Tabs for Contents, notes, highlights

Contents
Notes
Highlights

Detailed Table of Contents

Hide Contents, Notes, and Highlights

Search TermsShow Hide

« Back to eTextbook

Copyright, iv
About the Authors, xv
Preface, xvi
Acknowledgments, xxiv
Part 1. Astronomy and the Universe, xxvi
1. Charting the Heavens: The Foundations of Astronomy, 2
1.1. Our Place in Space, 4
1.2. Scientific Theory and the Scientific Method, 6
1.3. The “Obvious” View, 8
More Precisely 1-1: Angular Measure, 11
More Precisely 1-2: Celestial Coordinates, 12
1.4. Earth’s Orbital Motion, 13
Animation/Video: Summer Solstice, 15
Animation/Video: Winter Solstice, 16
Animation/Video: The Earth’s Seasons, 16
Animation/Video: The Equinoxes, 16
1.5. Astronomical Timekeeping, 17
1.6. The Motion of the Moon, 19
Tutorial Phases of the Moon, 20
Animation/Video: Solar Eclipse in Indiana, 22
1.7. The Measurement of Distance, 26
Tutorial Stellar Parallax, 28
More Precisely 1-3: Measuring Distances with Geometry, 29
Chapter Review, 30
2. The Copernican Revolution: The Birth of Modern Science, 34
2.1. Ancient Astronomy, 36
2.2. The Geocentric Universe, 38
Animation/Video: Retrograde Motion of Mars, 39
Animation/Video: Geocentric Solar System, 40
2.3. The Heliocentric Model of the Solar System, 41
Discovery 2-1: The Foundations of the Copernican Revolution, 42
2.4. The Birth of Modern Astronomy, 43
Animation/Video: Heliocentric Solar System, 43
2.5. The Laws of Planetary Motion, 46
More Precisely 2-1: Some Properties of Planetary Orbits, 49
2.6. The Dimensions of the Solar System, 50
2.7. Newton’s Laws, 51
More Precisely 2-2: The Moon Is Falling!, 55
Animation/Video: Thought-Experiment at Pisa, 55
Animation/Video: Gravity Demonstration on the Moon, 55
2.8. Newtonian Mechanics, 56
Animation/Video: Earth Captures a Temporary Moon, 56
More Precisely 2-3: Weighing the Sun, 57
Chapter Review, 59
3. Radiation: Information from the Cosmos, 62
3.1. Information from the Skies, 64
3.2. Waves in What?, 67
3.3. The Electromagnetic Spectrum, 70
Discovery 3-1: The Wave Nature of Radiation, 72
Animation/Video: Fresnel Diffraction, 72
3.4. Thermal Radiation, 73
More Precisely 3-1: The Kelvin Temperature Scale, 73
Tutorial Continuous Spectra and Blackbody Radiation, 74
Animation/Video: Solar Eclipse Viewed in X-rays, 75
Animation/Video: Shoemaker-Levy 9 Impact at 2.15 Microns, 75
More Precisely 3-2: More About the Radiation Laws, 77
Animation/Video: Multispectral View of Orion Nebula, 77
Animation/Video: Earth Aurora in X-rays, 77
3.5. The Doppler Effect, 78
Tutorial Doppler Effect, 78
More Precisely 3-3: Measuring Velocities with the Doppler Effect, 80
Chapter Review, 81
4. Spectroscopy: The Inner Workings of Atoms, 84
4.1. Spectral Lines, 86
Tutorial Emission Spectra, 87
Tutorial Absorption Spectra, 88
4.2. Atoms and Radiation, 90
More Precisely 4-1: The Hydrogen Atom, 92
Animation Classical Hydrogen Atom I/Classical Hydrogen Atom II, 93
Discovery 4-1: The Photoelectric Effect, 94
4.3. The Formation of Special Lines, 95
Animation/Video: Photon Emission, 96
4.4. Molecules, 98
4.5. Spectral-Line Analysis, 99
Chapter Review, 103
5. Telescopes: The Tools of Astronomy, 106
5.1. Optical Telescopes, 108
Tutorial The Optics of a Simple Lens, 109
Tutorial Chromatic Aberration, 111
Tutorial Reflecting Telescopes, 111
5.2. Telescope Size, 113
Discovery 5-1: The Hubble Space Telescope, 114
Animation/Video: Hubble Space Telescope in Orbit, 114
Animation/Video: Deployment of the James Webb Space Telescope, 115
Animation/Video: Gemini Control Room, 116
