Tabs for Contents, notes, highlights

Hide Contents, Notes, and Highlights

Search TermsShow Hide

« Back to eTextbook

Copyright, iv
How to Use Quick Access, vi
Preface, ix
Thinking, Reading, and Writing Strategies, P1-1
1. Thinking Like a Writer, 1
1a. Why is writing important?, 1
1b. How do I think like a writer?, 1
1c. How do writers think about the writing situation?, 2
1d. What is critical thinking?, 4
2. Reading Critically, 5
2a. What is critical reading?, 5
2b. What steps do I use to read critically?, 6
Determining literal meaning, 6
Making inferences, 7
Identifying the evidence, 9
Identifying cause and effect, 9
Making evaluations, 10
2c. How do close reading and active reading work?, 10
2d. How does critical reading connect to my writing?, 12
3. Viewing Images Critically, 12
3a. How do I view images with a critical eye?, 12
4. Sources for College Writing, 15
4a. How do writing situations in college vary?, 15
4b. What sources can I use in college writing?, 15
5. Writing About Experiences, 16
5a. How do I write memoirs and personal essays?, 16
5b. How do I write literacy narratives?, 19
6. Writing About Observations, 20
6a. How do I write reports of observations?, 20
6b. How do I write reviews or evaluations?, 22
Interpretations, 23
7. Writing About Readings, 25
7a. How can I write about readings?, 25
7b. How do I write a summary?, 25
7c. How do I write a critical response?, 28
7d. How do I write a synthesis?, 32
7e. How do I write essays that apply theories or concepts?, 34
Writing Process, P2-1
8. Planning and Shaping Writing, 35
8a. What is the writing process?, 35
8b. What are the purposes for writing?, 36
Informing a reader, 37
Persuading a reader, 37
8c. Who is my audience?, 38
Writing for a peer-response group, 39
Writing for an instructor, 40
Writing for a supervisor, 41
8d. How do I work with a writing topic?, 41
Selecting your own topic, 41
Narrowing or broadening an assigned topic, 42
8e. How can I collaborate with other writers?, 42
8f. How can I find ideas for writing?, 44
Keeping a journal or blog, 44
Freewriting, 44
Chatting, 44
Brainstorming, 45
Asking and answering questions, 45
Clustering, 46
8g. What is a thesis statement?, 47
8h. How might outlining help me write?, 48
9. Drafting, 51
9a. What strategies can I use to write a first draft?, 51
9b. What can I do if I experience writer’s block?, 51
10. Revising, Editing, and Proofreading, 52
10a. What strategies can I use to revise?, 52
10b. How do a thesis statement and an essay title help me revise?, 54
10c. How do I revise for style?, 55
Style and tone, 55
Personality, 56
10d. What strategies can I use to edit?, 56
Using software programs to edit, 57
10e. What strategies can I use to proofread?, 58
11. Composing Paragraphs, 59
11a. What is a paragraph?, 59
11b. How can I write effective introductory paragraphs?, 59
11c. How do topic sentences work?, 60
Starting with a topic sentence, 61
Ending with a topic sentence, 61
Implying a topic sentence, 61
11d. How can I use details to develop body paragraphs?, 62
11e. What strategies can I use to create coherent paragraphs?, 63
Using transitional expressions, 63
Using deliberate repetition and parallelism, 64
11f. What strategies can I use to develop body paragraphs?, 65
Composing a narration, 65
Composing a description, 66
Describing a process, 66
Composing an example or illustration, 66
Composing a definition, 67
Composing a comparison and contrast, 67
Composing an analysis, 68
Composing a classification, 68
Composing an analogy, 69
Explaining cause and effect, 69
11g. How can I write effective concluding paragraphs?, 70
12. Writing to Inform, 71
12a. How can I arrange information in an informative essay?, 71
12b. Final draft of a student’s informative essay, 72
13. Writing to Argue, 76
13a. What is an argument?, 76
13b. What are common types of arguments?, 77
