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Copyright, iv
About the Author, vi
Preface to the Instructor, vii
Preface to the Student, xv
Introduction: Journey into Physics, xxix
Part I. Newton’s Laws, 1-a
Overview: Why Things Change, 1
Chapter 1. Concepts of Motion, 2
1.1. Motion Diagrams, 2
1.2. The Particle Model, 5
1.3. Position and Time, 6
1.4. Velocity, 11
1.5. Linear Acceleration, 13
1.6. Motion in One Dimension, 17
1.7. Solving Problems in Physics, 20
1.8. Units and Significant Figures, 24
Summary, 29
Questions and Problems, 30
Chapter 2. Kinematics in One Dimension, 34
2.1. Uniform Motion, 34
2.2. Instantaneous Velocity, 38
2.3. Finding Position from Velocity, 44
2.4. Motion with Constant Acceleration, 48
2.5. Free Fall, 54
2.6. Motion on an Inclined Plane, 57
2.7. Instantaneous Acceleration, 61
Summary, 63
Questions and Problems, 64
Chapter 3. Vectors and Coordinate Systems, 72
3.1. Vectors, 72
3.2. Properties of Vectors, 73
3.3. Coordinate Systems and Vector Components, 78
3.4. Vector Algebra, 82
Summary, 86
Questions and Problems, 87
Chapter 4. Kinematics in Two Dimensions, 90
4.1. Acceleration, 90
4.2. Kinematics in Two Dimensions, 93
4.3. Projectile Motion, 97
4.4. Relative Motion, 102
4.5. Uniform Circular Motion, 107
4.6. Velocity and Acceleration in Uniform Circular Motion, 111
4.7. Nonuniform Circular Motion and Angular Acceleration, 113
Summary, 117
Questions and Problems, 118
Chapter 5. Force and Motion, 126
5.1. Force, 127
5.2. A Short Catalog of Forces, 129
5.3. Identifying Forces, 133
5.4. What Do Forces Do? A Virtual Experiment, 135
5.5. Newton’s Second Law, 137
5.6. Newton’s First Law, 139
5.7. Free-Body Diagrams, 142
Summary, 146
Questions and Problems, 147
Chapter 6. Dynamics I: Motion Along a Line, 151
6.1. Equilibrium, 152
6.2. Using Newton’s Second Law, 154
6.3. Mass, Weight, and Gravity, 158
6.4. Friction, 162
6.5. Drag, 167
6.6. More Examples of Newton’s Second Law, 171
Summary, 175
Questions and Problems, 176
Chapter 7. Newton’s Third Law, 183
7.1. Interacting Objects, 183
7.2. Analyzing Interacting Objects, 185
7.3. Newton’s Third Law, 189
7.4. Ropes and Pulleys, 194
7.5. Examples of Interacting-Object Problems, 198
Summary, 203
Questions and Problems, 204
Chapter 8. Dynamics II: Motion in a Plane, 210
8.1. Dynamics in Two Dimensions, 210
8.2. Velocity and Acceleration in Uniform Circular Motion, 212
8.3. Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion, 214
8.4. Circular Orbits, 219
8.5. Fictitious Forces, 221
8.6. Why Does the Water Stay in the Bucket?, 223
8.7. Nonuniform Circular Motion, 226
Summary, 229
Questions and Problems, 230
Part Summary: Newton’s Laws, 236
Part II. Conservation Laws, 238
Overview: Why Some Things Don’t Change, 239
Chapter 9. Impulse and Momentum, 240
9.1. Momentum and Impulse, 240
9.2. Solving Impulse and Momentum Problems, 244
9.3. Conservation of Momentum, 247
9.4. Inelastic Collisions, 253
9.5. Explosions, 255
9.6. Momentum in Two Dimensions, 258
Summary, 260
Questions and Problems, 261
Chapter 10. Energy, 267
10.1. A “Natural Money” Called Energy, 267
10.2. Kinetic Energy and Gravitational Potential Energy, 269
10.3. A Closer Look at Gravitational Potential Energy, 274
