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Learning Styles, IFC-1
Copyright, iv
Preface, xiii
About the Authors, xxi
Chapter 1. Psychology, Research, and You, 2
Becoming a Psychological Detective, 3
Arthur Conan Doyle’s Belief in Fairies, 4
Guidelines for the Psychological Detective, 5
Research Methods in Psychology, 10
The Case Study, 10
Naturalistic Observation, 10
Correlational Research, 11
Survey Research, 13
Qualitative Research, 14
The Experimental Method, 15
Statistics and Psychologists, 18
Research Ethics, 19
The Origins of Modern Psychology, 23
Wundt and Structuralism, 23
Functionalism, 24
Gestalt Psychology, 24
The Behavioral Perspective, 25
Sigmund Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective, 26
The Humanistic Perspective, 26
The Physiological Perspective, 27
The Evolutionary Perspective, 27
The Cognitive Perspective, 28
The Cultural and Diversity Perspective, 28
The Environmental, Population, and Conservation Perspective, 30
Present-Day Psychology, 31
Psychological Specialties, 32
Careers in Psychology, 35
Chapter 2. Behavioral Neuroscience, 40
Biology and Behavior, 41
Evolutionary Psychology, 42
The Evolutionary Perspective, 42
The Nervous System, 43
The Peripheral Nervous System, 43
The Central Nervous System, 46
The Endocrine System, 47
Major Endocrine Glands, 48
The Relation of the Endocrine System and the Nervous System, 49
Neurons: Basic Cells of the Nervous System, 51
Components of the Neuron, 51
The Synapse and Neurotransmitters, 53
The Neural Signal, 59
The Brain: A Closer Look, 62
Investigating Brain Functioning, 62
Major Components of the Brain, 68
The Split Brain, 77
Neuroplasticity: The Modifiable Brain, 78
Chapter 3. Sensation and Perception, 82
Sensation, Perception, and Psychophysics, 83
Sensation and Perception, 83
Psychophysics, 84
Thresholds, 85
Sensory Systems, 87
Vision, 87
Audition (Hearing), 97
The Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell, 101
Somatosensory Processes, 106
Perception, 110
Motivation and Attention, 110
Basic Perceptual Abilities: Patterns and Constancies, 111
Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization, 114
Perception of Movement, 117
Perceptual Hypotheses and Illusions, 117
Contemporary Issues and Findings in Perception Research, 120
Paranormal Phenomena, 121
Skeptical Scientists, 122
A Believing Public, 122
Chapter 4. States of Consciousness, 126
What Is Consciousness?, 127
Anesthetic Depth, 128
Brain-Injured Patients and Consciousness, 128
The Rhythms of Life, 129
Circadian Rhythms, 129
Problems with Circadian Rhythms, 132
The Study of Sleep, 135
A Night in a Sleep Lab, 135
The Stages of Sleep, 136
Differences in Individual Sleep Patterns, 138
The Functions of Sleep, 139
Sleep Problems, 141
Dreams: Nighttime Theater, 145
Hypnosis, 150
The History of Hypnosis, 150
Hypnotic Induction, 150
Hypnotic Phenomena, 151
Explanations of Hypnosis, 153
Altering Consciousness with Drugs, 155
Depressants, 157
Stimulants, 161
Opiates, 163
Hallucinogens, 164
Chapter 5. Learning, 168
What Is Learning?, 169
Classical Conditioning, 170
The Basic Elements of Classical Conditioning, 171
Classical Conditioning Processes, 175
Applications of Classical Conditioning: Phobias and Beyond, 178
Classical Conditioning After Pavlov, 181
Evolution and Classical Conditioning: Taste-Aversion Learning and Preparedness, 183
Operant Conditioning, 186
Reinforcers: The Basic Concept of Operant Conditioning, 186
Beyond the Basics, 189
Schedules of Reinforcement, 192
Punishment: The Opposite of Reinforcement, 198
Recent Advances in Operant Conditioning, 201
Cognitive and Social Perspectives on Learning, 204
The Role of Cognition, 204
Observational Learning, 205
Chapter 6. Motivation and Emotion, 210
What Is Motivation?, 211
Theories of Motivation, 212
Biological Theories, 212
Cognitive Theories, 215
Specific Motives, 219
Hunger, 219
Sex, 227
Achievement, 230
The What and the Why of Emotion, 233
