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Why Do You Need This New Edition?, i
Copyright, iv
Preface to the Student, xxiii
Preface to the Instructor, xxiv
Chapter 1. An Introduction to Public Speaking, A-1
Why Study Public Speaking?, 2
Personal Benefits, 2
Professional Benefits, 3
Public Benefits, 3
Definitions of Communication, 4
Levels of Communication, 6
Intrapersonal Communication, 7
Interpersonal Communication, 7
Group Communication, 7
Public Communication, 8
Mass Communication, 8
Elements of Communication, 9
Speaker, 10
Message, 10
Listener, 10
Feedback, 10
Channel, 11
Environment, 11
Noise, 12
The Public Speaker as Critical Thinker, 12
Theory into Practice: Thinking about Speaking, 14
Summary, 14
Exercises, 15
Chapter 2. The Ethics of Public Speaking, 16
Definition of Ethics, 18
Principles of Ethics, 19
Ethical Speaking, 20
Speak Up about Topics You Consider Important, 20
Choose Topics That Promote Positive Ethical Values, 21
Speak to Benefit Your Listeners, 21
Use Truthful Supporting Material and Valid Reasoning, 22
Consider the Consequences of Your Words and Actions, 22
Strive to Improve Your Public Speaking, 23
Ethical Listening, 23
Seek Exposure to Well-Informed Speakers, 23
Avoid Prejudging Speakers or Their Ideas, 23
Evaluate the Speaker’s Logic and Credibility, 24
Beware of the Consequences of Not Listening Carefully, 24
Fair Use Guidelines, 25
Plagiarism, 26
Theory into Practice: Civility in the Classroom, 30
Summary, 30
Exercises, 31
Chapter 3. Speaking Confidently, 32
Recognize That Speaker Nervousness Is Normal, 34
Control Speaker Nervousness, 37
Learn How to Build Speaker Confidence, 37
Know How You React to Stress, 37
Know Your Strengths and Weaknesses, 38
Know Speech Principles, 38
Speaking with Confidence: Mariely Sanchez-Moronta, Marymount Manhattan College, 39
Know That It Always Looks Worse from the Inside, 39
Know Your Speech, 39
Believe in Your Topic, 40
View Speech Making Positively, 40
Visualize Success, 41
Project Confidence, 41
Theory into Practice: Gaining Perspective, 42
Test Your Message, 42
Practice Your Delivery, 43
Prepare Your First Speech, 43
Understand the Assignment, 44
Develop Your Speech Content, 44
Organize Your Speech, 45
Word Your Speech, 47
Practice Your Speech, 48
Deliver Your Speech, 48
Evaluate Your Speech, 49
Ethical Decisions: Being Yourself, 50
Summary, 51
Exercises, 51
Chapter 4. Responding to Speeches, 52
The Importance of Listening, 55
Listening versus Hearing, 55
Listening Is Intermittent, 56
Listening Is a Learned Skill, 56
Listening Is Active, 56
Listening Implies Using the Message Received, 56
The Process of Listening, 57
Receive, 57
Select, 57
Interpret, 58
Understand, 58
Evaluate, 58
Resolve, 58
Obstacles to Effective Listening, 59
Physical Distractions, 59
Physiological Distractions, 59
Psychological Distractions, 59
Factual Distractions, 59
Semantic Distractions, 60
Promoting Better Listening, 60
Desire to Listen, 60
Focus on the Message, 61
Listen for Main Ideas, 61
Understand the Speaker’s Point of View, 61
Reinforce the Message, 62
Provide Feedback, 63
Listen with the Body, 63
Withhold Judgment, 63
Speaking with Confidence: Rachel Agustin, Radford University, 64
Listen Critically, 64
Critiquing Speeches, 65
Begin with a Positive Statement, 66
Target a Few Key Areas for Improvement, 67
Organize Your Comments, 67
Be Specific, 67
Be Honest but Tactful, 68
Personalize Your Comments, 68
Reinforce the Positive, 68
Problem-Solve the Negative, 69
Provide the Speaker with a Plan of Action, 69
End with a Positive Statement, 69
Theory into Practice: Critiquing a Classmate, 70
Acting on Criticism, 70
Focus on What Your Critics Say, Not How They Say It, 72
Seek Clear and Specific Feedback, 72