10.4. Restoring Forces and Hooke’s Law, 278
10.5. Elastic Potential Energy, 280
10.6. Elastic Collisions, 284
10.7. Energy Diagrams, 288
Summary, 294
Questions and Problems, 295
Chapter 11. Work, 302
11.1. The Basic Energy Model, 302
11.2. Work and Kinetic Energy, 304
11.3. Calculating and Using Work, 307
11.4. The Work Done by a Variable Force, 312
11.5. Force, Work, and Potential Energy, 313
11.6. Finding Force from Potential Energy, 317
11.7. Thermal Energy, 318
11.8. Conservation of Energy, 320
11.9. Power, 325
Summary, 328
Questions and Problems, 329
Part Summary: Conservation Laws, 336
Part III. Applications of Newtonian Mechanics, 338
Overview: Power Over Our Environment, 339
Chapter 12. Rotation of a Rigid Body, 340
12.1. Rotational Motion, 341
12.2. Rotation About the Center of Mass, 343
12.3. Rotational Energy, 345
12.4. Calculating Moment of Inertia, 348
12.5. Torque, 351
12.6. Rotational Dynamics, 355
12.7. Rotation About a Fixed Axis, 357
12.8. Static Equilibrium, 360
12.9. Rolling Motion, 364
12.10. The Vector Description of Rotational Motion, 367
12.11. Angular Momentum of a Rigid Body, 372
Summary, 376
Questions and Problems, 377
Chapter 13. Newton’s Theory of Gravity, 385
13.1. A Little History, 385
13.2. Isaac Newton, 387
13.3. Newton’s Law of Gravity, 389
13.4. Little g and Big G, 391
13.5. Gravitational Potential Energy, 394
13.6. Satellite Orbits and Energies, 398
Summary, 403
Questions and Problems, 404
Chapter 14. Oscillations, 410
14.1. Simple Harmonic Motion, 411
14.2. Simple Harmonic Motion and Circular Motion, 414
14.3. Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion, 418
14.4. The Dynamics of Simple Harmonic Motion, 420
14.5. Vertical Oscillations, 423
14.6. The Pendulum, 425
14.7. Damped Oscillations, 428
14.8. Driven Oscillations and Resonance, 431
Summary, 434
Questions and Problems, 435
Chapter 15. Fluids and Elasticity, 442
15.1. Fluids, 442
15.2. Pressure, 444
15.3. Measuring and Using Pressure, 451
15.4. Buoyancy, 455
15.5. Fluid Dynamics, 459
15.6. Elasticity, 466
Summary, 469
Questions and Problems, 470
Part Summary: Applications of Newtonian Mechanics, 476
Part IV. Thermodynamics, 478
Overview: It’s All About Energy, 479
Chapter 16. A Macroscopic Description of Matter, 480
16.1. Solids, Liquids, and Gases, 481
16.2. Atoms and Moles, 482
16.3. Temperature, 485
16.4. Phase Changes, 487
16.5. Ideal Gases, 489
16.6. Ideal-Gas Processes, 494
Summary, 499
Questions and Problems, 500
Chapter 17. Work, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics, 506
17.1. It’s All About Energy, 507
17.2. Work in Ideal-Gas Processes, 509
17.3. Heat, 513
17.4. The First Law of Thermodynamics, 516
17.5. Thermal Properties of Matter, 518
17.6. Calorimetry, 522
17.7. The Specific Heats of Gases, 524
17.8. Heat-Transfer Mechanisms, 529
Summary, 534
Questions and Problems, 535
Chapter 18. The Micro/Macro Connection, 541
18.1. Molecular Speeds and Collisions, 541
18.2. Pressure in a Gas, 544
18.3. Temperature, 547
18.4. Thermal Energy and Specific Heat, 549
18.5. Thermal Interactions and Heat, 554
18.6. Irreversible Processes and the Second Law of Thermodynamics, 556
Summary, 561
Questions and Problems, 562