5.3. Images and Detectors, 118
Animation/Video: Speckle Imaging, 118
More Precisely 5-1: Diffraction and Telescope Resolution, 119
5.4. High-Resolution Astronomy, 122
Animation/Video: Adaptive Optics, 124
5.5. Radio Astronomy, 125
5.6. Interferometry, 129
5.7. Space-Based Astronomy, 131
Animation/Video: Chandra Light and Data Paths, 136
5.8. Full-Spectrum Coverage, 137
Chapter Review, 139
Part 2. Our Planetary System, 142
6. The Solar System: An Introduction to Comparative Planetology, 144
6.1. An Inventory of the Solar System, 146
6.2. Measuring the Planets, 148
6.3. The Overall Layout of the Solar System, 149
Animation/Video: An Astronomical Ruler, 149
More Precisely 6-1: Computing Planetary Properties, 150
6.4. Terrestrial and Jovian Planets, 151
Animation/Video: Size and Scale of the Terrestrial Planets I & II, The Gas Giants, 152
Tutorial Comparative Planetology: Mars, 152
6.5. Interplanetary Matter, 153
6.6. Spacecraft Exploration of the Solar System, 155
Discovery 6-1: Gravitational “Slingshots”, 160
6.7. How Did the Solar System Form?, 161
More Precisely 6-2: Angular Momentum, 163
Animation/Video: Solar System Formation, 164
Animation/Video: Beta Pictoris Warp, 165
Chapter Review, 165
7. Earth: Our Home in Space, 168
7.1. Overall Structure of Planet Earth, 170
7.2. Earth’s Atmosphere, 170
Animation/Video: Earth as Seen by Galileo, NEAR Earth Swingby, 172
Tutorial Atmospheric Lifetimes, 172
Animation/Video: Ozone Hole Over the Antarctic, 173
More Precisely 7-1: Why Is the Sky Blue?, 174
Tutorial The Greenhouse Effect, 175
Discovery 7-1: The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming, 176
7.3. Earth’s Interior, 177
Discovery 7-2: Earth’s “Rapidly” Spinning Core, 179
7.4. Surface Activity, 181
More Precisely 7-2: Radioactive Dating, 184
7.5. Earth’s Magnetosphere, 190
7.6. The Tides, 192
Animation/Video: Northern and Southern Lights, 192
Chapter Review, 195
8. The Moon and Mercury: Scorched and Battered Worlds, 198
8.1. Orbital Properties, 200
Animation/Video: Transit of Mercury, 201
8.2. Physical Properties, 202
8.3. Surface Features on the Moon and Mercury, 203
Animation/Video: Full Rotation of Moon, 204
Animation/Video: Lunar Flyby, 204
8.4. Rotation Rates, 205
Discovery 8-1: Lunar Exploration, 208
Animation/Video: Ranger Spacecraft Descent to Moon, 208
Animation/Video: First Step on the Moon, 209
More Precisely 8-1: Why Air Sticks Around, 210
8.5. Lunar Cratering and Surface Composition, 212
8.6. The Surface of Mercury, 217
Discovery 8-2: The Moon on a Shoestring, 218
8.7. Interiors, 220
8.8. The Origin of the Moon, 222
Animation/Video: Protoplanetary Collision, 223
8.9. Evolutionary History of the Moon and Mercury, 224
Chapter Review, 225
9. Venus: Earth’s Sister Planet, 228
9.1. Orbital Properties, 230
9.2. Physical Properties, 231
Tutorial Superspaceship—Voyage to Venus, 231
Animation/Video: The Rotation of Venus, 232
Animation/Video: Transit of Venus, 232
More Precisely 9-1: Synodic Periods and Solar Days, 233
9.3. Long-Distance Observations of Venus, 234
Animation/Video: Topography of Venus, 234
Animation/Video: Flight Over Alpha Regio, 234
9.4. The Surface of Venus, 235
Animation/Video: Flight Over Sif Mons Volcano, 237
9.5. The Atmosphere of Venus, 242
9.6. Venus’s Magnetic Field and Internal Structure, 246
Chapter Review, 247
10. Mars: A Near Miss for Life?, 250
10.1. Orbital Properties, 252
10.2. Physical Properties, 253
10.3. Long-Distance Observations of Mars, 254
Animation/Video: Hubble View of Mars, 254