13c. How do I choose a topic and develop a claim for an argument?, 78
13d. How do I support my argument?, 79
13e. What types of appeals can provide support?, 79
13f. How do I consider my audience?, 82
13g. How can I structure an argument?, 83
13h. What are logical fallacies?, 83
13i. How can I revise my argument essays?, 85
13j. Final draft of a student’s argument essay, 86
Writing Across the Curriculum, P3-1
14. An Overview of Writing Across the Curriculum, 93
14a. What is writing across the curriculum?, 93
15. Writing About the Humanities, 94
15a. What are the humanities?, 94
15b. What types of papers do I write in the humanities?, 94
Summaries, 94
Syntheses, 95
Responses, 95
Interpretations, 95
Narratives, 95
Analyses, 96
15c. Which documentation style do I use in writing about the humanities?, 97
16. Writing About Literature, 97
16a. What is literature?, 97
16b. How do I write different types of papers about literature?, 98
Writing a personal response, 98
Writing an interpretation, 98
Writing a formal analysis, 99
Writing a cultural analysis, 99
16c. What special rules apply to writing about literature?, 99
Using correct verb tenses, 99
Using your own ideas and using secondary sources, 100
16d. How do I use documentation in writing about literature?, 101
16e. The final draft of a student’s essay about literature, 101
Working on the assignment, 101
Learning about the poet, Yusef Komunyakaa, 102
17. Writing in the Social Sciences, 107
17a. What are the social sciences?, 107
17b. What are different types of papers in the social sciences?, 108
Case studies, 108
Ethnographies, 108
Research reports, 109
Research papers (or reviews of literature), 109
17c. What documentation style should I use in the social sciences?, 109
18. Writing in the Natural Sciences, 110
18a. What are the natural sciences?, 110
18b. How do I write different types of papers in the natural sciences?, 110
Science reports, 110
Science reviews, 111
18c. Which documentation style do I use in the natural sciences?, 112
19. Writing Under Pressure, 112
19a. Why do I need to practice writing under strict time limits?, 112
19b. How do I prepare for essay exams?, 112
20. Making Oral Presentations and Using Multimedia, 114
20a. What are oral presentations?, 114
20b. How does my situation focus my presentation?, 114
20c. How do I adapt my message to my listening audience?, 114
20d. How do I organize my presentation?, 115
Introducing yourself and your topic, 115
Following your road map, 115
Wrapping up your presentation, 116
20e. How do I incorporate multimedia into my oral presentation?, 116
Using traditional visual aids, 116
Using electronic media, 117
Planning for multimedia in your presentation, 117
20f. What presentation styles can I use?, 118
20g. How do I make a collaborative presentation?, 119
21. Creating a Writing Portfolio, 120
21a. What is a writing portfolio?, 120
21b. What do I need to collect for a portfolio?, 120
21c. How do I choose works to include in a portfolio?, 120
Portfolios that demonstrate your general writing ability, 120
Portfolios that demonstrate a particular quality or set of qualities, 121
Portfolios that demonstrate improvement, 121
21d. How do I write a portfolio introduction, reflection, or analysis?, 121
21e. How do I present a paper portfolio?, 123
21f. How do I create a digital portfolio?, 124
Writing to Connect with the World, P4-1
22. Writing for Work, 125
22a. Who writes in the workplace and why?, 125
22b. What are important features of work-related correspondence?, 125
22c. How do I write work-related e-mail?, 126
22d. What is netiquette?, 126
22e. How do I format and write memos?, 128
22f. How do I format business letters?, 129
22g. How do I write business reports?, 129
22h. How do I write business proposals?, 131
22i. How do I write a resumé?, 131
22j. How do I write a job application letter?, 131
