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Government by the People, Brief California Edition, Seventh Edition

by David B. Magleby; David M. O’Brien; Paul C. Light; J. W. Peltason; Thomas E. Cronin; Milton Clarke

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Copyright, iv
A Message from the Authors, x
Part I. Constitutional Principles, xviii
1. Constitutional Democracy, 2
Defining Democracy, 5
Agents of Change: Karen Young, Jenny Sazama, and Youth on Board, 9
The Constitutional Convention of 1787, 11
History Makers: Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, 12
The Changing Face of American Politics: Constitutional Convention, 13
To Adopt or Not to Adopt?, 17
The Living Constitution, 20
Checking Power with Power, 21
Government’s Greatest Endeavors: Increasing Access to Education, 24
Judicial Review and the “Guardians of the Constitution”, 26
How Other Nations Govern: The European Union, 27
The Constitution as an Instrument of Government, 29
Changing the Letter of the Constitution, 31
Summary, 34
Further Reading, 35
Key Terms, 36
The Constitution of the United States, 38
2. American Federalism, 48
Defining Federalism, 51
The Changing Face of American Politics: Immigrants and Federal, State, and Local Responses, 55
The Constitutional Structure of American Federalism, 56
How Other Nations Govern: Different Visions of Federalism, 62
The Role of the Federal Courts: Umpires of Federalism, 63
Regulatory Federalism: Grants, Mandates, and New Techniques of Control, 67
History Makers: Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist, 67
The Politics of Federalism, 70
The Future of Federalism, 71
Government’s Greatest Endeavors: Giving Responsibilities Back to the States, 72
Agents of Change: Wendy Kopp and Teach For America, 73
Summary, 74
Further Reading, 75
Key Terms, 75
Part II. The Political Process, 76
3. Political Culture and Ideology, 78
Defining the American Political Culture, 78
The Changing Face of American Politics: Assimilation and the American Political Culture, 82
Government’s Greatest Endeavors: Financial Security in Retirement, 86
How Other Nations Govern: Political Culture in Mexico, 87
Political Ideology and Attitudes Toward Government, 89
History Makers: Rachel Carson and the Environmental Movement, 95
Political Ideology and the American People, 96
Ideology and Tolerance, 98
Agents of Change: John Wood and Room to Read, 99
Summary, 100
Further Reading, 100
Key Terms, 101
4. The American Political Landscape, 102
A Land of Diversity, 104
Where We Live, 110
Who We Are, 111
Government’s Greatest Endeavors: Building the Interstate Highway System, 112
The Changing Face of American Politics: A More Diverse Population, 113
How Other Nations Govern: Immigration Politics in Canada, 117
History Makers: Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, 118
Agents of Change: Neil Cantor, Timothy Prestero, and Design that Matters, 125
Unity in a Land of Diversity, 129
Summary, 130
Further Reading, 130
Key Terms, 131
5. Political Parties and Interest Groups, 132
What Parties Do for Democracy, 134
How Other Nations Govern: Israel’s Coalition Government, 138
American Parties Today, 140
The Changing Face of American Politics: Portrait of the Electorate, 144
A Nation of Interests, 148
Types of Interest Groups, 148
History Makers: John Sherman and the Sherman Antitrust Act, 149
Agents of Change: Katrina Brown, Vanessa Kirsch, and Public Allies, 152
Characteristics and Power of Interest Groups, 155
The Influence of Lobbyists, 159
Money and Politics, 160
Curing the Mischiefs of Faction–Two Centuries Later, 165
Government’s Greatest Endeavors: The Medicare Program, 167
Summary, 167
Further Reading, 168
Key Terms, 169
6. Public Opinion, Voting, and Elections, 170
Public Opinion, 172
Participation: Translating Opinions into Action, 179