Animation/Video: Flight Over Tharsis, 255
10.4. The Martian Surface, 255
Animation/Video: Flight Over Mariner Valley, 258
10.5. Water on Mars, 259
Animation/Video: Hubble View of Mars Polar Cap, 263
Animation/Video: Mars Rover Landing, 266
Animation/Video: Flight Over Columbia Hills, 267
Animation/Video: Flight Over Opportunity at Gustav Crater, 267
Discovery 10-1: Life on Mars?, 268
Animation/Video: Meteorites Ejected from Mars, 269
Animation/Video: Microscopic Martian Fossils?, 269
10.6. Martian Atmosphere, 270
10.7. Martian Internal Structure, 273
10.8. The Moons of Mars, 273
Animation/Video: Martian Moons: Phobos & Deimos, 274
Chapter Review, 274
11. Jupiter: Giant of the Solar System, 278
11.1. Orbital and Physical Properties, 280
Tutorial Jupiter—Differential Rotation, 281
Animation/Video: Jupiter’s Rotation, 282
11.2. The Atmosphere of Jupiter, 283
Animation/Video: Jupiter’s Atmosphere Dynamics, 286
Animation/Video: Galileo Mission to Jupiter, 286
Discovery 11-1: A Cometary Impact, 287
Animation/Video: Comet Impact with Jupiter, 287
Animation/Video: Jupiter’s Rotating Red Spot, 288
11.3. Internal Structure, 289
Animation/Video: The Gas Giants II, 289
Discovery 11-2: Almost a Star?, 291
11.4. Jupiter’s Magnetosphere, 291
11.5. The Moons of Jupiter, 293
Animation/Video: Galilean Moons Transit Jupiter, 295
Animation/Video: Io Cutaway, 297
Discovery 11-3: Jupiter’s Many Moons, 299
Animation/Video: Galileo’s View of Europa, 300
Animation/Video: Galileo’s View of Ganymede, 301
Animation/Video: Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter Mission, 302
11.6. Jupiter’s Ring, 303
Chapter Review, 303
12. Saturn: Spectacular Rings and Mysterious Moons, 306
12.1. Orbital and Physical Properties, 308
12.2. Saturn’s Atmosphere, 308
Animation/Video: Saturn Eclipse, 309
Animation/Video: Saturn Cloud Rotation, 311
12.3. Saturn’s Interior and Magnetosphere, 314
12.4. Saturn’s Spectacular Ring System, 315
Animation/Video: Saturn Ring Plane Crossing, 316
Animation/Video: Voyager Ring Spokes, 320
12.5. The Moons of Saturn, 322
Animation/Video: Saturn Satellite Transit, 323
Discovery 12-1: Dancing Among Saturn’s Moons, 325
Animation/Video: Huygens Landing on Titan, 327
Chapter Review, 333
13. Uranus and Neptune: The Outer Worlds of the Solar System, 336
13.1. The Discoveries of Uranus and Neptune, 338
Animation/Video: Rotation of Neptune, 339
13.2. Orbital and Physical Properties, 340
13.3. The Atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune, 341
Animation/Video: Rotation of Uranus, 343
13.4. Magnetospheres and Internal Structure, 344
Animation/Video: Neptune’s Dark Spot, 344
13.5. The Moon Systems of Uranus and Neptune, 346
Animation/Video: Geysers on Triton, 350
13.6. The Rings of the Outermost Jovian Planets, 352
Chapter Review, 355
14. Solar System Debris: Keys to Our Origin, 358
14.1. Asteroids, 360
Animation/Video: Orbiting Eros, NEAR Descent, NEAR Landing, 363
Discovery 14-1: What Killed the Dinosaurs?, 366
14.2. Comets, 367
Animation/Video: Sun Grazing Comets, 367
Animation/Video: Comet Hale–Bopp Nucleus Animation, 368
Animation/Video: Anatomy of a Comet Part I, 369
Animation/Video: Anatomy of a Comet Part II, 372
Animation/Video: Deep Impact Simulation, Deep Impact Probe Hits Tempel 1, 374
14.3. Beyond Neptune, 375
Animation/Video: Historical Observations of Pluto, Orbits of Neptune and Pluto, 376
Animation/Video: Hubble’s View of Pluto, 377
14.4. Meteroids, 380
Animation/Video: Delta Capricornid Meteor Near Orion, Daytime Passage of Meteor Fireball, 381
