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Copyright, ii
Preface, xv
Chapter 1. The Nature of Morality, 1
Objectives, 1
What is Philosophy and Ethics’ Relationship to It?, 2
Definition of Key Terms, 2
Approaches to the Study of Morality, 6
Morality and Its Applications, 7
Where Does Morality Come From?, 13
Customary or Traditional and Reflective Morality, 16
Morality, Law, and Religion, 17
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development, 23
Why Should Human Beings Be Moral?, 25
Chapter Summary, 28
Exercises for Review, 31
Discussion Questions, 32
Notes, 32
Research Navigator™, 33
Chapter 2. Consequentialist (Teleological) Theories of Morality, 34
Objectives, 34
Psychological Egoism, 35
Ethical Egoism, 36
Utilitarianism, 42
Difficulty with Consequentialist Theories in General, 46
Care Ethics, 47
Chapter Summary, 48
Exercises for Review, 50
Discussion Questions, 50
Notes, 51
Research Navigator™, 52
Chapter 3. Nonconsequentialist (Deontological) Theories of Morality, 53
Objectives, 53
Act Nonconsequentialist Theories, 54
Rule Nonconsequentialist Theories, 56
General Criticisms of Nonconsequentialist Theories, 63
Conclusions, 65
Chapter Summary, 65
Exercises for Review, 67
Discussion Questions, 68
Notes, 69
Research Navigator™, 69
Chapter 4. Virtue Ethics, 70
Objectives, 70
Definition of Terms, 71
Aristotle’s Nichomachean Ethics, 71
Confucian Moral Self-Cultivation, 73
Confucian Role Ethics, 76
Contemporary Analysis of Virtue Ethics, 77
Who Is the Ideal Virtuous Person?, 81
Vice and Virtue, 82
Conclusions, 84
Chapter Summary, 84
Exercises for Review, 86
Discussion Questions, 86
Notes, 87
Research Navigator™, 87
Chapter 5. Absolutism Versus Relativism, 88
Objectives, 88
The Meanings of Absolute, 89
The Meaning of Relative, 90
Cultural Relativism and Cultural Absolutism, 90
Propositions and Truth, 92
Conclusion, 99
Chapter Summary, 99
Exercises for Review, 101
Discussion Questions, 101
Notes, 102
Research Navigator™, 102
Chapter 6. Freedom Versus Determinism, 103
Objectives, 103
The Meaning of Determinism, 104
Types and Theories of Determinism, 104
Fatalism and Hard and Soft Determinism, 109
Indeterminism, 112
Criticisms of Hard Determinism and Arguments for Freedom, 112
Conclusion: Soft Determinism, 115
Chapter Summary, 116
Exercises for Review, 118
Discussion Questions, 118
Notes, 119
Research Navigator™, 119
Chapter 7. Reward and Punishment, 120
Objectives, 120
Definition of Key Terms, 121
Reward and Punishment in Relationship to Justice, 121
Elements of Justice, 121
Reward, 122
Theories of How to Reward, 128
John Rawls and His Theory of Justice, 129
Punishment, 132
Theories of Punishment, 133
Is a Synthesis Possible?, 142
Human Rights, 144
Chapter Summary, 148
Exercises for Review, 153
Discussion Questions, 154
Notes, 154
Research Navigator™, 155
Chapter 8. Setting Up a Moral System: Basic Assumptions and Basic Principles, 156
Objectives, 156
Conflicting General Moral Issues, 157
Basic Assumptions, 158
Basic Principles, Individual Freedom, and Their Justification, 163
Priority of the Basic Principles, 171
A General Way of Determining Priority—Two Categories, 172
How the System of Humanitarian Ethics Works, 175
Conclusion, 177
Chapter Summary, 178
Exercises for Review, 179
Discussion Questions, 180
Note, 180
Research Navigator™, 180
Chapter 9. The Taking of Human Life, 181
Objectives, 181
The Taking of Human Life, 182
Suicide, 182
Defense of the Innocent (The Self Included), 185
Cases for Study and Discussion, 186
War, 187
Terrorism, 190
Cases for Study and Discussion, 192
Capital Punishment, 193
Cases for Study and Discussion, 197
Chapter Summary, 198
Exercises for Review, 200
Views of the Major Ethical Theories on the Taking of Human Life, 201
Suicide, 201
Defense of the Innocent, 202
War and Terrorism, 203
Capital Punishment, 205
Reader Reactions, 206
Notes, 206
Research Navigator™, 206
Chapter 10. Allowing Someone to Die, Mercy Death, and Mercy Killing, 207
Objectives, 207
Definition of Terms, 208
Current Legal Status of Mercy Death and Mercy Killing, 209
Allowing Someone to Die, 211
Cases for Study and Discussion, 232
Mercy Death, 233
Cases for Study and Discussion, 242
Mercy Killing, 243
Cases for Study and Discussion, 245
Chapter Summary, 247
Exercises for Review, 250
Views of the Major Ethical Theories on Allowing Someone to Die, Mercy Death, and Mercy Killing, 251