23. Public Writing, 136
23a. What is public writing?, 136
23b. How do I write a report for the public?, 137
23c. How do I write letters to my community or its officials?, 138
23d. What other types of public writing exist?, 139
24. Designing Documents, 140
24a. What is document design?, 140
24b. What are basic principles of design?, 141
24c. How do I design with text?, 142
Highlighting text, 143
Justifying, 144
Indentation, 144
24d. How do I use headings?, 145
24e. How should I incorporate visuals?, 146
Charts, graphs, and tables, 146
Images, 147
24f. What is page layout?, 148
Using white space, 149
25. Writing for the Web, 149
25a. What are Web sites and Web pages?, 149
25b. What is the Web writing process?, 149
25c. How do I plan content for my Web site?, 149
25d. How do I create a structure for my Web site?, 150
25e. How do I design Web pages?, 151
25f. How do I use Web writing software?, 152
25g. How do I incorporate images into Web pages?, 152
25h. How do I edit and test usability?, 153
25i. How do I display my Web page?, 153
Finding space on the Web, 153
Uploading image or sound files, 154
25j. How do I maintain my Web site?, 154
26. Contributing to Blogs and Wikis, 154
26a. How do I write in a blog?, 154
26b. How do I write in a wiki?, 156
Research, P5-1
27. Starting a Research Project, 159
27a. What is research?, 159
27b. What are reasons for doing research?, 160
27c. How do I choose a research topic?, 161
27d. What is a research question?, 162
27e. How do I plan a research project?, 162
27f. What is a research log?, 164
28. Developing a Search Strategy, 164
28a. What is a search strategy?, 164
28b. What is a source?, 165
28c. What is field research?, 166
Surveying, 166
Observing people and situations, 167
Interviewing, 167
28d. What documentation style should I use?, 169
28e. What is a working bibliography?, 169
28f. What is an annotated bibliography?, 170
28g. How do I take content notes?, 171
29. Finding and Evaluating Library-Based Sources, 172
29a. How do I find library-based sources?, 172
29b. How do I use databases?, 173
Using keywords, 173
Using guided searches, 174
Using Boolean expressions, 174
29c. How do I find books?, 176
29d. How do I find periodicals?, 179
Locating the articles themselves, 183
29e. How do I use reference works?, 183
General reference works, 183
Specialized reference works, 185
29f. What if my library doesn’t have a source I need?, 185
29g. How do I find government documents?, 185
29h. How do I evaluate sources?, 186
30. Researching the Web Wisely, 187
30a. Why do I need to use the Web “wisely”?, 187
30b. How do I search the Web?, 187
30c. How do I use keywords?, 188
30d. How do I use subject directories?, 188
30e. How do I evaluate Web sources?, 190
31. Using Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism, 192
31a. What is plagiarism?, 192
31b. How do I avoid plagiarism?, 193
31c. How do I avoid plagiarism when using Internet sources?, 194
31d. What don’t I have to document?, 195
31e. How should I integrate sources into my writing?, 196
31f. How can I use quotations effectively?, 197
Making quotations fit smoothly with your sentences, 197
Using brackets to add words, 198
Using ellipsis to delete words, 199
Integrating author names, source titles, and other information, 199
31g. How can I write good paraphrases?, 201
31h. How can I write good summaries?, 203
31i. Which verbs can help me weave source material into my sentences?, 204
32. Drafting and Revising a Research Paper, 206
32a. How does the writing process apply to research papers?, 206
32b. How do I draft a research paper?, 206
32c. How do I revise a research paper?, 207
MLA Documentation, P6-1
33. MLA In-Text Citations, 212
33a. What is MLA documentation style?, 212
33b. What is MLA in-text parenthetical documentation?, 213