Evaluate the Feedback You Receive, 72
Develop a Plan of Action, 72
Summary, 73
Exercises, 73
Chapter 5. Analyzing Your Audience, 74
Recognize the Value of Audience Diversity, 76
Analyze Your Audience before the Speech, 78
Analyze Audience Demographics, 78
Speaking with Confidence: Krystal Graves, West Texas A&M University, 79
Analyze Audience Psychographics, 82
Analyze Audience Needs, 83
Analyze Specific Speaking Situations, 86
Analyze Your Audience during the Speech, 88
Theory into Practice: Using an Audience Questionnaire, 89
Ethical Decisions: Ghosting 101, 90
Analyze Your Audience after the Speech, 91
Summary, 92
Exercises, 92
Chapter 6. Selecting Your Speech Topic, 94
Generate Ideas, 96
Self-Generated Topics, 97
Speaking with Confidence: Bryan McClure, Virginia Tech University, 99
Audience-Generated Topics, 99
Occasion-Generated Topics, 100
Research-Generated Topics, 101
Focus Your Topic, 102
Theory into Practice: Selecting Your Topic, 103
Determine Your General Purpose, 105
Speeches to Inform, 105
Speeches to Persuade, 106
Speeches to Entertain, 106
Formulate Your Specific Purpose, 106
Word Your Thesis Statement, 107
Develop Your Speech Title, 108
Ethical Decisions: Should Instructors Censor?, 109
Summary, 110
Exercises, 110
Chapter 7. Researching Your Topic, 112
Assess Your Personal Knowledge, 115
Develop Your Research Plan, 115
Theory into Practice: Developing Personal Speech Resources, 116
Collect Your Information, 116
The Internet, 116
Library Resources, 117
Magazines and Journals, 117
Newspapers, 119
Government Documents, 120
Books, 120
Reference Works, 121
Television and Radio, 123
Interviews, 123
Speaking with Confidence: Matthew Williams, Radford University, 124
Calling, Writing, and Emailing for Information, 125
Record Your Information, 127
What to Record, 127
How to Record Information, 127
Ethical Decisions: The Privacy of Public Information, 128
Conclude Your Search, 130
Summary, 130
Exercises, 131
Chapter 8. Supporting Your Speech, 132
Purposes of Supporting Materials, 134
Clarity, 134
Vividness, 135
Credibility, 135
Types of Supporting Materials, 136
Examples, 136
Definition, 138
Narration, 140
Comparison, 141
Contrast, 141
Statistics, 142
Testimony, 143
Tests of Evidence, 144
Is the Evidence Quoted in Context?, 144
Is the Source of the Evidence an Expert?, 146
Is the Source of the Evidence Unbiased?, 146
Is the Evidence Relevant?, 146
Is the Evidence Specific?, 147
Is the Evidence Sufficient?, 147
Is the Evidence Timely?, 147
Evaluating Electronic Information, 148
Purpose, 148
Expertise, 148
Objectivity, 149
Accuracy, 149
Timeliness, 149
Citing Your Sources, 149
Ethical Decisions: Biased Sources: To Use or Not to Use, 150
Speaking with Confidence: Elisabeth Pallante, Radford University, 150
Theory into Practice: Information for Oral Footnotes, 151
Summary, 152
Exercises, 152
Chapter 9. Organizing the Body of Your Speech, 154
Formulate an Organizing Question, 156
Divide the Speech into Key Ideas, 157
Topical Division, 157
Chronological Division, 158
Spatial Division, 159
Speaking with Confidence: Corey Town, San Antonio College, 159
Causal Division, 160
Pro–Con Division, 160
Mnemonic or Gimmick Division, 161
Problem–Solution Division, 162
Need–Plan Division, 163
Develop the Key Ideas, 163
Signpost the Idea, 164
State the Idea, 164
Support the Idea, 165
Summarize the Idea, 166
Connect the Key Ideas, 166
Theory into Practice: Applying The “4 S’s”, 167
Ethical Decisions: Crunch Time, 169
Summary, 170
Exercises, 170
Chapter 10. Introducing and Concluding Your Speech, 172
Organize the Introduction of the Speech, 174
Get the Attention of Your Audience, 174
Speaking with Confidence: Jacquine Stenz, Montana State University, 176