Agents of Change: Liz Erickson, Diane Ty, and YouthNoise, 179
How Other Nations Govern: The Contested 2006 Election in Mexico, 184
The Changing Face of American Politics: Voter Turnout by Demographic Factors, 187
Voting Choices, 187
Counting Votes, 190
Elections: The Rules of the Game, 191
Government’s Greatest Endeavors: Expanding Voting Rights, 194
Running for Congress, 195
Running for President, 199
Money in U.S. Elections, 204
History Makers: Henry George and the Secret Ballot, 205
Improving Elections, 209
Summary, 212
Further Reading, 212
Key Terms, 213
7. The Media and American Politics, 214
The Influence of the Media on Politics, 216
History Makers: Walter Cronkite, 218
The Changing Face of American Politics: Toward a More Representative Newsroom, 220
The Changing Role of the American News Media, 221
Agents of Change: Takema Robinson, Risë Wilson, and the Laundromat Project, 222
Mediated Politics, 225
How Other Nations Govern: A Less-than-Free Press in Russia, 226
The Media and Elections, 231
Government’s Greatest Endeavors: Promoting Space Exploration, 234
The Media and Governance, 236
Summary, 238
Further Reading, 239
Key Terms, 239
Part III. Policy-Making Institutions, 240
8. Congress: The People’s Branch, 242
Congressional Elections, 244
The Structure and Powers of Congress, 248
How Other Nations Govern: The Palestinian Parliament, 251
Congressional Leadership and Rules, 252
History Makers: Speaker Uncle Joe Cannon, 253
The Changing Face of American Politics: Diversity in Congress, 255
The Job of the Legislator, 262
Government’s Greatest Endeavors: Creating a Strong National Defense, 266
Agents of Change: J. B. Schramm and College Summit, 269
The Legislative Obstacle Course, 270
An Assessment of Congress, 273
Summary, 275
Further Reading, 276
Key Terms, 277
9. The Presidency: The Leadership Branch, 278
The Structure and Powers of the Presidency, 280
How Other Nations Govern: The Mexican President, 281
Government’s Greatest Endeavors: Reducing Nuclear Weapons, 285
Controversies in Presidential Power, 288
Evolution of the Presidency, 291
Managing the Presidency, 294
The Changing Face of American Politics: Presidential Appointees, 297
History Makers: Condoleezza Rice, 298
The President’s Job, 299
Agents of Change: Marie Wilson and the White House Project, 303
Congress and the Presidency, 304
Judging Presidents, 308
Summary, 309
Further Reading, 310
Key Terms, 311
10. The Federal Administrative System: Executing the Laws, 312
Understanding the Federal Administrative System, 314
The Changing Face of American Politics: A Representative Government, 318
How Other Nations Govern: The Japanese Experience, 323
Working for Government, 327
The Job of the Federal Administrative System, 329
Holding the Federal Administrative System Accountable, 331
History Makers: Louis Brownlow, 332
Government’s Greatest Endeavors: Improving Government Performance, 333
Agents of Change: Katya Fels and On the Rise, 335
Government’s Greatest Achievements, 336
Summary, 337
Further Reading, 338
Key Terms, 339
11. The Judiciary: The Balancing Branch, 340
Understanding the Federal Judiciary, 342
The Three Types of Federal Courts, 344
The Politics of Appointing Federal Judges, 348
The Changing Face of American Politics: Diversity in the Federal Courts, 352
Limits on Judicial Action, 354
The Supreme Court and How It Operates, 357
How Other Nations Govern: The South African High Court, 360
History Makers: Justice Sandra Day O’Connor, 363
Judicial Power in a Constitutional Democracy, 364
Government’s Greatest Endeavors: Reducing Crime, 365
Agents of Change: Karen Tse and International Bridges to Justice, 367
Summary, 367
Further Reading, 368
Key Terms, 369
Part IV. Rights and Liberties, 370
12. First Amendment Freedoms, 372
Rights in the Original Constitution, 372
The Bill of Rights and the States, 375
Freedom of Religion, 377