Chapter 19. Heat Engines and Refrigerators, 566
19.1. Turning Heat into Work, 567
19.2. Heat Engines and Refrigerators, 569
19.3. Ideal-Gas Heat Engines, 575
19.4. Ideal-Gas Refrigerators, 579
19.5. The Limits of Efficiency, 582
19.6. The Carnot Cycle, 585
Summary, 589
Questions and Problems, 590
Part Summary: Thermodynamics, 598
Part V. Waves and Optics, 600
Overview: Beyond the Particle Model, 601
Chapter 20. Traveling Waves, 602
20.1. The Wave Model, 602
20.2. One-Dimensional Waves, 605
20.3. Sinusoidal Waves, 608
20.4. Waves in Two and Three Dimensions, 614
20.5. Sound and Light, 616
20.6. Power, Intensity, and Decibels, 620
20.7. The Doppler Effect, 623
Summary, 627
Questions and Problems, 628
Chapter 21. Superposition, 634
21.1. The Principle of Superposition, 634
21.2. Standing Waves, 636
21.3. Transverse Standing Waves, 638
21.4. Standing Sound Waves and Musical Acoustics, 642
21.5. Interference in One Dimension, 647
21.6. The Mathematics of Interference, 650
21.7. Interference in Two and Three Dimensions, 653
21.8. Beats, 658
Summary, 661
Questions and Problems, 662
Chapter 22. Wave Optics, 670
22.1. Light and Optics, 670
22.2. The Interference of Light, 672
22.3. The Diffraction Grating, 678
22.4. Single-Slit Diffraction, 681
22.5. Circular-Aperture Diffraction, 684
22.6. Interferometers, 687
Summary, 692
Questions and Problems, 693
Chapter 23. Ray Optics, 700
23.1. The Ray Model of Light, 700
23.2. Reflection, 703
23.3. Refraction, 706
23.4. Image Formation by Refraction, 711
23.5. Color and Dispersion, 713
23.6. Thin Lenses: Ray Tracing, 716
23.7. Thin Lenses: Refraction Theory, 722
23.8. Image Formation with Spherical Mirrors, 728
Summary, 732
Questions and Problems, 733
Chapter 24. Optical Instruments, 739
24.1. Lenses in Combination, 739
24.2. The Camera, 742
24.3. Vision, 745
24.4. Optical Systems that Magnify, 749
24.5. The Resolution of Optical Instruments, 753
Summary, 757
Questions and Problems, 758
Chapter 25. Modern Optics and Matter Waves, 763
25.1. Spectroscopy: Unlocking the Structure of Atoms, 764
25.2. X-Ray Diffraction, 766
25.3. Photons, 769
25.4. Matter Waves, 772
25.5. Energy is Quantized, 776
Summary, 779
Questions and Problems, 780
Part Summary: Waves and Optics, 784
Part VI. Electricity and Magnetism, 786
Overview: Charges, Currents, and Fields, 787
Chapter 26. Electric Charges and Forces, 788
26.1. Developing a Charge Model, 788
26.2. Charge, 793
26.3. Insulators and Conductors, 795
26.4. Coulomb’s Law, 800
26.5. The Field Model, 805
Summary, 811
Questions and Problems, 812
Chapter 27. The Electric Field, 818
27.1. Electric Field Models, 818
27.2. The Electric Field of Multiple Point Charges, 820
27.3. The Electric Field of a Continuous Charge Distribution, 825
27.4. The Electric Fields of Rings, Disks, Planes, and Spheres, 829
27.5. The Parallel-Plate Capacitor, 833
27.6. Motion of a Charged Particle in an Electric Field, 835
27.7. Motion of a Dipole in an Electric Field, 838
Summary, 842
Questions and Problems, 843
Chapter 28. Gauss’s Law, 850
28.1. Symmetry, 850
28.2. The Concept of Flux, 854
28.3. Calculating Electric Flux, 856
28.4. Gauss’s Law, 861
28.5. Using Gauss’s Law, 865