State Your Topic, 179
Establish the Importance of Your Topic, 179
Establish Your Credibility to Speak on Your Topic, 180
Preview Your Key Ideas, 180
Put It All Together, 181
Organize the Conclusion of the Speech, 182
Summarize Your Key Ideas, 182
Activate Audience Response, 183
Provide Closure, 184
Put It All Together, 184
Theory into Practice: Outward Method of Speech Development, 185
Ethical Decisions: Revealing versus Concealing Your Purpose, 186
Summary, 186
Exercises, 187
Chapter 11. Outlining Your Speech, 188
Functions of Outlining, 190
Tests Scope of Content, 190
Tests Logical Relation of Parts, 190
Tests Relevance of Supporting Ideas, 191
Checks Balance of Speech, 192
Serves as Delivery Notes, 192
Principles of Outlining, 192
Singularity, 192
Speaking with Confidence: Alana Kwast, San Antonio College, 193
Consistency, 193
Adequacy, 193
Uniformity, 194
Parallelism, 194
Stages of Outlining, 194
The Working Outline, 195
Theory into Practice: Visual Brainstorming, 196
The Formal Outline, 197
The Speaking Outline, 200
Ethical Decisions: Fair and Balanced?, 203
Summary, 204
Exercises, 204
Chapter 12. Wording Your Speech, 206
Functions of Language, 208
Communicate Ideas, 208
Send Messages about User, 208
Strengthen Social Bonds, 209
Serve as Instrument of Play, 209
Speaking with Confidence: Suzanne L. Hamilton, San Antonio College, 209
Check Language Use, 210
Principles of Effective Language Use, 211
Use Language Correctly, 211
Use Language Clearly, 212
Use Language Vividly, 213
Use Language Inclusively, 218
Use Oral Style, 220
Theory into Practice: Keys to Effective Oral Style, 220
Ethical Decisions: Doublespeak or Clearspeak, 221
Summary, 222
Exercises, 222
Chapter 13. Delivering Your Speech, 224
Principles of Nonverbal Communication, 226
Speaking with Confidence: Michael Gino, Suffolk County Community College, Selden, New York, 227
Methods of Delivery, 227
Speaking Impromptu, 228
Speaking from Memory, 228
Speaking from Manuscript, 228
Speaking Extemporaneously, 228
Qualities of Effective Delivery, 230
Elements of Vocal Delivery, 231
Rate and Pause, 231
Volume, 232
Pitch and Inflection, 233
Voice Quality, 234
Articulation and Pronunciation, 234
Elements of Physical Delivery, 235
Appearance, 235
Posture, 236
Theory into Practice: Dressing for Address, 236
Facial Expression, 237
Eye Contact, 237
Movement, 238
Gestures, 238
Ethical Decisions: Delivery versus Content, 239
Summary, 240
Exercises, 240
Chapter 14. Using Presentational Aids, 242
The Importance of Using Presentational Aids, 244
Increases Message Clarity, 244
Reinforces Message Impact, 244
Speaking with Confidence: Lauren Fishman, Suffolk County Community College, Selden, New York, 245
Increases Speaker Dynamism, 245
Enhances Speaker Confidence, 245
Types of Presentational Aids, 246
Objects, 246
Pictures, 246
Diagrams, 247
Graphs, 248
Charts, 249
Maps, 249
Film and Video, 250
Handouts, 251
Audio and Other Aids, 251
Projection of Presentational Aids, 252
Slides, 252
Transparencies, 252
Opaque Projections, 253
Computer Graphics, 253
Strategies for Using Presentational Aids, 253
Before the Speech, 253
Theory into Practice: Designing Transparencies and Slides, 254
During the Speech, 256
Ethical Decisions: Fair Use or Copyright Infringement, 257
Summary, 258
Exercises, 259
Chapter 15. Speaking to Inform, 260
Characteristics of a Speech to Inform, 262
Informative Speech Topics, 264
Speeches about People, 264
Speaking with Confidence: Patty Pak, Virginia Tech University, 265
Speeches about Objects, 265
Speeches about Places, 266
Speeches about Activities and Events, 267
Speeches about Processes, 268
Speeches about Concepts, 268
Speeches about Conditions, 269
Speeches about Issues, 270
