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Why Do You Need This New Edition?, i
Copyright, iv
Preface, xv
Part 1. Social Work Practice Perspectives, 1
1. Generalist Social Work Practice, 3
Social Work Values and Purpose, 6
Human Dignity and Worth, 6
Social Justice, 7
Defining Social Work, 8
Achieving the Purpose of Social Work, 8
Generalist Social Work, 10
Levels of Intervention in Generalist Practice, 11
Policy and Generalist Practice, 13
Research in Generalist Practice, 15
Advantages of a Multifaceted Approach, 15
Social Work Functions and Roles, 16
Consultancy, 17
Resource Management, 18
Education, 20
Integrating Generalist Functions, 22
Assessing Your Competence, 22
Looking Forward, 23
2. Human System Perspectives, 25
The Knowledge Base of Generalist Practice, 27
Theoretical Frameworks for Practice, 27
Developing a Practice Framework, 30
Analyzing Theoretical Perspectives, 30
Key Perspectives for Empowering Practice, 32
Ecosystems, 32
Social Constructionism, 32
Feminist Perspective, 33
The Ecosystems Perspective, 34
Humans in Context, 35
Focus on Transactions, 35
Development as Evolutionary Change, 36
Goodness-of-Fit, 36
View of Dysfunction, 37
Implications for Change, 38
Human Systems, 40
System Defined, 40
Dimensions of Systems, 43
A Structural View of Systems, 44
An Interactional View of Systems, 45
Biopsychosocial Dimensions, 46
Cultural Influences, 47
Ecosystems: A Conceptual Framework for Practice, 48
Identify the Focal System, 49
What’s Happening Inside the System?, 50
What’s Happening Outside the System?, 50
How Do the Inside and Outside Connect?, 50
How Does the System Move through Time?, 51
Applying the Ecosystems Framework, 52
Assessing Your Competence, 52
Looking Forward, 53
3. Values and Multicultural Competence, 55
Frames of Reference, 56
Your Frame of Reference Shows, 57
Professional Values and Practice Principles, 58
Acceptance, 58
Individualization, 58
Nonjudgmentalism, 59
Objectivity, 59
Self-Determination, 60
Access to Resources, 60
Confidentiality, 61
Accountability, 61
Value Conflicts in Practice: An Example, 61
Personal Values and Resources, 62
Use of Self in Social Work, 62
Increasing Self-Awareness, 63
Values and Principles in Action: A Practice Example, 63
How Values Influence Practice, 66
Values and Diversity, 67
Multicultural Competence, 68
Cultural Diversity Defined, 69
Proficient Multicultural Practice, 70
Cultural Competence, 70
Cultural Sensitivity, 70
Cultural Responsiveness, 72
A Generalist View of Cultural Competence, 72
Practitioner-Level Cultural Competence, 72
Agency-Level Cultural Competence, 77
Community-Level Cultural Competence, 79
Assessing Your Competence, 80
Looking Forward, 81
4. Strengths and Empowerment, 82
Strengths Perspective, 84
Practice Assumptions, 85
Key Transitions, 85
Applying a Strengths Perspective, 87
Empowerment, 88
Personal Dimensions of Empowerment, 90
Interpersonal Dimensions of Empowerment, 91
Sociopolitical Dimensions of Empowerment, 92
Power, 93
Empowerment as a Concept and a Process, 96
Empowerment-Based Practice, 96
The Paradox of an Empowering Process, 96
Collaboration and Partnership, 98
Characteristics of Empowerment-Centered Social Workers, 100
Empowerment-Oriented Strategies, 101
Assessing Your Competence, 105
Looking Forward, 105
5. An Empowering Approach to Generalist Practice, 107
Elements of an Empowering Generalist Approach, 108
Infusing an Ecosystems Perspective, 108
Reflecting a Social Justice Commitment, 109
Applying a Strengths Orientation, 109
Collaborating with Clients, 109
Constructing an Empowering Reality, 110
Phases and Processes of Empowering Practice, 111
The Dialogue Phase, 111
The Discovery Phase, 113
The Development Phase, 114
From Solving Problems to Promoting Competence, 116
Processes in Action: Practice Examples, 118
An Example at the Microlevel, 118
An Example at the Mezzolevel, 122