28.6. Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium, 870
Summary, 873
Questions and Problems, 874
Chapter 29. The Electric Potential, 881
29.1. Electric Potential Energy, 881
29.2. The Potential Energy of Point Charges, 885
29.3. The Potential Energy of a Dipole, 889
29.4. The Electric Potential, 890
29.5. The Electric Potential Inside a Parallel-Plate Capacitor, 893
29.6. The Electric Potential of a Point Charge, 897
29.7. The Electric Potential of Many Charges, 899
Summary, 903
Questions and Problems, 904
Chapter 30. Potential and Field, 911
30.1. Connecting Potential and Field, 911
30.2. Sources of Electric Potential, 914
30.3. Finding the Electric Field from the Potential, 916
30.4. A Conductor in Electrostatic Equilibrium, 921
30.5. Capacitance and Capacitors, 922
30.6. The Energy Stored in a Capacitor, 927
30.7. Dielectrics, 929
Summary, 933
Questions and Problems, 934
Chapter 31. Current and Resistance, 941
31.1. The Electron Current, 941
31.2. Creating a Current, 945
31.3. Current and Current Density, 950
31.4. Conductivity and Resistivity, 954
31.5. Resistance and Ohm’s Law, 956
Summary, 961
Questions and Problems, 962
Chapter 32. Fundamentals of Circuits, 967
32.1. Circuit Elements and Diagrams, 967
32.2. Kirchhoff’s Laws and the Basic Circuit, 968
32.3. Energy and Power, 972
32.4. Series Resistors, 975
32.5. Real Batteries, 978
32.6. Parallel Resistors, 980
32.7. Resistor Circuits, 983
32.8. Getting Grounded, 985
32.9. RC Circuits, 987
Summary, 990
Questions and Problems, 991
Chapter 33. The Magnetic Field, 998
33.1. Magnetism, 998
33.2. The Discovery of the Magnetic Field, 1000
33.3. The Source of the Magnetic Field: Moving Charges, 1003
33.4. The Magnetic Field of a Current, 1005
33.5. Magnetic Dipoles, 1009
33.6. Ampère’s Law and Solenoids, 1012
33.7. The Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge, 1018
33.8. Magnetic Forces on Current-Carrying Wires, 1024
33.9. Forces and Torques on Current Loops, 1026
33.10. Magnetic Properties of Matter, 1028
Summary, 1032
Questions and Problems, 1033
Chapter 34. Electromagnetic Induction, 1041
34.1. Induced Currents, 1041
34.2. Motional emf, 1043
34.3. Magnetic Flux, 1048
34.4. Lenz’s Law, 1051
34.5. Faraday’s Law, 1055
34.6. Induced Fields, 1059
34.7. Induced Currents: Three Applications, 1062
34.8. Inductors, 1064
34.9. LC Circuits, 1069
34.10. LR Circuits, 1072
Summary, 1074
Questions and Problems, 1075
Chapter 35. Electromagnetic Fields and Waves, 1084
35.1. E or B? It Depends on Your Perspective, 1084
35.2. The Field Laws Thus Far, 1091
35.3. The Displacement Current, 1092
35.4. Maxwell’s Equations, 1095
35.5. Electromagnetic Waves, 1097
35.6. Properties of Electromagnetic Waves, 1102
35.7. Polarization, 1105
Summary, 1108
Questions and Problems, 1109
Chapter 36. AC Circuits, 1114
36.1. AC Sources and Phasors, 1114
36.2. Capacitor Circuits, 1117
36.3. RC Filter Circuits, 1119
36.4. Inductor Circuits, 1122
36.5. The Series RLC Circuit, 1124
36.6. Power in AC Circuits, 1127
Summary, 1131
Questions and Problems, 1132
Part Summary: Electricity and Magnetism, 1138
Part VII. Relativity and Quantum Physics, 1140
Overview: Contemporary Physics, 1141
Chapter 37. Relativity, 1142