Guidelines for Speaking to Inform, 271
Stress Your Informative Purpose, 271
Be Objective, 271
Theory into Practice: Organizing Informative Speeches, 272
Be Specific, 273
Ethical Decisions: Managing Bias in an Informative Speech, 273
Be Clear, 274
Be Accurate, 274
Limit Your Ideas and Supporting Materials, 274
Be Relevant, 274
Use Appropriate Organization, 275
Use Appropriate Forms of Support, 275
Use Effective Delivery, 275
Annotated Sample Speech: Renaissance Fairs: The New Vaudeville, 276
Summary, 278
Exercises, 278
Chapter 16. The Strategy of Persuasion, 280
The Importance of Persuasion, 282
A Definition of Persuasion, 283
Types of Influence, 283
Change, 284
Instill, 284
Intensify, 284
Types of Persuasive Speeches, 285
Speeches to Convince, 285
Speeches to Actuate, 285
Speeches to Inspire, 286
Persuasive Speaking Strategies, 286
Establish Your Credibility, 286
Speaking with Confidence: Gene Fox, San Antonio College, 287
Focus Your Goals, 289
Ethical Decisions: Dynamism: Masking or Making Credibility, 290
Connect with Your Listeners, 291
Organize Your Arguments, 293
Support Your Ideas, 294
Enhance Your Emotional Appeals, 294
Theory into Practice: Developing Emotional Appeals, 295
Summary, 296
Exercises, 297
Chapter 17. The Structure of Persuasion, 298
Making and Refuting Arguments, 300
Steps of an Argument, 300
Refuting an Argument, 301
Types of Argument, 302
Argument by Example, 302
Argument by Analogy, 303
Argument by Cause, 304
Argument by Deduction, 306
Argument by Authority, 308
Speaking with Confidence: Brian Davis, Virginia Tech University, 308
Theory into Practice: Testing Your Arguments, 309
Fallacies of Argument, 309
Hasty Generalization, 310
False Analogy, 310
Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc, 310
Slippery Slope, 311
Red Herring, 311
Appeal to Tradition, 312
False Dilemma, 312
False Authority, 313
Bandwagon, 314
Ad Hominem, 314
Selecting Propositions for Persuasive Speeches, 315
Characteristics of Propositions, 315
Types of Propositions, 316
Monroe’s Motivated Sequence, 317
Annotated Sample Speech: Sustainable Giving, 319
Summary, 322
Exercises, 323
Chapter 18. Speaking on Special Occasions, 324
The Speech of Introduction, 326
The Speech of Presentation, 327
The Acceptance Speech, 329
The Speech of Tribute, 330
The Speech to Entertain, 331
Theory into Practice: Appearing on Video, 332
The Impromptu Speech, 334
The Question––Answer Period, 334
Ethical Decisions: How (and Whether) to Polish a Bad Apple, 336
Summary, 337
Exercises, 337
Chapter 19. Speaking in and as a Group, 338
Small-Group Communication and Public Speaking, 340
Small Groups Defined, 340
Types of Groups, 341
Group Discussion and Decision Making, 342
Principles of Group Decision Making, 343
The Process of Group Decision Making, 344
The Responsibilities of Group Members, 346
The Responsibilities of Group Leaders, 348
The Group Presentation, 350
Formats for the Presentation, 350
Preparing a Group Presentation, 351
Speaking with Confidence: Cynthia Opakunle, Radford University, 352
Ethical Decisions: Leader and Member Responses When Groups Fail, 353
Theory into Practice: Developing a Presentational Style, 353
Summary, 354
Exercises, 355
Appendix: Sample Speeches, 357
Emancipation Complication: Crisis with the Foster Care System, 357
How Old Is He Anyway? Aging the Whitetail Buck, 360
Steganography: Hidden Messages, 362
A Sign of the Times, 364
The Amish: Seeking to Lose the Self, 367
Speech of Tribute to Timothy J. Russert, 369
I Have a Dream, 371
Appendix Endnotes, 373
Endnotes, 375
Glossary, 387
Name Index, 395
Subject Index, 399
Photo Credits, 413
Criteria for Critiquing a Speech, 414

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