An Example at the Macrolevel, 127
Multilevel Intervention in Generalist Practice: An Integrative Case Example, 129
Intervention at the Microlevel, 129
Intervention at the Mezzolevel, 132
Intervention at the Macrolevel, 134
Assessing Your Competence, 136
Looking Forward, 137
Part 2. The Dialogue Phase: Building Relationships and Describing Situations, 139
6. Forming Partnerships, 141
Collaboration and Partnership, 142
The Dilemma of Social Workers as Experts, 143
The Rewards of Clients as Experts, 143
The Social Worker’s Role, 144
Agency Influences on Worker-Client Relationships, 145
Making Initial Contacts, 145
Recognizing What Clients Bring, 145
Initiating Collaboration, 146
Beginning Steps: A Practice Example, 147
Qualities of Professional Partnerships, 150
Genuineness, 152
Acceptance and Respect, 152
Trustworthiness, 154
Empathy, 155
Cultural Sensitivity, 156
Purposefulness, 158
Constructing Empowering Relationships, 158
Recognizing Rights, 158
Taking Responsibilities, 158
Discussing Rights and Responsibilities, 160
Augmenting Power, 160
When Clients Feel Powerless, 161
Collaborating with Oppressed Clients, 162
Voluntary and Involuntary Clients, 163
Partnerships with Larger Systems, 164
Respecting Confidentiality, 164
Absolute and Relative Confidentiality, 164
Violating Confidentiality, 165
Informed Consent for Releasing Information, 165
Privileged Communication, 166
Balancing Accountability and Privacy, 168
Assessing Your Competence, 168
Looking Forward, 169
7. Articulating Situations, 171
Empowering Dialogue, 172
Listening and Responding, 173
Proactive Responding, 174
Describing the Current Situation, 174
Orienting toward Goals, 175
Searching for Strengths and Resources, 176
Sizing Up Situations, 176
Exchanging Information, 176
Verbal Communication, 177
Nonverbal Communication, 179
Influences on Communication Processes, 179
Accessing the Client’s Perspective, 183
Responding to Thoughts, 183
Allowing Space, 184
Nonverbal Responses, 184
Single Word Responses, 185
Restatement, 185
Clarification, 187
Summary Clarification, 187
Request to Continue, 188
Questioning, 189
Combining Responses, 190
Practice Example, 190
Responding to Feelings, 193
The Experience of Feelings, 193
Identifying Feelings, 193
Verbalizing Feelings, 194
Validating Feelings, 195
Special Issues in Responding, 195
Responding to Anger, 195
Responding to Silence, 196
Responding to Questions, 197
Responding to Feedback from Clients, 198
Responding to Larger Client Systems, 198
Facilitating Discussion, 199
Respecting Existing Functioning, 200
Assessing Your Competence, 200
Looking Forward, 201
8. Defining Directions, 202
Transforming Challenges into Directions, 204
Orienting Forward, Not Back, 206
Framing the Search for Resources, 207
Integrating Transactional Dimensions, 207
Considering Client Motivation, 207
A Transactional View of Motivation, 208
Motivating Clients Who Have Given Up, 208
Aligning Worker and Client Motivations, 209
Motivating Larger Systems, 209
Collaborating with Clients Who Resist, 210
Resistance Is Motivated, 210
Cooperating with Resistance, 211
Overcoming Environmental Resistance, 212
Cooperating with Mandated Clients, 212
Constructing Workers’ Expectations, 213
Structuring a Working Partnership, 213
Defining a Motivating Direction, 215
Taking Priority Actions, 216
Responding to Trauma, 216
Responding to the Threat of Suicide, 218
Responding to Threats toward Others, 221
Responding to Child Abuse, 223
Responding to Elder Abuse, 224
Responding to Intimate Partner Violence, 225
Responding to Survival Needs, 226
Responding to Signs of Addiction, 226
Assessing Your Competence, 227
Looking Forward, 228
Part 3. The Discovery Phase: Assessing Resources and Planning Change, 229
9. Identifying Strengths, 231
Infusing a Strengths Perspective, 233
What Are Strengths?, 233
Why Identify Strengths?, 234