Animation/Video: Asteroid/Comet Breakup, 381
Chapter Review, 385
15. The Formation of Planetary Systems: The Solar System and Beyond, 388
15.1. Modeling Planet Formation, 390
15.2. Formation of the Solar System, 391
Animation/Video: The Formation of the Solar System, Evolution of Protoplanetary Disk, Protoplanetary Disks in the Orion Nebula, Protoplanetary Disk Destruction, 391
15.3. Terrestrial and Jovian Planets, 394
15.4. Interplanetary Debris, 397
15.5. Solar System Regularities and Irregularities, 399
Discovery 15-1: The Angular Momentum Problem, 400
15.6. Planets beyond the Solar System, 401
15.7. Is Our Solar System Unusual?, 406
Animation/Video: Hot Jupiter Extrasolar Planet Evaporating, 407
Animation/Video: Survey for Transiting Extrasolar Planets, 407
Chapter Review, 408
Part 3. Stars and Stellar Evolution, 412
16. The Sun: Our Parent Star, 414
16.1. Physical Properties of the Sun, 416
Tutorial SuperSpaceship—Voyage to the Sun, 416
16.2. The Solar Interior, 418
Discovery 16-1: SOHO: Eavesdropping on the Sun, 420
Animation/Video: Solar Granulation, 422
16.3. The Sun’s Atmosphere, 423
Animation/Video: Solar Chromosphere, 425
16.4. Solar Magnetism, 427
Animation/Video: Sunspot, 428
16.5. The Active Sun, 432
Animation/Video: Solar Flare, 433
Discovery 16-2: Solar–Terrestrial Relations, 434
Animation/Video: Coronal Mass Ejection, 435
16.6. The Heart of the Sun, 438
More Precisely 16-1: Fundamental Forces, 440
Animation/Video: Tritium-Helium Fusion, 441
More Precisely 16-2: Energy Generation in the Proton–Proton Chain, 442
16.7. Observations of Solar Neutrinos, 442
Chapter Review, 445
17. The Stars: Giants, Dwarfs, and the Main Sequence, 448
17.1. The Solar Neighborhood, 450
Discovery 17-1: Naming the Stars, 452
17.2. Luminosity and Apparent Brightness, 454
Animation/Video: The Inverse-Square Law, 454
17.3. Stellar Temperatures, 456
More Precisely 17-1: More on the Magnitude Scale, 458
17.4. Stellar Sizes, 461
More Precisely 17-2: Estimating Stellar Radii, 463
17.5. The Hertzsprung–Russell Diagram, 464
Tutorial Hertzsprung–Russell Diagram, 465
Animation/Video: White Dwarfs in Globular Cluster, 466
17.6. Extending the Cosmic Distance Scale, 466
17.7. Stellar Masses, 469
Tutorial Binary Stars—Radial Velocity Curves, 470
Tutorial Eclipsing Binary Stars—Light Curves, 471
More Precisely 17-3: Measuring Stellar Masses in Binary Stars, 472
17.8. Mass and Other Stellar Properties, 472
Chapter Review, 475
18. The Interstellar Medium: Gas and Dust among the Stars, 478
18.1. Interstellar Matter, 480
Animation/Video: Infrared View of Nebulae, 481
18.2. Emission Nebulae, 483
Animation/Video: Gaseous Pillars of Star Birth, The Eagle Nebula, 487
Animation/Video: Orion Nebula Mosaic, 489
18.3. Dark Dust Clouds, 490
Animation/Video: Pillars Behind the Dust, The Tarantula Nebula, 490
Discovery 18-1: Ultraviolet Astronomy and the “Local Bubble”, 491
Animation/Video: Horsehead Nebula, 493
18.4. 21-Centimeter Radiation, 494
18.5. Interstellar Molecules, 495
Chapter Review, 497
19. Star Formation: A Traumatic Birth, 500
19.1. Star-Forming Regions, 502
More Precisely 19-1: Competition in Star Formation, 503
19.2. The Formation of Stars Like the Sun, 504
Animation/Video: Stellar Birth, 507
Tutorial Evolution of a 1-Solar-Mass Star, 508
19.3. Stars of Other Masses, 509
19.4. Observations of Cloud Fragments and Protostars, 510
Discovery 19-1: Observations of Brown Dwarfs, 511
Animation/Video: Binary Brown Dwarfs, 511
Animation/Video: Visit to Orion Nebula, 513
Animation/Video: Protostars, 514