The Changing Face of American Politics: Growing Religious Intensity and Polarization, 381
Free Speech and Free People, 381
History Makers: Ernesto Pichardo, 382
Nonprotected and Protected Speech, 384
How Other Nations Govern: Hate Speech in Canada, 387
Freedom of the Press, 388
Government’s Greatest Endeavors: Making Government More Open to the Public, 389
Other Media and Communications, 390
Freedom of Assembly, 392
Agents of Change: Aaron Liberman and Jumpstart, 393
Summary, 394
Further Reading, 395
Key Terms, 395
13. Equal Justice Under Law, 396
Citizenship Rights, 398
Equality and Equal Rights, 399
History Makers: Martin Luther King Jr., 401
Agents of Change: Elizabeth Martin and WomensLaw, 402
The Changing Face of American Politics: Racial and Ethnic Identification, 404
Equal Protection of the Laws: What Does It Mean?, 406
How Other Nations Govern: Canadian Courts Forbid Discrimination Against Homosexuals, 408
Voting Rights, 408
Education Rights, 410
Rights of Association, Accommodations, Jobs, and Homes, 412
Government’s Greatest Endeavors: Reducing Workplace Discrimination, 413
The Affirmative Action Controversy, 414
Property Rights, 417
Due Process Rights, 418
Privacy Rights, 419
History Makers: Estelle Griswold, 420
Rights of Persons Accused of Crimes, 422
Agents of Change: Mark Hanis and the Genocide Intervention Network, 426
How Just Is Our System of Justice?, 427
The Changing Face of American Politics: A Renewed Debate over the Death Penalty, 428
The Supreme Court and Civil Liberties, 429
Summary, 429
Further Reading, 430
Key Terms, 430
Part V. The Politics of National Policy, 432
14. Making Economic, Regulatory, and Social Policy, 434
Economic Policy, 436
Fiscal Policy, 437
Monetary Policy, 441
Agents of Change: Darrell Hammond and KaBOOM!, 443
Promoting the Economy, 444
Regulating the Economy, 446
Government’s Greatest Endeavors: Clean Air and Water, 446
The Changing Face of American Politics: Women and Minority Board Members, 449
The Deregulation Movement, 452
Social Policy, 453
The Early History of Social Policy in the United States, 454
Types of Social Policy, 455
The Expansion of Social Policy in the Twentieth Century, 457
History Makers: Marion Wright Edelman, 458
Social Policy Challenges for the Future: Health, Education, and Safety, 461
How Other Nations Govern: Health Care in the United States and Canada, 462
The Changing Face of American Politics: Access to College, 465
The Politics of Social Policy, 466
Summary, 467
Further Reading, 468
Key Terms, 469
15. Making Foreign and Defense Policy, 470
Understanding Foreign and Defense Policy, 472
Foreign and Defense Policy Priorities, 476
History Makers: Woodrow Wilson, 481
The Foreign and Defense Policy Administrative System, 483
The Changing Face of American Politics: Diversity in the Military, 487
Participants in Foreign and Defense Policy, 488
Agents of Change: Victoria Hale and the Institute for OneWorld Health, 490
Foreign and Defense Policy Options, 492
Government’s Greatest Endeavors: Rebuilding Europe After World War II, 495
How Other Nations Govern: Norway’s Foreign Aid, 497
Special Problems in Defense Policy, 498
Prospects for the Future, 501
Summary, 501
Further Reading, 502
Key Terms, 503
Part VI. California Politics, 504
16. California: Historical Perspective, 506
Introduction, 506
A Lure and a Challenge: California’s Land and Climate, 506
Native American Settlement, 510
Spanish Exploration and Settlement, 510
Mexican Control, 511
How Other States Govern: The Spanish Heritage of California and Texas, 512
U.S. Annexation, 513
Early Years of Statehood: The Big Four, 516
Revolt against the Railroads: The Second California Constitution, 518
The Progressive Era: Hiram Johnson and Clean Government, 519
The Twentieth Century: Rapid Economic Growth, 520
California in the New Millennium, 523