Balancing Strengths and Challenges, 235
Looking for Strengths, 236
Highlighting Strengths in General Functioning, 236
Strengths in Individuals, 238
Strengths in Families, 238
Strengths in Groups, 239
Strengths in Organizations, 239
Strengths in Communities, 240
Solution-Focused Dialogue, 240
Creating a Solution-Saturated Atmosphere, 241
Searching for Exceptions, 241
Detecting Incremental Steps, 242
Searching for Transferable Skills, 242
Recognizing Cultural Strengths, 243
Strengths in Diversity, 243
Ethnic Group Strengths, 245
African Americans, 245
Latino Americans, 246
Asian Americans, 248
Native Americans, 249
Strengths in Cultural Group Memberships, 250
Women, 250
Gays and Lesbians, 251
Older Adults, 252
Religious Affiliations and Spirituality, 253
Persons with Disabilities, 254
Clients as Resources for Understanding Cultures, 254
Uncovering Strengths in Adversity, 255
Surviving Oppression, 255
Surviving Violence, 256
Surviving Family Disruption, 258
Assessing Your Competence, 259
Looking Forward, 260
10. Assessing Resource Capabilities, 261
Exploring Resource Systems through Assessment, 262
Recognizing Environmental Resources, 263
Turning Challenging Situations into Resources, 263
Collaborating to Search for Resources, 264
Applying Theoretical Frameworks, 265
Organizing Assessment by Using a 5-Point Ecosystemic Schema, 265
Practice Example: Franklin Courts, 265
Organizing Assessment: Applying Ecosystemic Questions, 270
Assessing Structures, 270
Assessing Interactions, 273
Assessing Thinking and Feeling, 275
Assessing Cultural Influences, 276
Assessing Spiritual Dimensions, 277
Assessing Physical Environments, 278
Putting the Pieces Together, 278
Using Assessment Tools, 280
Social Histories, 280
Genograms, 282
Eco-maps, 283
Culturally Sensitive Assessment, 285
Social Network Maps, 285
Group Assessment, 286
Organizational Assessment, 287
Neighborhood and Community Assessment, 288
Tools as Resources for Empowerment, 290
Adding Viewpoints, 290
Bringing in Significant Others, 290
Contacting Other Professionals, 291
Assessing through Observation, 292
Observations by Clients, 292
Observations by Workers, 293
Recordkeeping, 294
Recording, 294
Types of Recording Formats, 295
Ethical and Legal Issues in Recordkeeping, 297
Assessing Your Competence, 299
Looking Forward, 300
11. Framing Solutions, 301
Collaborative Planning Processes, 302
Client Expertise in Planning, 303
Worker Expertise in Planning, 303
Issues Affecting Collaborative Planning, 304
Planning in Multiperson Systems, 305
Goals and Objectives, 306
Differentiating Goals and Objectives, 307
Considering Goals, 307
Translating Goals into Objectives, 308
Constructing Action Plans, 314
Crystallizing Outcome Goals, 314
Writing Effective Objectives, 318
Prioritizing Objectives, 319
Screening Generalist Intervention Strategies, 320
Choosing Effective Strategies, 323
Delineating Tasks and Responsibilities, 326
Setting Reviews and Evaluations, 326
Contracting, 327
The Evolving Contract, 327
Contracting as an Empowering Process, 328
Assessing Your Competence, 328
Looking Forward, 329
Part 4. The Development Phase: Implementing, Evaluating, and Stabilizing Change, 331
12. Activating Resources, 333
Applying Generalist Intervention Skills, 336
Intervention across System Levels, 336
Maintaining Progress in the Action Plan, 336
Implementing Action Plans, 336
Enhancing Interactions, 338
Sustaining Motivation, 341
Developing Power, 343
Promoting Leadership, 344
Recognizing Choices, 344
Locating Genuine Options, 344
Magnifying Strengths, 345
Changing Perspectives, 346
Offering Feedback, 346
Constructing Feedback, 347
Creating New Concepts, 348
Using Narrative Strategies, 349
Trying Out New Behaviors, 351
Managing Resources, 354
Linking Clients with Resources, 355
Client Advocacy, 356
Maximizing Clients’ Rights, 356
Fair Hearings and Appeals, 356