33c. What are additional MLA guidelines for parenthetical citations?, 214
1. One Author—MLA, 214
2. Two or Three Authors, 214
3. More Than Three Authors, 214
4. More Than One Source by an Author, 215
5. Two or More Authors with the Same Last Name, 215
6. Group or Corporate Author, 215
7. Work Cited by Title, 215
8. Multivolume Work, 216
9. Novel, Play, Short Story, or Poem, 216
10. Bible or Sacred Text, 216
11. Work in an Anthology or Other Collection, 217
12. Indirect Source, 217
13. Two or More Sources in One Reference, 217
14. An Entire Work, 217
15. Electronic Source with Page Numbers, 217
16. Electronic Source Without Page Numbers, 218
34. MLA Works Cited List, 218
34a. What are MLA guidelines for a Works Cited list?, 218
34b. What are MLA guidelines for sources in a Works Cited list?, 221
1. Book by One Author—MLA, 221
2. Book by Two or Three Authors—MLA, 221
3. Book by More Than Three Authors—MLA, 224
4. Two or More Works by the Same Author(s)—MLA, 224
5. Book by a Group or Corporate Author—MLA, 224
6. Book with No Author Named—MLA, 224
7. Book with an Author and an Editor—MLA, 224
8. Translation—MLA, 225
9. Work in Several Volumes or Parts—MLA, 225
10. Anthology or Edited Book—MLA, 225
11. One Selection from an Anthology or an Edited Book—MLA, 225
12. More Than One Selection from the Same Anthology or Edited Book—MLA, 225
13. Signed Article in a Reference Book—MLA, 226
14. Unsigned Article in a Reference Book—MLA, 226
15. Second or Later Edition—MLA, 226
16. Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterword—MLA, 226
17. Unpublished Dissertation or Essay—MLA, 227
18. Reprint of an Older Book—MLA, 227
19. Book in a Series—MLA, 227
20. Book with a Title Within a Title—MLA, 227
21. Bible or Sacred Text—MLA, 227
22. Government Publication—MLA, 228
23. Published Proceedings of a Conference—MLA, 228
Periodical Publications—Print Versions, 228
24. Signed Article in a Weekly or Biweekly Periodical—MLA, 228
25. Signed Article in a Monthly or Bimonthly Periodical—MLA, 228
26. Unsigned Article in a Periodical—MLA, 228
27. Article in a Scholarly Journal—MLA, 228
28. Article in a Collection of Reprinted Articles—MLA, 230
29. Signed Article in a Daily Newspaper—MLA, 230
34c. What are MLA guidelines for content or bibliographic notes?, 245
35. A Student’s MLA-Style Research Paper, 246
35a. What are MLA format guidelines for research papers?, 246
35b. A student’s MLA-style research paper, 248
APA, CM, and CSE Documentation, P7-1
36. APA In-Text Citations, 270
36a. What is APA documentation style?, 270
36b. What are APA in-text parenthetical citations?, 270
36c. What are APA guidelines for in-text citations?, 271
1. Paraphrased or Summarized Source, 271
2. Source of a Short Quotation, 271
3. Source of a Long Quotation, 271
4. One Author, 272
5. Two Authors, 272
6. Three, Four, or Five Authors, 272
7. Six or More Authors, 272
8. Author(s) with Two or More Works in the Same Year, 273
9. Two or More Authors with the Same Last Name, 273
10. Group or Corporate Author, 273
11. Work Listed by Title, 273
12. Two or More Sources in One Reference, 274
13. Personal Communication, Including E-Mail and Other Nonretrievable Sources, 274
14. Other Retrievable Online Sources, 274
15. Online Sources with No Page Numbers, 274
16. Sources for Graphics and Table Data, 274
36d. What are APA guidelines for writing an abstract?, 275
36e. What are APA guidelines for content notes?, 275
37. APA References List, 276
37a. What are APA guidelines for a references list?, 276
37b. What are APA guidelines for sources in a References list?, 280
Print References—Books, 280
1. Book by One Author—APA, 280
2. Book by Two Authors—APA, 283
3. Book by Three or More Authors—APA, 283
4. Two or More Books by the Same Author(s)—APA, 283
5. Book by a Group or Corporate Author—APA, 283
6. Book with No Author Named—APA, 283
7. Book with an Author and an Editor—APA, 283
