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Government by the People, Basic Edition, Twenty Second Edition

by David B. Magleby; David M. O’Brien; Paul C. Light; J. W. Peltason; Thomas E. Cronin

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Copyright, ii
A Message from the Authors, viii
Part I. Constitutional Principles, xvi
1. Constitutional Democracy, 2
American Government and Politicians in Context, 4
Defining Democracy, 6
Agents of Change: Karen Young, Jenny Sazama, and Youth on Board, 9
The Constitutional Roots of the American Experiment, 12
Government’s Greatest Endeavors: Tax Reform, 14
The Constitutional Convention of 1787, 15
The Changing Face of American Politics: Constitutional Convention, 15
History Makers: Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, 16
How Other Nations Govern: The New Constitutions in Afghanistan and Iraq: Balancing Islam and Democracy, 20
To Adopt or Not to Adopt?, 21
Summary, 24
Further Reading, 24
Key Terms, 25
2. The Living Constitution, 26
Views of the Constitution, 28
Checking Power with Power, 32
Government’s Greatest Endeavors: Increasing Access to Education, 32
How Other Nations Govern: The European Union, 34
Judicial Review and the “Guardians of the Constitution”, 35
History Makers: Thurgood Marshall and the Civil Rights Movement, 36
The Constitution as an Instrument of Government, 37
Changing the Letter of the Constitution, 40
Agents of Change: Earl Phalen and Building Educated Leaders for Life, 41
The Changing Face of American Politics: America’s Racial Heritage, 45
Summary, 45
Further Reading, 46
Key Terms, 46
The Constitution of the United States, 48
3. American Federalism, 58
Defining Federalism, 61
The Changing Face of American Politics: Immigrants and Federal, State, and Local Responses, 65
The Constitutional Structure of American Federalism, 66
How Other Nations Govern: Different Visions of Federalism, 72
The Role of the Federal Courts: Umpires of Federalism, 73
Regulatory Federalism: Grants, Mandates, and New Techniques of Control, 77
History Makers: Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist, 77
The Politics of Federalism, 80
The Future of Federalism, 81
Government’s Greatest Endeavors: Giving Responsibilities Back to the States, 82
Agents of Change: Wendy Kopp and Teach For America, 83
Summary, 84
Further Reading, 85
Key Terms, 85
Part II. The Political Process, 86
4. Political Culture and Ideology, 88
Defining the American Political Culture, 88
The Changing Face of American Politics: Assimilation and the American Political Culture, 92
Government’s Greatest Endeavors: Financial Security in Retirement, 96
How Other Nations Govern: Political Culture in Mexico, 97
Political Ideology and Attitudes Toward Government, 99
History Makers: Rachel Carson and the Environmental Movement, 105
Political Ideology and the American People, 106
Ideology and Tolerance, 108
Agents of Change: John Wood and Room to Read, 109
Summary, 110
Further Reading, 110
Key Terms, 111
5. The American Political Landscape, 112
A Land of Diversity, 114
Where We Live, 120
Who We Are, 121
Government’s Greatest Endeavors: Building the Interstate Highway System, 122
The Changing Face of American Politics: A More Diverse Population, 123
How Other Nations Govern: Immigration Politics in Canada, 127
History Makers: Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, 128
Agents of Change: Neil Cantor, Timothy Prestero, and Design that Matters, 135
Unity in a Land of Diversity, 139
Summary, 140
Further Reading, 140
Key Terms, 141
6. Interest Groups: The Politics of Influence, 142
Interest Groups Past and Present: The “Mischiefs of Faction”, 144
Types of Interest Groups, 145
History Makers: John Sherman and the Sherman Antitrust Act, 147
How Other Nations Govern: Unions in Sweden, 150
Agents of Change: Katrina Brown, Vanessa Kirsch, and Public Allies, 153
Characteristics and Power of Interest Groups, 154
The Influence of Lobbyists, 160