Relating Emotions and Behavior: The Evolutionary Perspective, 234
The Physiological Components of Emotion, 235
Early Theories of Emotions, 235
Physiological Differences Among Emotions, 236
The Role of the Brain in Emotion, 238
Evaluating the Lie Detector, 240
The Expressive Components of Emotions, 244
Universal Elements in the Facial Expression of Emotion, 244
Nonverbal Communication, 249
Gender Effects, 251
The Cognitive Components of Emotion, 253
The Language of Emotion, 253
The Development of Emotion, 254
Chapter 7. Memory, 258
Initial Studies, 259
The Curve of Forgetting, 261
Recognition and Relearning, 262
Models of Memory, 263
Human Memory as an Information Processing System, 263
The Stages-of-Memory Model, 264
Other Approaches to Memory, 273
The Levels-of-Processing Model, 273
Different Types of Long-Term Memory, 275
Retrieval, 278
The Repressed/Recovered Memory Controversy, 283
Memory Illusions, 285
Techniques for Improving Memory, 286
Influential Factors, 287
Processing Strategies, 287
The Physiological Basis of Learning and Memory, 290
Amnesias, 290
Chapter 8. Thinking, Language, Intelligence, and Artificial Intelligence, 294
Thinking, 295
Cognitive Psychology, 295
Problem Solving, 299
Making Decisions, 302
Creativity, 306
Language, 312
Language Development, 312
Thinking and Language, 315
Intelligence, 319
Cultural Views of Intelligence, 320
The History of Intelligence Testing, 320
Principles of Psychological Tests, 324
Extremes of Intelligence, 326
Kinds of Intelligence, 329
Misuse of Intelligence Tests, 331
Hereditary and Environmental Determinants of Intelligence, 331
Artificial Intelligence, 337
History, 337
Current Approaches to AI, 338
Critiquing AI, 338
Chapter 9. Development Across the Lifespan, 342
Basic Issues in Developmental Psychology, 343
Nature and Nurture, 344
Research Methods, 344
Development from Conception to Birth, 346
Heredity, 347
Prenatal Development, 350
Development in Infancy, 352
Sensory Abilities, 353
How Newborns Learn, 353
Maturation, 354
Psychosocial Development in Childhood, 357
Temperament, 357
Personality Development, 357
Attachment, 359
The Father’s Role, 361
Day Care, 362
The Peer Group, 362
Television, 363
Cognitive Development in Childhood, 363
Piaget’s Theory, 364
Moral Development, 367
Adolescence, 370
Physical Changes, 370
Cognitive and Intellectual Changes, 372
Personality and Social Changes, 372
Early Adulthood, 375
Physical Changes, 375
Cognitive and Intellectual Changes, 376
Personality and Social Changes, 377
Middle Adulthood, 379
Physical Changes, 380
Cognitive and Intellectual Changes, 381
Personality and Social Changes, 381
Late Adulthood, 384
Physical Changes, 384
Cognitive and Intellectual Changes, 387
Personality and Social Changes, 388
Death, Dying, and Bereavement, 389
Attitudes Toward Death, 389
Confronting Death, 390
Bereavement, Grief, Mourning, and Support, 390
Chapter 10. Sex and Gender, 394
Sex and Gender: An Introduction, 395
The Biology of Sex, 396
Sexual Orientation, 398
Sexual Behavior, 399
The Development of Gender Roles, 404
Gender Stereotyping, 407
Cultural Differences in Views of Masculinity and Femininity, 408
Similarities and Differences Between Males and Females, 412
Biological Differences: Fact and Fiction, 412
Early Analyses of Sex Differences, 413
The Cognitive Realm, 414
The Social Realm, 416
Social Issues, 419
Education, 419
Work and Careers, 422
Family Responsibilities, 428
Chapter 11. Personality, 432
Analyzing Personality, 433
Defining Personality, 433
Assessing Personality, 434
Is Behavior Consistent?, 437
Evaluating Personality Theories, 439
Trait Approaches, 440
Factors of Personality: Raymond B. Cattell, 441
Categorization of Traits: Hans Eysenck, 441
The “Big Five” Traits, 442
Alternatives to the Big Five, 444
Biological Factors in Personality, 447
Early Biological Approaches, 447
Twin Studies, 450
Personality and the Evolutionary Perspective, 452