8. Translation—APA, 283
9. Work in Several Volumes or Parts—APA, 284
10. One Selection in an Anthology or an Edited Book—APA, 284
11. Selection in a Work Already Listed in References—APA, 284
12. Signed Article in a Reference Book—APA, 284
13. Unsigned Article in a Reference Book—APA, 284
38. A Student’s APA-Style Research Paper, 295
38a. What are APA format guidelines for research papers?, 295
General instructions—APA, 295
Order of parts—APA, 295
Title-and-page-number line (running head) for all pages—APA, 296
Title page—APA, 296
Abstract—APA, 296
Set-off quotations—APA, 297
References list—APA, 297
Notes—APA, 297
38b. A student’s APA-style research paper, 297
39. CM-Style Documentation, 307
39a. What is CM-style documentation?, 307
The full bibliographic note system in CM style, 307
The abbreviated bibliographic note system, plus bibliography, in CM style, 308
39b. What are CM guidelines for bibliographic notes?, 310
Directory: CM Style for Footnotes and Endnotes, 311
40. CSE-Style Documentation, 321
40a. What is CSE-style documentation?, 321
40b. What are CSE guidelines for sources in a list of references?, 324
Directory: CSE Style for a Cited References List, 325
Grammar Basics, P8-1
41. Parts of Speech and Parts of Sentences, 331
Parts of Speech, 331
41a. What is a noun?, 331
41b. What is a pronoun?, 331
41c. What is a verb?, 332
41d. What is a verbal?, 333
41e. What is an adjective?, 334
41f. What is an adverb?, 335
41g. What is a preposition?, 336
41h. What is a conjunction?, 337
41i. What is an interjection?, 338
Parts of Sentences, 338
41j. What are subjects and predicates?, 338
41k. What are direct and indirect objects?, 339
41l. What are complements, modifiers, and appositives?, 340
Recognizing complements, 340
Recognizing modifiers, 341
Recognizing appositives, 341
41m. What is a phrase?, 342
41n. What is a clause?, 343
Recognizing independent clauses, 343
Recognizing dependent clauses, 343
41o. What are sentence types?, 345
42. Verbs, 346
42a. How do verbs function?, 346
42b. What are the forms of main verbs?, 346
Using regular verbs, 347
Using irregular verbs, 347
Using the -s form of verbs, 348
42c. What are auxiliary verbs?, 350
42d. Should I use lie or lay?, 351
42e. What are verb tenses?, 351
Using the simple present tense, 352
Using tense sequence accurately, 352
42f. What are indicative, imperative, and subjunctive moods?, 352
Using the subjunctive with if, as if, as though, and unless clauses, 354
Using the subjunctive in that clauses, 354
42g. What is “Voice” in verbs?, 354
43. Subject-Verb Agreement, 356
43a. What is subject-verb agreement?, 356
43b. Can I ignore words between a subject and its verb?, 357
Using one of the, 357
43c. How do verbs work when subjects are connected by and?, 358
Using each and every, 358
43d. How do verbs work when subjects are connected by or?, 358
43e. How do verbs work with indefinite pronouns?, 359
43f. How do verbs work with who, which, and that?, 359
43g. How do verbs work with one of the . . . who?, 359
43h. How do verbs work in other complicated cases of subject-verb agreement?, 360
Inverted word order, 360
Expletive construction, 360
Subject complement, 360
Collective nouns, 361
Making verbs agree with Subjects that specify amounts, 361
Making verbs agree with Singular subjects in plural form, 361
Using singular verbs with Titles, terms, and plurals representing a single unit, 362
44. Pronouns: Agreement, Reference, and Case, 362
Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement, 362
44a. What is pronoun-antecedent agreement?, 362
44b. Hoe do Pronouns when and connects antecedents?, 363
44c. Hoe do Pronouns when or connects antecedents?, 363
44d. How do pronouns work when their antecedents are indefinite pronouns?, 364
44e. How do pronouns work when antecedents are collective nouns?, 365