The Changing Face of American Politics: Breaking into a Male-Dominated Profession, 161
Money and Politics, 162
How Much Do Interest Groups Influence Elections and Legislation?, 170
Curing the Mischiefs of Faction—Two Centuries Later, 171
Government’s Greatest Endeavors: The Medicare Program, 172
Summary, 174
Further Reading, 174
Key Terms, 175
7. Political Parties: Essential to Democracy, 176
What Parties Do for Democracy, 178
How Other Nations Govern: Israel’s Coalition Government, 183
A Brief History of American Political Parties, 185
Government’s Greatest Endeavors: Promoting Technology, 188
History Makers: Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the Democratic Party, 190
American Parties Today, 190
The Changing Face of American Politics: Portrait of the Electorate, 196
Financing the Parties, 201
Are the Political Parties Dying?, 204
Agents of Change: Michael Brown, Alan Khazei, and City Year, 205
Summary, 207
Further Reading, 208
Key Terms, 209
8. Public Opinion, Participation, and Voting, 210
Public Opinion, 212
Government’s Greatest Endeavors: Helping Veterans Readjust to Civilian Life, 217
Participation: Translating Opinions into Action, 223
Agents of Change: Liz Erickson, Diane Ty, and YouthNoise, 224
History Makers: Lyndon Johnson and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, 226
How Other Nations Govern: The Contested 2006 Election in Mexico, 229
How Other Nations Govern: Registration and Voting in the World’s Parliamentary Elections, 231
The Changing Face of American Politics: Voter Turnout by Demographic Factors, 233
Voting Choices, 236
Counting Votes, 239
Summary, 240
Further Reading, 241
Key Terms, 241
9. Campaigns and Elections: Democracy in Action, 242
Elections: The Rules of the Game, 244
Government’s Greatest Endeavors: Expanding Voting Rights, 247
Running for Congress, 248
Running for President, 254
The Changing Face of American Politics: More Diversity Among National Party Nomination Convention Delegates, 257
History Makers: Henry George and the Secret Ballot, 262
Money in U.S. Elections, 263
How Other Nations Govern: Campaign Financing in Britain and Canada, 270
Improving Elections, 274
Agents of Change: Bev Harris and Black Box Voting, 276
Summary, 278
Further Reading, 278
Key Terms, 279
10. The Media and American Politics, 280
The Influence of the Media on Politics, 282
History Makers: Walter Cronkite, 284
The Changing Face of American Politics: Toward a More Representative Newsroom, 286
The Changing Role of the American News Media, 287
Agents of Change: Takema Robinson, Risë Wilson, and the Laundromat Project, 288
Mediated Politics, 291
How Other Nations Govern: A Less-than-Free Press in Russia, 292
The Media and Elections, 297
Government’s Greatest Endeavors: Promoting Space Exploration, 300
The Media and Governance, 302
Summary, 304
Further Reading, 305
Key Terms, 305
Part III. Policy-Making Institutions, 306
11. Congress: The People’s Branch, 308
Congressional Elections, 310
The Structure and Powers of Congress, 314
Congressional Leadership and Rules, 318
History Makers: Speaker Uncle Joe Cannon, 319
The Changing Face of American Politics: Diversity in Congress, 321
The Job of the Legislator, 328
Government’s Greatest Endeavors: Creating a Strong National Defense, 332
Agents of Change: J. B. Schramm and College Summit, 335
The Legislative Obstacle Course, 336
An Assessment of Congress, 339
Summary, 341
Further Reading, 342
Key Terms, 343
12. The Presidency: The Leadership Branch, 344
The Structure and Powers of the Presidency, 346
How Other Nations Govern: The Mexican President, 347
Government’s Greatest Endeavors: Reducing Nuclear Weapons, 351
Controversies in Presidential Power, 354
Evolution of the Presidency, 357
Managing the Presidency, 360
The Changing Face of American Politics: Presidential Appointees, 363
History Makers: Condoleezza Rice, 364
The President’s Job, 365
Agents of Change: Marie Wilson and the White House Project, 369
Congress and the Presidency, 370
