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Copyright, iv
Preface, xii
Acknowledgments, xiv
Introduction, 1
Part I. The Structure of Sentences, 5
Chapter 1. An Introduction to Words and Phrases, 6
Chapter Preview, 6
Form Classes, 6
Nouns, 7
The Noun Phrase, 8
Verbs, 10
The Verb Phrase, 11
NP + VP = S, 11
Adjectives and Adverbs, 13
Prepositional Phrases, 16
Grammatical Choices, 18
Key Terms, 18
Chapter 2. Sentence Patterns, 19
Chapter Preview, 19
Rhetorical Effects, 19
The Be Patterns, 21
The Linking Verb Pattern, 22
The Intransitive Verb Pattern, 23
The Basic Transitive Verb Pattern, 24
Transitive Patterns with Two Complements, 25
Sentence Pattern Summary, 27
The Optional Adverbial, 28
Questions and Commands, 30
Punctuation and the Sentence Patterns, 31
Basic Patterns in Prose, 33
The Short Paragraph, 36
Key Terms, 36
Rhetorical Reminders, 37
Punctuation Reminder, 37
Chapter 3. Our Versatile Verbs, 38
Chapter Preview, 38
The Expanded Verb, 38
Using the Expanded Verbs, 40
Special Uses of the Present Tense, 42
Other Auxiliaries, 43
Do-Support, 43
Modal Auxiliaries, 43
The Passive Voice, 44
Using the Passive Voice, 44
The Obscure Agent, 48
Well-Chosen Verbs: Showing, Not Telling, 50
Key Terms, 52
Rhetorical Reminders, 52
Chapter 4. Coordination and Subordination, 53
Chapter Preview, 53
Coordination Within the Sentence, 54
Parallel Structure, 55
Coordination of the Series, 56
Climax, 57
Coordination with Correlative Conjunctions, 59
Subject-Verb Agreement, 61
Compound Sentences, 64
Conjunctive Adverbs and Transitional Phrases, 65
Compound Sentences with Semicolons, 67
Compound Sentences with Colons, 69
Punctuation Pitfalls, 70
The Compound Sentence: Punctuation Review, 73
Subordination: The Dependent Clauses, 75
Revising Compound Structures, 78
Key Terms, 81
Rhetorical Reminders, 81
Punctuation Reminders, 82
Part II. Controlling the Message, 83
Chapter 5. Cohesion, 84
Chapter Preview, 84
Reader Expectation, 85
Repetition, 88
The Known-New Contract, 90
The Role of Pronouns, 93
Personal Pronouns, 93
Demonstrative Pronouns, 95
The Role of the Passive Voice, 97
Other Sentence Inversions, 98
Parallelism, 100
Repetition Versus Redundancy, 102
Key Terms, 103
Rhetorical Reminders, 104
Chapter 6. Sentence Rhythm, 105
Chapter Preview, 105
Intonation: The Peaks and Valleys, 105
End Focus, 106
Controlling Rhythm, 109
The It-Cleft, 110
The What-Cleft, 111
The There-Transformation, 112
Rhythm and the Comma, 114
Power Words, 117
Correlative Conjunctions, 118
Adverbials of Emphasis, 119
The Common Only, 120
Key Terms, 121
Rhetorical Reminders, 121
Punctuation Reminder, 122
Chapter 7. The Writer’s Voice, 123
Chapter Preview, 123
Tone, 124
Diction, 126
Verbs and Formality, 130
Nominalized Verbs and Abstract Subjects, 131
Contractions, 133
Metaphor, 136
Metadiscourse, 138
The Overuse of Metadiscourse, 140
Point of View, 142
Key Terms, 145
Rhetorical Reminders, 146
Punctuation Reminders, 146
Part III. Making Choices: Form and Function, 147
Chapter 8. Choosing Adverbials, 149
Chapter Preview, 149
The Movable Adverbials, 149
Adverbs, 151
Prepositional Phrases, 152
The Proliferating Prepositional Phrase, 153
Noun Phrases, 155
Verb Phrases, 155
Dependent Clauses, 157
Punctuation of Adverbial Clauses, 159
The Movability of Adverbial Clauses, 160
The Because-Clause Myth, 161
The Elliptical Adverbial Clause, 163
Key Terms, 166
Rhetorical Reminders, 166
Punctuation Reminders, 166
Chapter 9. Choosing Adjectivals, 167
Chapter Preview, 167
The Noun Phrase, 167
Preheadword Modifiers, 168
Determiners, 168
Adjectives and Nouns, 170
Modifier Noun Proliferation, 171
Postheadword Modifiers, 172
Prepositional Phrases, 172
Adjective Phrases, 174
Participial Phrases, 174
The Prenoun Participle, 175
The Movable Participle, 175
The Dangling Participle, 177
Relative Clauses, 180
The Relatives, 180
The Broad-Reference Clause, 182
Punctuation of Phrases and Clauses, 185
A Punctuation Rule Revisited, 188
Key Terms, 190
Rhetorical Reminders, 190
Punctuation Reminders, 190
Chapter 10. Choosing Nominals, 191
Chapter Preview, 191
Appositives, 191
The Colon with Appositives, 194
Avoiding Punctuation Errors, 195
The Sentence Appositive, 197
Nominal Verb Phrases, 197
Gerunds, 197
The Dangling Gerund, 198
The Subject of the Gerund, 199
Infinitives, 200
Nominal Clauses, 201
Nominals as Delayed Subjects, 202
Key Terms, 204
Rhetorical Reminders, 204
Punctuation Reminders, 204
Chapter 11. Other Stylistic Variations, 205
Chapter Preview, 205
Absolute Phrases, 206
The Coordinate Series, 211
Repetition, 212
Word-Order Variation, 215
Ellipsis, 218
Antithesis, 219
The Deliberate Fragment, 221
Key Terms, 226
Rhetorical Reminders, 226
Punctuation Reminders, 226
Part IV. Your Way with Words, 227
Chapter 12. Words and Word Classes, 228
Lexical Rules, 228
Parts of Speech, 231
The Form Classes, 232
Nouns, 233
Plural-Only Forms, 234
Collective Nouns, 234
Proper Nouns, 235
Verbs, 236
Adjectives, 236
Adverbs, 237
Derivational Affixes, 238
The Structure Classes, 240
Determiners, 240
Auxiliaries, 240
Qualifiers, 241
Prepositions, 243
Particles, 244
Conjunctions, 244
Pronouns, 245
Personal Pronouns, 245
The Missing Pronoun, 246
Case Errors, 249
The Unwanted Apostrophe, 250
The Ambiguous Antecedent, 251
Reflexive Pronouns, 251
Intensive Pronouns, 252
Reciprocal Pronouns, 253
Demonstrative Pronouns, 253
Indefinite Pronouns, 254
The Everyone/Their Issue, 255
Key Terms, 256
Rhetorical Reminders, 257
Punctuation Reminders, 258
Part V. Punctuation, 259
Chapter 13. Punctuation: Its Purposes, Its Hierarchy, and Its Rhetorical Effects, 260
The Purposes of Punctuation Marks, 260
Syntax, 260
Prosody, 261
Semantics, 262
The Hierarchy of Punctuation, 263
The Rhetorical Effects of Punctuation, 266
Key Terms, 270
Glossary of Punctuation, 271
Glossary of Terms, 280
Bibliography, 292
Answers to the Exercises, 294
Index, 301
InsideFrontCover, IFC-1
InsideBackCover, IBC-1

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