Pronoun Reference, 365
44f. How can I avoid unclear pronoun reference?, 365
44g. How do Pronouns with it, that, this, and which?, 366
44h. When should I use you for direct address?, 366
44i. When should I use who, which, and that?, 367
Pronoun Case, 367
44j. What is pronoun case?, 367
44k. What are personal pronouns?, 368
44l. How can I select the correct case?, 368
44m. Which case is correct when and connects pronouns?, 368
44n. How can I match case in appositives?, 369
44o. How does the subjective case work after linking verbs?, 370
44p. When should I use who, whoever, whom, and whomever?, 370
44q. What case should I use after than and as?, 371
44r. What case should I use with infinitives and -ing words?, 371
44s. What case should I use for -self pronouns?, 372
45. Adjectives and Adverbs, 373
45a. What are the differences between adjectives and adverbs?, 373
45b. What is wrong with double negatives?, 373
45c. Do adjectives or adverbs come after linking verbs?, 374
Using bad and badly, 374
Using good and well, 374
45d. What are correct comparative and superlative forms?, 374
Regular forms of adjectives and adverbs, 374
Irregular forms of adjectives and adverbs, 375
45e. Why should I avoid using too many nouns as modifiers?, 376
Sentences and Words, P9-1
46. Sentence Fragments, 377
46a. What is a sentence fragment?, 377
46b. How can I recognize fragments?, 377
46c. How can I correct a fragment that starts with a subordinating word?, 377
46d. How can I correct a phrase fragment?, 378
46e. How can I correct a fragment that is a part of a compound predicate?, 379
46f. What are intentional fragments?, 380
47. Comma Splices and Run-On Sentences, 380
47a. What are comma splices and run-on sentences?, 380
47b. How can I correct comma splices and run-on sentences?, 382
Using punctuation, 382
Using a coordinating conjunction, 382
Revising an independent clause into a dependent clause, 382
48. Problems with Sentence Shifts, 384
48a. How can I be consistent in person and number?, 384
48b. How can I be consistent in subject, voice, and mood?, 385
48c. How can I be consistent in verb tense?, 385
48d. How can I be consistent in direct and indirect discourse?, 385
48e. What happens in sentences with mixed parts?, 386
48f. How do elliptical constructions and comparisons work?, 387
49. Misplaced Modifiers, 388
49a. How can I correct misplaced modifiers?, 389
49b. How can I correct squinting modifiers?, 389
49c. How can I correct split infinitives?, 390
49d. How can I keep modifiers from disrupting a sentence?, 390
49e. How can I correct dangling modifiers?, 390
50. Conciseness, 391
50a. How can I write concisely?, 391
50b. How can I avoid redundant writing?, 391
50c. How can I avoid wordy sentence structures?, 393
Avoiding expletive constructions, 393
Using the passive voice appropriately, 393
50d. How can combining sentence elements help me be concise?, 394
50e. How do action verbs improve conciseness?, 394
51. Coordination and Subordination, 395
51a. How does coordination show that ideas are equivalent?, 396
51b. How can I avoid problems with coordination?, 396
51c. How does subordination work to express nonequivalent ideas?, 397
51d. How can I avoid problems with subordination?, 397
52. Sentence Style, 399
52a. What is parallelism?, 399
52b. How can I avoid faulty parallelism?, 399
52c. How should I use parallelism with conjunctions?, 400
52d. How does parallelism strengthen my message?, 400
52e. What is sentence variety?, 401
Revising strings of short sentences, 401
Revising for a mix of sentence lengths, 401
52f. How does the subject of a sentence affect emphasis?, 401
52g. How does adding modifiers affect writing style?, 402
52h. How does inverting standard word order affect writing style?, 402
53. Usage Glossary, 403
54. Word Meanings and Word Impact, 415
54a. How can I learn about words and their meanings?, 415