The Psychodynamic Perspective, 454
Basic Concepts, 455
The Structure of the Mind, 456
Defense Mechanisms, 457
Stages of Psychosexual Development, 458
Freud in Perspective, 460
The Neo-Freudians, 460
The Behavioral Perspective, 464
Basic Premises, 464
Application and Evaluation, 464
The Social-Cognitive Perspective, 464
Learning and Cognitive Perspectives, 465
The Humanistic Perspective, 467
Abraham Maslow, 467
Carl Rogers, 468
Chapter 12. Psychological Disorders, 472
Abnormal Behavior, 473
Criteria of Abnormality, 473
A Working Definition, 474
The Concept of Insanity, 475
Models of Abnormal Behavior, 476
Classifying and Counting Psychological Disorders, 477
DSM-IV-TR, 478
The Labeling Issue, 479
The Prevalence of Psychological Disorders, 480
Anxiety, Somatoform, and Dissociative Disorders, 482
Anxiety Disorders, 483
Somatoform Disorders, 490
Dissociative Disorders, 492
Mood Disorders, 497
Major Depressive Disorder, 497
Bipolar Disorder, 503
Causes of Mood Disorders, 505
Schizophrenia, 509
Symptoms of Schizophrenia, 510
Subtypes of Schizophrenia, 512
Prevalence/Onset/Prognosis, 512
Causes of Schizophrenia, 513
Personality Disorders, Sexual Disorders, and Substance Use Disorders, 518
Personality Disorders, 519
Sexual Disorders, 522
Substance Use Disorders, 523
Chapter 13. Therapy, 526
Therapy Through the Ages, 527
The History of Therapy, 527
Therapy and Therapists, 530
Psychologically Based Therapies, 534
Psychoanalytic Therapy, 534
Humanistic Therapies, 536
Cognitive Therapies, 537
Behavior Therapies, 541
Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 546
Group Therapies, 547
Self-Help, 548
The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy, 552
Psychotherapy and the Needs of Diversity, 552
When to Begin Psychotherapy and What to Expect, 554
Biomedical Therapies, 557
Pharmacotherapy, 557
Electroconvulsive Therapy, 562
Psychosurgery, 563
Chapter 14. Health Psychology, 566
Health Psychology: An Overview, 567
Stress and Illness, 568
The General Adaptation Syndrome, 569
Sources of Stress, 570
What Makes Events Stressful?, 572
How Stress and Disease May Be Related, 573
Lifestyle Influences on Disease Risk, 576
Smoking, 576
Heart Disease, 577
Environmental Factors, 581
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), 582
Stress in the Workplace, 584
Coping with Stress, 587
Psychological Moderators of Stress, 587
Reducing Arousal with Relaxation and Physical Activity, 588
Resilience and Positive Psychology, 591
Chapter 15. Social Psychology: The Individual in Society, 594
Social Psychology and Culture, 595
Social Cognition, 596
Impression Formation, 596
Social Judgments: Attributing Causes to Behaviors, 599
Self-Perception, 602
Attitudes, 603
Components of Attitudes: Affect, Cognition, and Behavior, 603
Functions of Attitudes, 603
Measuring Attitudes, 604
How Are Attitudes Formed?, 605
Interpersonal Relations, 607
Attraction, 607
Friendship, 608
Love, 609
Prosocial Behavior: Helping Others, 611
Aggression, 613
Social Influences on Behavior, 619
Persuasion, 620
Obedience, 624
Conformity and Compliance, 626
The Individual as Part of a Social Group, 628
Social Facilitation, 628
Social Loafing, 629
Audiences and Coactors, 629
Group Interactions and Group Decisions, 630
Prejudice and Discrimination, 631
Chapter 16. Industrial, Organizational, and Other Applications of Psychology, 636
The “I” and the “O” of Industrial/Organizational Psychology, 637
Industrial Psychology, 638
Organizational Psychology, 645
Human-Factors Psychology, 647
Person-Machine System, 647
Workplace Design, 648
Other Applications of Psychology in the Real World, 651
Forensic Psychology, 652
Community and Environmental Psychology, 654
Occupational Health Psychology, 654
Sport Psychology, 656
Human Performance in Extreme Environments, 658
References, 660
Credits, 693
Glossary and Index, 697
Appendix: Statistics and Psychology, A-1

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