History Makers: Steve Jobs and the California Tradition of Entrepreneurship and Technological Innovation, 524
Summary, 526
Further Reading, 527
Key Terms, 527
17. Democracy, California Style: Political Participation, 528
Voting: Who Can Vote?, 530
Elections, 530
Direct Democracy: California’s Electoral Dilemma, 532
Campaigning for Votes, 543
Empowering California Voters, 549
How Other States Govern: Reforming Campaign Finance: California and Connecticut, 551
Vote-Counting Difficulties in California, 552
Beyond Electoral Politics, 553
History Makers: Two Party Chairmen Come Out Swinging, 554
California’s Tradition of Unconventional Political Participation, 554
Summary, 556
Further Reading, 557
Key Terms, 557
18. The California State Legislature, 558
Introduction, 558
The Role of the California Legislature, 558
The Making of a California Legislator, 562
How Other States Govern: The Part-Time Legislature: California and Georgia, 564
The Legislative Universe, 567
History Makers: Gene Livingston: The Third House Revealed, 573
Leadership in the State Legislature, 574
The Legislative Committee System, 580
The Legislative Process, 582
The Hidden View of Lawmaking, 583
Summary, 584
Further Reading, 585
Key Terms, 585
19. The California Executive and Bureaucracy, 586
Introduction, 586
Governor: Supreme Executive Authority, 588
Citizen-Governor Persona, 591
Becoming Governor, 593
The California Plural Executive, 596
Attorney General, 597
History Makers: A. Jerrold Perenchio: The California Media Mogul Who Gets Political, 604
How Other States Govern: California and Nevada Governments Grapple with Gambling, 606
Summary, 608
Further Reading, 609
Key Terms, 609
20. The California Judiciary, 610
Introduction, 610
The California Court System, 612
History Makers: California Supreme Court Chief Justice Ronald M. George: Traveling a Centrist Legal Path, 614
The Variations in California Law, 617
The California Jury System, 619
How Other States Govern: Exonerations in California, 620
Police Powers and the Prosecution, 625
Trends in the California Judicial System, 626
Punishment in California, 628
Reforming the California Judicial System, 629
Summary, 630
Further Reading, 631
Key Terms, 631
21. Local Government in California, 632
Introduction, 632
California County Government, 634
How Other States Govern: Smart Growth in Oregon and California, 636
Funding County Government, 641
The Legal Framework and Formation of Cities, 642
The City Council, 644
History Makers: Oakland Mayor Jerry Brown Completes His Lesson in Local Governance, 646
The Municipal Bureaucracy, 649
Special Districts, 652
School Districts in California, 654
Councils of Government, 657
The Future of Local Government, 657
Summary, 658
Further Reading, 659
Key Terms, 659
22. California Fiscal Policy, 660
Introduction, 660
The California Structural Budget Gap, 663
The California Budget: Politics and Key Players, 664
Major Sources of State Revenue, 665
How Other States Govern: California and Minnesota: Approaches to Fiscal Policy, 668
Major State Expenditures, 671
Financing Local Government, 672
The California Budget Process, 673
The Effect of Direct Democracy on the Budget Process, 677
History Makers: California Department of Finance Director Michael C. Genest: Coming Up Through the Ranks, 678
The State Economy: The Foundation of Fiscal Policy, 679
The Future of the California Political Economy, 680
Summary, 680
Further Reading, 681
Key Terms, 681
Appendix, A-1
The Declaration of Independence, A-1
The Federalist, No. 10, James Madison, A-2
The Federalist, No. 51, James Madison, A-5
The Federalist, No. 78, Alexander Hamilton, A-7
Presidential Election Results, 1789–2004, A-11
Presidents and Vice Presidents, A-13
Glossary, G-1
Notes, N-1
Photo Credits, C-1
Index, I-1
About the Authors, AA-1

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