Notes, 251
Research Navigator™, 252
Chapter 11. Abortion, 253
Objectives, 253
Introduction to the Abortion Issue, 254
When Does Human Life Begin?, 256
Arguments Against Abortion, 258
Arguments For Abortion, 262
The More Moderate Positions on Abortion, 266
Cases for Study and Discussion, 269
Chapter Summary, 271
Exercises for Review, 273
Views of the Major Ethical Theories on Abortion, 274
Notes, 274
Research Navigator™, 274
Chapter 12. Lying, Cheating, Breaking Promises, and Stealing, 275
Objectives, 275
Definition of Key Terms, 276
Nonconsequentialist and Consequentialist Views, 277
Lying, 278
Cases for Study and Discussion, 285
Cheating, 286
Cases for Study and Discussion, 289
Breaking Promises, 290
Cases for Study and Discussion, 294
Stealing, 295
Cases for Study and Discussion, 299
Chapter Summary, 300
Exercises for Review, 302
Views of the Major Ethical Theories on Lying, Cheating, Breaking Promises, and Stealing, 303
Notes, 303
Research Navigator™, 303
Chapter 13. Morality, Marriage, and Human Sexuality, 304
Objectives, 304
Major Aspects of Human Sexuality, 304
The Meaning and Purposes of Human Sexuality, 305
Premarital Sex, 309
Sex in Marriage-Type Relationships (Including Nonlegal), 313
Masturbation, 321
Pornography, 321
Prostitution, 323
Sexual Perversion or “Unnatural” Sexual Activity, 324
Cases for Study and Discussion, 325
Chapter Summary, 326
Exercises for Review, 330
Views of the Major Ethical Theories on Morality, Marriage, and Human Sexuality, 331
Notes, 331
Research Navigator™, 331
Chapter 14. Bioethics—Ethical Issues in Medicine, 332
Objectives, 332
What Is Bioethics?, 333
Health Care Professionals and Patients and Their Families—Rights and Obligations, 333
Truth Telling and Informed Consent, 337
Confidentiality, 342
Guilt and Innocence in Treating Patients, 343
Ethical Issues in Medicine, 344
Stem Cell Research, 349
Cases for Study and Discussion, 350
Chapter Summary, 353
Exercises for Review, 359
Views of the Major Ethical Theories on Bioethical Issues, 360
Notes, 360
Research Navigator™, 360
Chapter 15. Business and Media Ethics, 361
Objectives, 361
Introduction, 361
Rights and Obligations in Business, 362
Two Ways of Approaching Rights and Obligations in Business, 363
The Moderate Position, 365
Justice, Truth Telling, and Honesty in Business, 366
Ethical Issues in Business, 367
Sexual Harassment, 372
The New Global Economy and the International Business Scene, 376
Media Ethics, 377
Corporate Greed—Enron, 380
Cases for Study and Discussion, 382
Chapter Summary, 387
Exercises for Review, 391
Views of the Major Ethical Theories on Business and Media Ethics, 392
Notes, 392
Research Navigator™, 393
Chapter 16. Environmental Ethics, 394
Objectives, 394
Definition of Key Terms, 395
Nature and Morality, 395
Environmental Ethical Issues, 395
Our Attitude Toward Nature and What Lies Behind It, 398
Arguments for Use and Exploitation of the Natural Environment, 400
Arguments Against the Use and Exploitation of Nature, 401
Moderate Position, 403
Criteria for Animal Rights, 403
Ways of Dealing with Animal Rights, 405
Use of Animals for Food, 406
Use of Animals for Experimentation, 407
Killing Animals for Sport, 408
Protection of Endangered Species, 410
Non-Western Perspectives on Environmental Issues, 411
Conclusion, 415
Cases for Study and Discussion, 415
Chapter Summary, 417
Exercises for Review, 421
Views of the Major Ethical Theories on Environmental Ethics, 422
Notes, 422
Research Navigator™, 422
Appendixes, 423
Introduction, 423
Appendix 1. Applying Humanitarian Ethics to the Moral Problems of the Taking of Human Life, 424
Appendix 2. Applying Humanitarian Ethics to the Moral Problems of Allowing Someone to Die, Mercy Death, and Mercy Killing, 434
Appendix 3. Applying Humanitarian Ethics to the Moral Problems of Abortion, 443
Appendix 4. Applying Humanitarian Ethics to the Moral Problems of Lying, Cheating, Breaking Promises, and Stealing, 453
Appendix 5. Applying Humanitarian Ethics to the Moral Problems of Human Sexuality, 461
Appendix 6. Applying Humanitarian Ethics to Moral Problems in Medicine (Bioethics), 467
Appendix 7. Applying Humanitarian Ethics to Moral Problems in Business (Business and Media Ethics), 474
Appendix 8. Applying Humanitarian Ethics to Environmental Ethics, 480
Supplementary Reading, 485
Glossary, 500
Index, 515

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