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Copyright, ii
Preface, ix
Chapter 1. Global Issues: Challenges of Globalization, 1
Introduction, 1
From International Relations to Global Issues, 1
Pluralism and Interdependence, 3
The Growth of the Modern State, 4
Sovereignty, 6
The Decline of Sovereignty, 7
The European Union: Redefining Sovereignty, 10
The Rise of Nonstate Actors, 11
The Catholic Church, 11
Transnational Corporations, 13
Interdependence and Globalization, 14
Causes of Globalization, 14
Forms of Globalization, 16
Economic Globalization, 16
Financial Globalization, 17
Political Globalization, 19
Military Globalization, 20
Cultural Globalization, 20
Environmental Globalization, 21
Criminal Globalization, 21
Periods of Globalization, 23
Resistance to Globalization, 24
Debating Globalization, 25
Chapter 2. The Struggle for Primacy in a Global Society, 30
Introduction, 30
Power and Leadership, 31
The Rise and Fall of Great Powers, 32
Strategies for Maintaining Power, 33
The Rise and Fall of Great Powers—Case Studies, 35
The Ancient World, 35
China, 36
The Islamic World, 36
Western Europe, 37
Britain, 39
Russia (The Soviet Union), 40
America, 42
Challengers to American Hegemony, 46
Japan, 46
China, 48
The European Union, 50
Joint European Military Projects, 52
Nonstate Actors, 52
Domestic Challenges to American Hegemony, 53
Will the United States Remain the Dominant Power?, 54
Chapter 3. Human Rights, 60
Introduction, 60
Globalization and Human Rights, 61
Nongovernmental Organizations and Human Rights, 62
Global Companies and Human Rights, 64
Development of Human Rights, 64
Social Contract Theories and Human Rights, 65
Utilitarianism, Libertarianism, and Marxism, 66
Legal Positivism and Human Rights, 67
Globalization of Human Rights: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 68
Philosophical Controversies Over Human Rights, 69
Universalism vs. Cultural Relativism, 69
Individuals and Communities, 70
Relationship Between Rights and Obligations, 71
Prioritizing Human Rights, 71
Absolutism vs. Consequentialism, 71
Human Rights Regimes, 72
Enforcing Human Rights Globally, 73
Sanctions, 73
Humanitarian Intervention, 74
Responding to Genocide, 75
The International Criminal Court, 77
Women and Human Rights, 78
Sexual Violence: Rape as a Weapon of War, 78
Islam and Human Rights, 80
Fighting Terrorism and Protecting Human Rights, 82
The Death Penalty and Human Rights, 83
Chapter 4. Promoting Democracy, 88
Introduction, 88
Democracy, 89
Political Participation and Democracy, 91
Women’s Political Participation and Democracy, 91
Factors Conducive to Democracy, 92
Promoting Democracy, 95
Global Civil Society and the Promotion of Democracy, 96
The Promotion of Democracy by the United States, 97
Imposing Democracy by Force in Iraq, 99
Transitions to Democracy, 101
Western Europe—Portugal and Spain, 103
Latin America, 104
Russia, 105
Islam and Democracy in the Middle East, 107
Global Governance and Democracy, 109
International Regimes, 109
Making Global Institutions More Democratic, 110
Chapter 5. Global Terrorism, 116
Introduction, 116
Defining Terrorism, 117
Factors Conducive to Terrorism, 119
Goals, Strategies, and Weapons of Terrorism, 121
Financing Terrorism, 122
The Costs of Terrorism, 123
Kinds of Terrorism, 124
Domestic Terrorism, 125
Nationalist Terrorism, 126
Religious Terrorism, 131
State Terrorism, 133
Global Terrorism, 134
Responding to Terrorism, 135
Fighting Terrorism and Protecting Democracy, 137
Chapter 6. Weapons Proliferation, 142
Introduction, 142
The Proliferation of Weapons, 143
Reasons for the Proliferation of Weapons, 145
The Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, 146
China and Japan, 147
India and Pakistan, 148
The Middle East, 150
North Korea, 151
America’s Nuclear Response to Nuclear Proliferation, 152
Chemical and Biological Weapons, 153
Nonproliferation Regimes, 155
Nuclear Nonproliferation, 156
