter Summary, 63
Assessment Activities, 63
Using the Web, 64
References, 64
Part Two. Planning and Preparing Your Speech, 66
5. Understanding Your Audience, 66
Analyzing Your Audience Demographically, 68
Age, 68
Gender, 69
Education, 69
Group Membership, 69
Cultural and Ethnic Background, 70
Using Demographic Information, 70
Analyzing Your Audience Psychologically, 71
Beliefs, 71
Attitudes, 72
Values, 73
Discovering Demographic and Psychological Factors, 74
Surveying Your Listeners, 74
Speaking of . . . Surveys: Using Surveys to Obtain Information, 74
Speaking of . . . Skills: Handling Hostile Audiences, 75
Observing Your Listeners, 76
Using Your Psychological Profile, 76
Using Audience Analysis in Speech Preparation, 77
Developing Your Speaking Goals, 77
Speaking of . . . Ethics: Using Audience Analysis Ethically, 77
Developing Your Specific Purposes, 78
Developing Your Appeals, 80
A Sample Audience Analysis, 80
Assessing Your Progress, 81
Chapter Summary, 81
Assessment Activities, 81
Using the Web, 81
References, 81
6. Finding and Using Supporting Materials, 82
Determining the Kinds of Supporting Materials You’ll Need, 84
Speaking of . . . Skills: How Much Is Enough?, 85
Finding Supporting Materials, 85
Finding Print Resources, 86
Finding Electronic Resources, 86
Search Engines, 88
Directories, 89
Virtual Libraries, 90
Speaking of . . . Ethics: What Is the Ethical Response?, 91
Sources of Supporting Materials, 91
General Reference Works, 91
Newspapers, 92
Magazines and Journals, 92
Yearbooks and Encyclopedias, 92
Government Publications, 92
Biographies, 93
Collections, 93
Finding Information Through Interviews, 93
Forms of Supporting Materials, 94
Comparisons and Contrasts, 94
Speaking of . . . Skills: Choosing Supporting Materials, 95
Examples, 96
Statistics, 97
Functions of Supporting Materials, 100
A Word about Plagiarism, 101
Speaking of . . . Skills: Citing Sources, 102
Sample Outline for a Problem-Solution Speech, 102
Assessing Your Progress, 104
Chapter Summary, 104
Assessment Activities, 105
Using the Web, 105
References, 105
Web Workshop, 106
7. Organizing and Outlining Your Speech, 108
Developing Your Speech Plan, 110
Developing Your Central Idea, 110
Choosing Your Organizational Plan, 111
Speech-Centered Patterns of Organization, 112
Chronological Patterns, 112
Spatial Patterns, 113
Causal Patterns, 113
Topical Patterns, 114
Audience-Centered Patterns of Organization, 115
Familiarity-Acceptance Order, 115
Inquiry Order, 117
Question-Answer Order, 117
Problem-Solution Order, 117
Elimination Order, 118
Techniques for Creating Associative Coherence in Your Speech, 119
Outlining Your Speech, 121
Developing a Rough Outline, 122
Speaking of . . . Skills: Memory and Organization, 123
Developing a Speaking Outline, 124
Guidelines for Preparing Outlines, 125
Assessing Your Progress, 126
Chapter Summary, 126
Assessment Activities, 127
Using the Web, 127
References, 127
8. Beginning and Ending Your Speech, 128
Capturing and Holding Attention, 130
Activity, 130
Reality, 131
Proximity, 131
Familiarity, 131
Novelty, 131
Suspense, 132
Conflict, 132
Humor, 132
The Vital, 132
Beginning Your Speech, 133
Referring to the Subject or Occasion, 133
Using a Personal Reference or Greeting, 135
Asking a Question, 135
Making a Startling Statement, 136
Using a Quotation, 136
Telling a Humorous Story, 137
Using an Illustration, 138
Completing Your Introduction, 138
Speaking of . . . Skills: How Long Should It Be?, 139
Ending Your Speech, 139
Issuing a Challenge, 140
Summarizing the Major Points or Ideas, 141
Using a Quotation, 141
Using an Illustration, 142
Supplying an Additional Inducement to Belief or Action, 142
Stating a Personal Intention, 142
Sample Outline for an Introduction and Conclusion: Have a Heart—Spay or Neuter Your Pets, 143
Assessing Your Progress, 144
Chapter Summary, 144
Assessment Activities, 144
Using the Web, 145
References, 145
Part Three. Presenting Your Speech, 146
9. Wording Your Speech, 146
Using Oral Style, 148
Speaking of . . . Skills: Oral versus Written Style, 148
Accuracy, 149
Simplicity, 150
Restatement, 150
Using Language Strategically, 151
Definitions, 151
Imagery, 153
Metaphor, 154
Creating an Atmosphere, 155
Speaking of . . . Ethics: Doublespeak, 155
Intensity, 156
Appropriateness, 157
Adapting to Diverse Listeners, 158
Sample Speech: “On Accepting the Nobel Prize for Literature” by William Faulkner, 159
Assessing Your Progress, 161
Chapter Summary, 161
Assessment Activities, 161
Using the Web, 162
References, 162
10. Delivering Your Speech, 164
Working Within Oral Relationships, 166
Selecting the Method of Delivery, 166
The Extemporaneous Speech, 166
The Impromptu Speech, 167
The Manuscript Speech, 167
The Memorized Speech, 167