Animation/Video: Herbig–Haro Objects, 515
Animation/Video: Bi-Polar Outflow, 515
19.5. Shock Waves and Star Formation, 516
Animation/Video: Triggered Star Formation, 517
19.6. Star Clusters, 518
Discovery 19-2: Eta Carinae, 522
Animation/Video: Carina Nebula, 522
Chapter Review, 523
20. Stellar Evolution: The Life and Death of a Star, 526
20.1. Leaving the Main Sequence, 528
20.2. Evolution of a Sun-like Star, 530
Animation/Video: H–R Diagram Tracks Stellar Evolution, 532
More Precisely 20-1: The CNO Cycle, 532
Animation/Video: Red Giant Evolution, 533
20.3. The Death of a Low-Mass Star, 536
Animation/Video: Death of the Sun Part I, 536
Animation/Video: Death of the Sun Part II, 537
Animation/Video: Helix Nebula Animation, 538
Animation/Video: Helix Nebula, Helix Nebula White Dwarf, White Dwarf Cooling Sequence, Bi-Polar Planetary Nebula, 539
Discovery 20-1: Learning Astronomy from History, 542
20.4. Evolution of Stars More Massive than the Sun, 542
Discovery 20-2: Mass Loss from Giant Stars, 544
Animation/Video: Light Echo, 544
20.5. Observing Stellar Evolution in Star Clusters, 545
20.6. Stellar Evolution in Binary Systems, 548
Chapter Review, 551
21. Stellar Explosions: Novae, Supernovae, and the Formation of the Elements, 554
21.1. Life after Death for White Dwarfs, 556
Animation/Video: Recurrent Nova, 557
21.2. The End of a High-Mass Star, 558
21.3. Supernovae, 560
Discovery 21-1: Supernova 1987A, 562
Animation/Video: Shockwaves Hit the Ring of Supernova 1987A , Composition and Structure of the Ring Around Supernova 1987A, 563
Animation/Video: Structure of Supernova, Supernova Explosion, 564
Animation/Video: Supernova Remnant in Cassiopeia, 565
Discovery 21-2: The Crab Nebula in Motion, 566
21.4. The Formation of the Elements, 566
21.5. The Cycle of Stellar Evolution, 572
Chapter Review, 574
22. Neutron Stars and Black Holes: Strange States of Matter, 578
22.1. Neutron Stars, 580
22.2. Pulsars, 581
Animation/Video: Pulsar in Crab Nebula, 583
22.3. Neutron-Star Binaries, 585
Animation/Video: X-ray Binary Star, 586
22.4. Gamma-Ray Bursts, 588
Animation/Video: Colliding Binary Neutron Stars, 591
22.5. Black Holes, 592
Tutorial Escape Speed and Black Hole Event Horizons, 594
22.6. Einstein’s Theories of Relativity, 594
More Precisely 22-1: Special Relativity, 596
22.7. Space Travel Near Black Holes, 599
Animation/Video: Energy Released from a Black Hole?, 601
22.8. Observational Evidence for Black Holes, 602
Animation/Video: Black Hole and Companion Star, Black Hole Devours Neutron Star, 603
Animation/Video: Black Hole Geometry, 604
Animation/Video: Supermassive Black Hole, Black Hole in the Center of M31, 605
More Precisely 22-2: Tests of General Relativity, 606
Discovery 22-1: Gravity Waves: A New Window on the Universe, 608
Chapter Review, 610
Part 4. Galaxies and Cosmology, 614
23. The Milky Way Galaxy: A Spiral in Space, 616
23.1. Our Parent Galaxy, 618
23.2. Measuring the Milky Way, 620
Animation/Video: Cepheid Variable Star in Distant Galaxy, 622
Discovery 23-1: Early “Computers”, 624
23.3. Galactic Structure, 626
23.4. The Formation of the Milky Way, 630
23.5. Galactic Spiral Arms, 631
Discovery 23-2: Density Waves, 635
23.6. The Mass of the Milky Way Galaxy, 636
Animation/Video: Rotating Globular Cluster, 638
Tutorial Gravitational Lensing, 639
23.7. The Galactic Center, 640
Animation/Video: X-ray View of Galactic Core, 641
Animation/Video: Black Hole in the Center of the Milky Way?, 643
Chapter Review, 644
24. Galaxies: Building Blocks of the Universe, 648