Chemical and Biological Weapons, 158
Chapter 7. Global Trade, 163
Introduction, 163
The Globalization of Free Trade, 165
Exchange Rates, Budget Deficits, and Trade, 168
Barriers to Free Trade, 169
Protests Against Free Trade and Globalization, 170
Do Trade Deficits Matter?, 171
Global Companies and Global Factories, 173
Global Trade and Low Wages, 175
Labor Unions and Global Trade, 176
Regional Trade Blocs, 177
The European Union, 178
The North American Free Trade Agreement, 179
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, 179
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, 180
The South American Common Market, 180
Global Trade Disputes, 181
Tariffs, 182
Quotas, 183
Subsidies, 184
Genetically Modified Food, 185
Global Trade and the Environment, 186
Diseases and Global Trade, 187
Chapter 8. Global Inequality, 193
Introduction, 193
Does Inequality Matter?, 194
The Globalization and Inequality Debate, 195
Globalists Make Their Case, 196
Antiglobalists Make Their Case, 197
Global Inequality, 198
Inequality Between Developed and Developing Countries, 201
Causes of Inequality Between Rich and Poor Countries, 202
Inequality Within Rich Countries, 204
The United States, 204
Other Industrialized Countries, 206
Causes of Inequality, 207
Inequality Within Poor Countries, 207
Gender Inequality, 209
Global Poverty, 211
Hunger and Malnutrition, 212
Closing the Gap, 214
Chapter 9. Environmental Issues, 221
Introduction, 221
The Globalization of Environmental Problems, 222
Nongovernmental Organizations and the Environment, 225
Women and the Environment, 225
Strategies Used by Nongovernmental Organizations, 225
Biodiversity, 226
Endangered Species and Wildlife Protection, 227
Deforestation, 229
Causes of Deforestation, 229
Efforts to Prevent Deforestation, 230
Ocean Resources—Fishing, 231
Invasive Species, 232
Ocean Pollution, 233
Global Warming and Climate Change, 234
Hazardous Wastes, 238
Water Scarcity, 240
Military Activities and the Environment, 241
Eco-Terrorists, 242
Chapter 10. Population and Migration, 247
Introduction, 247
Population, 248
Population Issues in Developing Countries, 249
Population Issues in Developed Countries, 251
Global Migration, 252
Gender and Migration, 254
Types of Migration, 254
Causes of Migration, 256
Push Factors, 256
Refugees, 258
Palestinian Refugees, 259
Pull Factors, 260
Case Studies, 263
The United States, 263
Western Europe, 264
The Impact of Migration on Sending Countries, 266
The Impact of Migration on Receiving Countries, 267
Chapter 11. Global Crime, 273
Introduction, 273
The Globalization of Crime, 273
The Global Drug Problem, 274
Efforts to Control the Drug Problem, 276
Global Smuggling of Migrants, 279
Contemporary Slavery and Human Trafficking, 280
Criminal Gangs and Kidnapping, 282
Money Laundering, 284
Illegal Trade in Endangered Animals and Plants, 285
Illegal Trade in Human Organs, 287
Cybercrimes and Piracy, 288
Stolen Art and Antiquities, 290
Global Responses to Crime, 291
Chapter 12. The Globalization of Disease, 296
Introduction, 296
Globalization of Infectious Diseases, 297
Human Security and Infectious Diseases, 299
Infectious Diseases, 300
Influenza and Avian Flu, 301
Malaria, Dengue, and Yellow Fever, 303
Tuberculosis, 305
HIV/AIDS, 307
Africa, 308
Global Responses to AIDS, 310
SARS, 312
Global Responses to Infectious Diseases, 314
Chapter 13. Cultural Clashes and Conflict Resolution, 319
Introduction, 319
Cultural Influences on Conflicts, 320
Clashing Civilizations, 322
The West and the Muslim World, 323
The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict, 324
The United States and Islam, 327
Clashes Among Nations, 329
Ethnic Conflicts, 331
Ethnicity and Ethnic Identity, 331
The Causes of Ethnic Conflict, 332
Resolving Cultural Conflicts, 337
Negotiation, 337
Peacekeeping and Humanitarian Intervention, 338
Peacemaking, 339
Peacebuilding, 340
Index, 345

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