54b. How can I choose exact words?, 416
Distinguishing between denotation and connotation, 416
Using specific and concrete language, 416
54c. How can I increase my vocabulary?, 417
54d. What is suitable language for writing?, 418
Using appropriate language, 418
Being aware of levels of formality, 418
Using edited American English, 418
Using slang, colloquialisms, and regionalisms, 418
54e. What is figurative language?, 419
54f. What is a Clichés, 419
54g. What is the effect of tone in writing?, 420
Avoiding slanted language, 420
Avoiding pretentious language, 420
Avoiding jargon, 420
Avoiding euphemisms, 421
55. Using Inclusive Language, 421
55a. What is gender in the English language?, 421
55b. What is gender-neutral language?, 421
56. Spelling, 423
56a. How are plurals spelled?, 423
56b. How are suffixes spelled?, 424
56c. What is the ie, ei rule?, 425
56d. How are homonyms and other frequently confused words spelled?, 425
56e. What else leads to spelling errors?, 428
Punctuation and Mechanics, P10-1
57. Commas, 429
57a. When do I use commas?, 429
57b. How do I use a comma to set off introductory words?, 429
57c. How do I use a comma before a coordinating conjunction?, 431
57d. How do I use commas with a series?, 432
57e. When do I use a comma between adjectives?, 433
57f. How do commas work with nonrestrictive and restrictive elements?, 433
Punctuating nonrestrictive and restrictive clauses, 434
Punctuating nonrestrictive and restrictive phrases, 435
Punctuating nonrestrictive and restrictive appositives, 435
57g. How do I use commas with quoted words?, 436
57h. What other word groups do I set off with commas?, 436
57i. How do I use commas in dates, names, places, addresses, letter format, and numbers?, 437
Punctuating dates, 437
Punctuating names, places, and addresses, 438
Punctuating letter openings and closings, 438
Punctuating numbers, 439
57j. How can a comma prevent a misreading?, 439
57k. How can I avoid other comma errors?, 439
58. Semicolons, 441
58a. When can I use a semicolon instead of a period between independent clauses?, 441
58b. When do I need to use a semicolon to replace a comma?, 441
59. Colons, 442
59a. How do I use a colon with a list, an appositive, or a quotation?, 442
59b. When can I use a colon between sentences?, 443
59c. What conventional formats call for colons?, 443
60. Apostrophes, 444
60a. How do I use an apostrophe to show that a noun is possessive?, 444
60b. How do I use an apostrophe to show that an indefinite pronoun is possessive?, 446
60c. Do I ever use an apostrophe with hers, his, its, ours, yours, and theirs?, 446
60d. Do I ever add an apostrophe to a verb that ends in -s?, 446
60e. How do I use apostrophes in contractions?, 446
60f. Do I use an apostrophe with letters, numerals, symbols, and terms?, 447
61. Quotation Marks, 447
61a. How do I use quotation marks with short direct quotations?, 447
Using double quotation marks (“ ”), 448
Using single quotation marks (‘ ’), 448
61b. How do I use quotation marks with long direct quotations?, 448
61c. How do I use quotation marks to indicate spoken words?, 449
61d. How do I use quotation marks with titles?, 450
61e. How do I use quotation marks to indicate terms, language translations, and irony?, 450
61f. When are quotation marks wrong?, 450
61g. How do I use quotation marks with other punctuation?, 451
62. Periods, Question Marks, and Exclamation Points, 452
62a. When should I use a period?, 452
62b. When should I use a question mark?, 452
62c. When should I use an exclamation point?, 453
63. Other Punctuation Marks, 454
63a. When should I use a dash?, 454
63b. When should I use parentheses?, 455
Using parentheses to add information, 455
Using parentheses to enclose numbers or letters, 455
Using parentheses with other punctuation, 456
63c. When should I use brackets?, 456