37.1. Relativity: What’s It All About?, 1142
37.2. Galilean Relativity, 1143
37.3. Einstein’s Principle of Relativity, 1148
37.4. Events and Measurements, 1151
37.5. The Relativity of Simultaneity, 1154
37.6. Time Dilation, 1156
37.7. Length Contraction, 1161
37.8. The Lorentz Transformations, 1164
37.9. Relativistic Momentum, 1169
37.10. Relativistic Energy, 1172
Summary, 1177
Questions and Problems, 1178
Chapter 38. The End of Classical Physics, 1184
38.1. Physics in the 1800s, 1184
38.2. Faraday, 1186
38.3. Cathode Rays, 1187
38.4. J. J. Thomson and the Discovery of the Electron, 1188
38.5. Millikan and the Fundamental Unit of Charge, 1192
38.6. Rutherford and the Discovery of the Nucleus, 1193
38.7. Into the Nucleus, 1198
38.8. The Emission and Absorption of Light, 1199
38.9. Classical Physics at the Limit, 1202
Summary, 1203
Questions and Problems, 1204
Chapter 39. Quantization, 1208
39.1. The Photoelectric Effect, 1208
39.2. Einstein’s Explanation, 1212
39.3. Photons, 1216
39.4. Matter Waves and Energy Quantization, 1217
39.5. Bohr’s Model of Atomic Quantization, 1221
39.6. The Bohr Hydrogen Atom, 1224
39.7. The Hydrogen Spectrum, 1230
Summary, 1233
Questions and Problems, 1234
Chapter 40. Wave Functions and Uncertainty, 1239
40.1. Waves, Particles, and the Double-Slit Experiment, 1240
40.2. Connecting the Wave and Photon Views, 1243
40.3. The Wave Function, 1245
40.4. Normalization, 1247
40.5. Wave Packets, 1249
40.6. The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, 1253
Summary, 1256
Questions and Problems, 1257
Chapter 41. One-Dimensional Quantum Mechanics, 1262
41.1. Schrödinger’s Equation: The Law of Psi, 1262
41.2. Solving the Schrödinger Equation, 1266
41.3. A Particle in a Rigid Box: Energies and Wave Functions, 1268
41.4. A Particle in a Rigid Box: Interpreting the Solution, 1271
41.5. The Correspondence Principle, 1274
41.6. Finite Potential Wells, 1276
41.7. Wave-Function Shapes, 1281
41.8. The Quantum Harmonic Oscillator, 1283
41.9. More Quantum Models, 1286
41.10. Quantum-Mechanical Tunneling, 1290
Summary, 1295
Questions and Problems, 1296
Chapter 42. Atomic Physics, 1300
42.1. The Hydrogen Atom: Angular Momentum and Energy, 1300
42.2. The Hydrogen Atom: Wave Functions and Probabilities, 1304
42.3. The Electron’s Spin, 1307
42.4. Multielectron Atoms, 1309
42.5. The Periodic Table of the Elements, 1312
42.6. Excited States and Spectra, 1316
42.7. Lifetimes of Excited States, 1320
42.8. Stimulated Emission and Lasers, 1323
Summary, 1328
Questions and Problems, 1329
Chapter 43. Nuclear Physics, 1333
43.1. Nuclear Structure, 1333
43.2. Nuclear Stability, 1337
43.3. The Strong Force, 1340
43.4. The Shell Model, 1341
43.5. Radiation and Radioactivity, 1343
43.6. Nuclear Decay Mechanisms, 1349
43.7. Biological Applications of Nuclear Physics, 1353
Summary, 1358
Questions and Problems, 1359
Part Summary: Relativity and Quantum Physics, 1364
Appendix A. Mathematics Review, A-1
Appendix B. Periodic Table of Elements, A-4
Appendix C. Atomic and Nuclear Data, A-5
Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems, A-9
Credits, C-1
Index, I-1
Useful Data, EP-1

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