Judging Presidents, 374
Summary, 375
Further Reading, 376
Key Terms, 377
13. The Federal Administrative System: Executing the Laws, 378
Understanding the Federal Administrative System, 380
The Changing Face of American Politics: A Representative Government, 384
How Other Nations Govern: The Japanese Experience, 389
Working for Government, 393
The Job of the Federal Administrative System, 395
Holding the Federal Administrative System Accountable, 397
History Makers: Louis Brownlow, 398
Government’s Greatest Endeavors: Improving Government Performance, 399
Agents of Change: Katya Fels and On the Rise, 401
Government’s Greatest Achievements, 402
Summary, 403
Further Reading, 404
Key Terms, 405
14. The Judiciary: The Balancing Branch, 406
Understanding the Federal Judiciary, 408
The Three Types of Federal Courts, 410
The Politics of Appointing Federal Judges, 414
The Changing Face of American Politics: Diversity in the Federal Courts, 418
Limits on Judicial Action, 420
The Supreme Court and How It Operates, 423
How Other Nations Govern: The South African High Court, 426
History Makers: Justice Sandra Day O’Connor, 429
Judicial Power in a Constitutional Democracy, 430
Government’s Greatest Endeavors: Reducing Crime, 431
Agents of Change: Karen Tse and International Bridges to Justice, 433
Summary, 433
Further Reading, 434
Key Terms, 435
Part IV. Rights and Liberties, 436
15. First Amendment Freedoms, 438
Rights in the Original Constitution, 438
The Bill of Rights and the States, 441
Freedom of Religion, 443
The Changing Face of American Politics: Growing Religious Intensity and Polarization, 447
Free Speech and Free People, 447
History Makers: Ernesto Pichardo, 448
Nonprotected and Protected Speech, 450
How Other Nations Govern: Hate Speech in Canada, 453
Freedom of the Press, 454
Government’s Greatest Endeavors: Making Government More Open to the Public, 455
Other Media and Communications, 456
Freedom of Assembly, 458
Agents of Change: Aaron Liberman and Jumpstart, 459
Summary, 460
Further Reading, 461
Key Terms, 461
16. Rights to Life, Liberty, and Property, 462
Citizenship Rights, 462
Government’s Greatest Endeavors: Reducing Disease, 466
Property Rights, 469
Due Process Rights, 470
Privacy Rights, 471
History Makers: Estelle Griswold, 472
Rights of Persons Accused of Crimes, 474
Agents of Change: Mark Hanis and the Genocide Intervention Network, 480
How Other Nations Govern: The Death Penalty Around the World, 481
How Just Is Our System of Justice?, 482
The Changing Face of American Politics: A Renewed Debate over the Death Penalty, 483
The Supreme Court and Civil Liberties, 484
Summary, 484
Further Reading, 485
Key Terms, 485
17. Equal Rights Under the Law, 486
Equality and Equal Rights, 488
The Quest for Equal Justice, 488
History Makers: Martin Luther King Jr., 491
Agents of Change: Elizabeth Martin and WomensLaw, 492
The Changing Face of American Politics: Racial and Ethnic Identification, 496
Equal Protection of the Laws: What Does It Mean?, 498
How Other Nations Govern: Canadian Courts Forbid Discrimination Against Homosexuals, 500
Voting Rights, 501
Education Rights, 503
Rights of Association, Accommodations, Jobs, and Homes, 505
Government’s Greatest Endeavors: Reducing Workplace Discrimination, 507
The Affirmative Action Controversy, 508
Equal Rights Today, 511
Summary, 512
Further Reading, 512
Key Terms, 513
Sustaining Constitutional Democracy, E-1
The Case for Government by the People, E-3
Participation and Representation, E-3
Reconciling Democracy and Leadership, E-8
The Democratic Faith, E-9
Further Reading, E-9
Appendix, A-1
The Declaration of Independence, A-1
The Federalist, No. 10, James Madison, A-2
The Federalist, No. 51, James Madison, A-5
The Federalist, No. 78, Alexander Hamilton, A-7
Presidential Election Results, 1789–2004, A-11
Presidents and Vice Presidents, A-13
Glossary, G-1
Notes, N-1
Photo Credits, C-1
Index, I-1
About the Authors, AA-1

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