63d. When should I use ellipsis points?, 457
Using ellipsis in prose quotations, 457
Using ellipsis in quotations from poetry, 459
63e. When should I use a slash?, 459
64. Hyphens, 460
64a. When should I hyphenate at the end of a line?, 460
64b. When should I hyphenate prefixes and suffixes?, 460
64c. When should I hyphenate compound words?, 460
64d. When should I hyphenate spelled-out numbers?, 461
65. Capitals, 463
65a. When should I capitalize a “First” words?, 463
65b. How should I capitalize quotations?, 464
65c. When should I capitalize nouns and adjectives?, 465
66. Italics (Underlining), 468
66a. How do I choose between italics and quotation marks?, 468
66b. When should I use italics for emphasis?, 470
67. Abbreviations, 470
67a. What abbreviations can I use with times and amounts?, 470
67b. How should I use abbreviations with People’s names?, 471
67c. How do I use Jr., Sr., II, III, 2nd, 3rd?, 472
67d. When can I abbreviate names of countries, organizations, and government agencies?, 472
67e. What abbreviations can I use in addresses?, 473
67f. When can I use etc. and other Latin abbreviations?, 473
68. Numbers, 473
68a. When should I spell out numbers in words?, 473
68b. How should I write dates, addresses, times, and other numbers?, 475
Tips for Multilingual Writers, P11-1
A Message from Lynn Troyka and Doug Hesse to Multilingual Writers, 477
A Message from Lynn Troyka and Doug Hesse to Multilingual Writers, 477
69. Singulars and Plurals, 478
69a. What are count and noncount nouns?, 478
69b. Which determiners should I use with singular and plural nouns?, 479
69c. What forms are correct for nouns used as adjectives?, 481
70. Articles, 481
70a. How should I use articles with singular count nouns?, 481
70b. How should I use articles with count and noncount nouns?, 482
Using articles with plural count nouns, 482
Using articles with noncount nouns, 484
Generalizing with plural and noncount nouns, 484
70c. How should I use the with proper nouns?, 484
71. Word Order, 485
71a. What are standard and inverted word orders?, 485
71b. Where should I place adjectives?, 485
71c. Where should I place adverbs?, 486
72. Prepositions, 488
72a. How should I use in, at, and on to show time and place?, 488
72b. How should I use prepositions in phrasal verbs?, 488
72c. How should I use prepositions with the passive voice?, 489
72d. How should I use prepositions in expressions?, 490
73. Gerunds and Infinitives, 490
73a. What verbs use a gerund, not an infinitive, object?, 490
Using a gerund after go, 491
Using gerunds after be + complement + preposition, 491
73b. What verbs use an infinitive, not a gerund, object?, 491
Using infinitives after be + some complements, 492
Using unmarked infinitive objects, 492
73c. How does meaning change if an infinitive object or a gerund follows stop, remember, or forget, 492
73d. Do sense verbs change meaning with a gerund or an infinitive object?, 493
73e. How should I choose between -ing and -ed forms of adjectives?, 493
74. Modal Auxiliary Verbs, 494
74a. How do modal auxiliary verbs differ from be, do, and have, 494
74b. Which modal auxiliary verbs express ability, necessity, advisability, or probability?, 495
Expressing ability, 495
Expressing necessity, 495
Expressing advice or the notion of a good idea, 495
Expressing probability, 496
74c. Which modal auxiliary verbs express preference, plan, or past habit?, 496
Expressing preferences, 496
Expressing a plan or obligation, 496
Expressing past habit, 496
Glossary and Index, 499
QA Terms Glossary, 499
Credits, 513
Index, 514
Inside Front Cover, IFC-1
Quick Reference Card for Research & Documentation, QR-1
Inside Back Cover, IBC-1
Proofreading Marks and Response Symbols, EP-1

Search Results

« Back to eTextbook


PAGE	Description

iv	...

Tabs for Contents, notes, highlights

Table of Contents

Search Results