24.1. Hubble’s Galaxy Classification, 650
24.2. The Distribution of Galaxies in Space, 657
Animation/Video: The Evolution of Galaxies, 660
24.3. Hubble’s Law, 661
24.4. Active Galactic Nuclei, 664
Animation/Video: Active Galaxy, 665
More Precisely 24-1: Relativistic Redshifts and Look-Back Time, 666
Animation/Video: Eruption of a Supermassive Black Hole, M87 Jet, 670
Animation/Video: Birth of a Quasar, 671
24.5. The Central Engine of an Active Galaxy, 672
Chapter Review, 677
25. Galaxies and Dark Matter: The Large-Scale Structure of the Cosmos, 680
25.1. Dark Matter in the Universe, 682
Animation/Video: Dark Matter, 684
25.2. Galaxy Collisions, 685
Animation/Video: Galaxy Collision I, 686
Animation/Video: Galaxy Collision II, 687
25.3. Galaxy Formation and Evolution, 687
Animation/Video: Hubble Deep Field Zoom I, Hubble Deep Field Zoom II, 689
Animation/Video: Starburst Galaxy, 690
Animation/Video: Galaxy Merger, 692
25.4. Black Holes in Galaxies, 693
25.5. The Universe on Large Scales, 696
Animation/Video: Cluster Merger, 698
Discovery 25-1: The Sloan Digital Sky Survey, 700
Animation/Video: How a Gravitational Lens Works, 702
Animation/Video: Simulation of Gravitational Lens in Space, 703
Animation/Video: The Cosmic Web of Dark Matter, 704
Animation/Video: Dark Matter Collision, Bullet Cluster Collision, 704
Chapter Review, 705
26. Cosmology: The Big Bang and the Fate of the Universe, 708
26.1. The Universe on the Largest Scales, 710
Animation/Video: Cosmic Structure, 710
Discovery 26-1: A Stunning View of Deep Space, 712
26.2. The Expanding Universe, 713
Animation/Video: The Big Bang, 714
26.3. The Fate of the Cosmos, 717
26.4. The Geometry of Space, 719
More Precisely 26-1: Curved Space, 720
Animation/Video: Gravitational Curvature of Space, 721
26.5. Will the Universe Expand Forever?, 721
Discovery 26-2: Einstein and the Cosmological Constant, 724
26.6. Dark Energy and Cosmology, 725
26.7. The Cosmic Microwave Background, 727
Chapter Review, 729
27. The Early Universe: Toward the Beginning of Time, 732
27.1. Back to the Big Bang, 734
27.2. The Evolution of the Universe, 737
More Precisely 27-1: More on Fundamental Forces, 740
Animation/Video: The First Stars Reionize the Universe, 742
27.3. The Formation of Nuclei and Atoms, 742
27.4. The Inflationary Universe, 746
27.5. The Formation of Structure in the Universe, 750
Animation/Video: Cosmic Evolution, Cosmic Structure, 751
27.6. Cosmic Structure and the Microwave Background, 753
Animation/Video: Ripples in the Early Universe, 753
Animation/Video: COBE and WMAP View of Cosmic Microwave Background, 754
Chapter Review, 755
28. Life in the Universe: Are We Alone?, 758
28.1. Cosmic Evolution, 760
Discovery 28-1: The Virus, 761
Animation/Video: Icy Organics in Planet-Forming Disc, 763
28.2. Life in the Solar System, 766
Animation/Video: Earth’s Biosphere in Action: Plankton Bloom, 766
28.3. Intelligent Life in the Galaxy, 768
Animation/Video: Asteroid Impacting the Earth, 771
28.4. The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, 772
Chapter Review, 775
Appendices, A-1
Appendix 1. Scientific Notation, A-1
Appendix 2. Astronomical Measurement, A-2
Appendix 3. Tables, A-3
Glossary, G-1
Answers to Concept Check Questions, AK-1
Answers to Self-Test Questions, AK-6
Index, I-1
Star Charts, S-1
The Entire Electromagnetic Spectrum, EP-1
The Distance Scale, EP-2
Some Useful Constants and Physical Measurements, EP-3
Main-Sequence Stellar Properties by Spectral Class, EP-3

Search Results

« Back to eTextbook


PAGE	Description

29	...