Speaking of . . . Apprehension: Impromptu Speaking, 168
Using Your Voice to Communicate, 168
The Effective Speaking Voice, 169
Speaking of . . . Skills: Vocal Exercises, 171
Using Your Body to Communicate, 173
Dimensions of Nonverbal Communication, 173
Adapting Nonverbal Behavior to Your Presentations, 177
Speaking of . . . Apprehension: Breath Control, 177
Assessing Your Progress, 179
Chapter Summary, 179
Assessment Activities, 180
Using the Web, 180
References, 180
11. Using Visual Media, 182
The Functions of Visual Media, 184
Comprehension and Memory, 184
Persuasion, 184
Types of Visual Media, 184
Actual Objects or Props, 184
Your Own Body, 185
Photographs, 185
Videotapes, DVDs, Films, and Video Streaming, 187
Speaking of . . . Skills: Using Visual Media in Business, 187
Whiteboard Drawings, 188
Overhead Projections, 188
Graphs, 189
Charts and Tables, 190
Models, 192
Strategies for Selecting and Using Visual Media, 193
Consider the Audience and Occasion, 193
Integrate Verbal and Visual Materials Effectively, 194
Evaluate Computer-Generated Visual Materials, 196
Speaking of . . . Ethics: Can Pictures Lie?, 196
Speaking of . . . Skills: Using Visual Aids Effectively, 197
Assessing Your Progress, 198
Chapter Summary, 198
Assessment Activities, 198
Using the Web, 198
References, 199
Using Microsoft PowerPoint with Your Presentations, 200
Part Four. Types of Public Speaking, 202
12. Speeches to Inform, 202
Facts, Knowledge, and the Information Age, 204
Types of Informative Speeches, 204
Explanations or Lectures, 204
Demonstrations, 205
Oral Reports, 205
Essential Qualities of Informative Speeches, 205
Striving for Clarity, 205
Speaking of . . . Skills: Choosing a Topic, 206
Speaking of . . . Apprehension: Information Overload, 208
Associating New Ideas with Familiar Ones, 208
Packaging of Clustering Ideas, 209
Constructing Relevant Visualizations, 209
Motivating Your Audience, 210
Sample Outline for a Demonstration Speech: Power Tennis Comes with the Western Stroke, 210
Tips for Developing Informative Speeches, 212
Sample Outline: What’s So Special About 1968?, 216
Sample Speech: “The Geisha” Joyce Chapman, 220
Assessing Your Progress, 222
Chapter Summary, 222
Assessment Activities, 222
Using the Web, 222
References, 223
Information vs. Persuasion, 224
13. Speeches to Persuade, 226
Selecting Motivational Appeals, 228
Some Common Motivational Appeals, 228
Speaking of . . . Skills: Basic Human Needs, 229
Using Motivational Appeals, 232
Speaking of . . . Ethics: Using Fear Appeals, 233
Enhancing Your Credibility, 234
Speaking of . . . Skills: Inoculating Audiences Against Counterpersuasion, 235
Organizing Persuasive Speeches: The Motivated Sequence, 236
Speaking of . . . Skills: Persuading the Diverse Audience, 237
Step 1: Get Attention, 237
Step 2: Show the Need: Describe the Problem, 239
Step 3: Satisfy the Need: Present the Solution, 239
Step 4: Visualize the Results, 240
Step 5: Request Action, 241
Sample Outline of a Persuasive Speech: You’re Never Too Old to Learn—Virtually!, 242
Sample Outline of an Actuative Speech: The Chain Never Stops, 243
Assessing Your Progress, 246
Chapter Summary, 246
Assessment Activities, 246
Using the Web, 246
References, 246
14. Argumentation and Critical Thinking, 248
Rational Thinking and Talking: Argumentation, 250
Types of Claims, 250
Types of Evidence, 253
Forms of Reasoning, 255
Evaluating Arguments, 257
Reasoning from Examples, 257
Reasoning from Generalization, 257
Reasoning from Sign, 257
Reasoning from Parallel Case, 258
Reasoning from Cause, 258
Speaking of . . . Skills: Evaluating Arguments, 259
Sample Outline for an Argumentative Speech: The Dangers of Chewing Tobacco, 259
Detecting Fallacies in Reasoning, 261
Speaking of . . . Ethics: Name-Calling, 263
Tips for Developing Argumentative Speeches, 263
Speaking of . . . Skills: Responding to Counterarguments, 265
Assessing Your Progress, 265
Chapter Summary, 265
Assessment Activities, 266
Using the Web, 266
References, 266
15. Speaking in Community Settings, 268
Speeches of Introduction, 270
Purpose, 270
Formulating the Content, 270
Sample Introduction: “Introducing a Classmate” by Randolf Brown, 271
Speeches of Courtesy: Welcomes, Responses, Acceptances, and Toasts, 271
Typical Situations, 271
Purpose, 272
Formulating the Content, 272
Sample Speech of Courtesy: A Toast to Leo Brecker, 273
Speeches to Entertain, 273
Purpose, 273
Formulating the Content, 274
Speeches to Stimulate, 275
Purpose, 275
Formulating the Content, 275
Sample Speech to Stimulate: “New Hampshire Election Eve Address” by Barack Obama, 276
Assessing Your Progress, 278
Chapter Summary, 278
Assessment Activities, 278
Using the Web, 279
References, 279
Index, 281
Photo Credits, 292

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