Educating, 358
Teaching, 358
Sharing Information, 360
Assessing Your Competence, 363
Looking Forward, 363
13. Creating Alliances, 365
The Power of Alliances, 367
Developing Alliances through Groups, 367
Groups and Empowerment, 367
Mutual Aid in Groups, 370
Self-Help Groups, 371
Social Action through Group Work, 373
Strengthening Natural Support Alliances, 374
Social Support, 374
Workers’ Roles in Encouraging Social Support, 375
Case Management: Client-Service Alliances, 377
Case Management Defined, 377
The Purpose of Case Management, 378
Case Management in Action: A Practice Example, 379
Case Management Activities with Clients, 380
Case Management Activities with the Delivery System, 382
Workers’ Resources for Case Management, 383
Critical Issues and Ethical Dilemmas, 384
Organizational Alliances for Service Delivery, 388
Building Interagency Coalitions, 388
Working on Teams, 389
Leading Effective Meetings, 389
Professional Support Networks, 391
Alliances within Organizations, 392
Job Stress and Burnout, 393
Professional Memberships, 394
Connections in Cyberspace, 395
Assessing Your Competence, 396
Looking Forward, 397
14. Expanding Opportunities, 398
Opportunities: Keys to Empowerment, 400
Empowerment and Opportunities, 400
Empowerment in Groups and Communities, 401
Resource Expansion, 402
Identifying Resource Shortages, 402
Mobilizing Resources, 402
Educating the Public, 402
Writing Grant Proposals, 404
Community Change, 405
Processes for Working with Communities, 406
Working with Communities through Organizing, 406
Working with Communities through Development, 407
Social Work as a Political Profession, 409
Political Perspectives, 411
Political Perspectives Applied to Social Work, 412
Policy Development, 413
Policy Analysis and Change, 413
Consumer Participation in Policy Development, 413
Social Activism and Social Advocacy, 415
A Heritage of Social Reform, 415
Promoting Social Action, 416
Advocacy Role, 416
Legislative Advocacy, 418
Legislative Analysis, 418
Lobbying, 418
Legislative Testimony, 419
Assessing Your Competence, 420
Looking Forward, 421
15. Recognizing Success, 422
Social Work Evaluation and Research, 423
Integrating Practice and Research, 425
Evidence-Based Practice, 425
Steps for Evidence-Based Decision-Making, 426
Implications for Social Work Practice, 428
Practice Evaluation, 428
Progress Evaluation, 428
Client Outcome Assessment, 429
Program Evaluation, 431
Research, 434
The Research Process, 436
Research Terminology, 436
Ethics in Research, 440
Single-System Designs, 440
Elements of Single-System Designs, 441
Types of Single-System Designs, 442
Limitations of Single-System Designs, 447
Assessing Your Competence, 447
Looking Forward, 449
16. Integrating Gains, 450
Social Work Endings, 452
Completing Contracts, 453
Preparing for Resolution, 453
Discussing Readiness, 454
Evaluating, 455
Sharing Feelings, 456
Generalizing Outcomes, 457
Firming Up Social Supports, 458
Celebrations and Ritualized Endings, 458
Looking to the Future, 460
Following Up, 461
Closing with Referral, 461
Acknowledging Limited Resources, 462
Implementing Legal Mandates, 463
Making Referrals, 464
Responding to Clients’ Discontinuation of Services, 466
Preparing for Early Discontinuation, 466
Recognizing Exit Clues, 466
Resolving Unplanned Exits, 467
When Clients Die, 468
Grief, 468
End-of-Life Care, 468
Grieving the Death of a Client, 469
Resolving Relationships with Larger Systems, 472
Small Group Endings, 472
Resolving Intermember Relationships, 473
Endings with Organizations and Communities, 474
Assessing Your Competence, 476
Endings Are Beginnings, 477
Epilogue, 478
Appendix: Client Empowerment: Surviving Domestic Violence—A Case Study About Niki Lindstrom, 481
References, 493
Photo Credits, 519
Author Index, 520
Subject Index, 525

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