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Copyright, ii
About the Authors, iii
To the Student: How to Use This Book, iv
To the Student: Make the Best Use of Your Study Time, viii
To the Instructor: Create Dynamic Lectures in Half the Time!, x
Preface, xiii
Acknowledgments, xv
1. Introduction: Biology Today, 1
Biology and Society: Living in a Golden Age of Biology, 2
The Scope of Life, 2
The Unity of Life, 2
Life at Its Many Levels, 3
Life in Its Diverse Forms, 6
Evolution: Biology’s Unifying Theme, 8
The Darwinian View of Life, 9
Natural Selection, 10
The Process of Science, 13
Discovery Science, 13
Hypothesis-Driven Science, 14
The Culture of Science, 17
Science, Technology, and Society, 17
Evolution Connection: Theories in Science, 18
Unit 1. Cells, 19
2. Essential Chemistry for Biology, 20
Biology and Society: AIDS: A Matter of Chemistry, 21
Some Basic Chemistry, 21
Matter: Elements and Compounds, 21
Atoms, 22
Chemical Bonding and Molecules, 25
Chemical Reactions, 27
Water and Life, 28
Water’s Life-Supporting Properties, 28
Acids, Bases, and pH, 31
Evolution Connection: Earth Before Life, 32
3. The Molecules of Life, 35
Biology and Society: Does Thanksgiving Dinner Make You Sleepy?, 36
Organic Molecules, 36
Carbon Chemistry, 36
Giant Molecules from Smaller Building Blocks, 38
Biological Molecules, 39
Carbohydrates, 39
Lipids, 43
Proteins, 46
Nucleic Acids, 49
Evolution Connection: DNA and Proteins as Evolutionary Tape Measures, 51
4. A Tour of the Cell, 54
Biology and Society: Cells That Cure, 55
The Microscopic World of Cells, 55
Microscopes as a Window on the World of Cells, 56
The Two Major Categories of Cells, 58
A Panoramic View of Eukaryotic Cells, 59
Membrane Structure, 60
The Plasma Membrane: A Fluid Mosaic of Lipids and Proteins, 60
Cell Surfaces, 60
The Nucleus and Ribosomes: Genetic Control of the Cell, 61
Structure and Function of the Nucleus, 61
Ribosomes, 62
How DNA Controls the Cell, 62
The Endomembrane System: Manufacturing and Distributing Cellular Products, 62
The Endoplasmic Reticulum, 63
The Golgi Apparatus, 63
Lysosomes, 64
Vacuoles, 65
Chloroplasts and Mitochondria: Energy Conversion, 66
Chloroplasts, 66
Mitochondria, 66
The Cytoskeleton: Cell Shape and Movement, 67
Maintaining Cell Shape, 67
Cilia and Flagella, 68
Evolution Connection: The Origin of Membranes, 69
5. The Working Cell, 72
Biology and Society: Stonewashing Without the Stones, 73
Some Basic Energy Concepts, 73
Conservation of Energy, 73
Entropy, 74
Chemical Energy, 74
Food Calories, 76
ATP and Cellular Work, 76
The Structure of ATP, 76
Phosphate Transfer, 77
The ATP Cycle, 77
Enzymes, 78
Activation Energy, 78
Induced Fit, 78
Enzyme Inhibitors, 79
Membrane Function, 80
Passive Transport: Diffusion Across Membranes, 81
Osmosis and Water Balance in Cells, 81
Active Transport: The Pumping of Molecules Across Membranes, 83
Exocytosis and Endocytosis: Traffic of Large Molecules, 83
The Role of Membranes in Cell Signaling, 84
Evolution Connection: Evolving Enzymes, 85
6. Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food, 88
Biology and Society: Feeling the Burn, 89
Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in the Biosphere, 89
Producers and Consumers, 90
Chemical Cycling between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration, 90
Cellular Respiration: Aerobic Harvest of Food Energy, 91
The Relationship between Cellular Respiration and Breathing, 91
The Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration, 92
The Role of Oxygen in Cellular Respiration, 92
The Metabolic Pathway of Cellular Respiration, 94
Fermentation: Anaerobic Harvest of Food Energy, 99
Fermentation in Human Muscle Cells, 99
Fermentation in Microorganisms, 100
Evolution Connection: Life on an Anaerobic Earth, 100
7. Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food, 103
Biology and Society: Plant Power for Power Plants, 104
The Basics of Photosynthesis, 104
Chloroplasts: Sites of Photosynthesis, 104
The Overall Equation for Photosynthesis, 106
A Photosynthesis Road Map, 106
The Light Reactions: Converting Solar Energy to Chemical Energy, 107
The Nature of Sunlight, 107
Chloroplast Pigments, 108
How Photosystems Harvest Light Energy, 109
How the Light Reactions Generate ATP and NADPH, 110
The Calvin Cycle: Making Sugar from Carbon Dioxide, 112
Water-Saving Adaptations of C₄ and CAM Plants, 113
The Environmental Impact of Photosynthesis, 114
How Photosynthesis Moderates Global Warming, 114
Evolution Connection: The Oxygen Revolution, 116
Unit 2. Genetics, 119
8. Cellular Reproduction: Cells from Cells, 120
Biology and Society: A $50,000 Egg!, 121
What Cell Reproduction Accomplishes, 121
Passing On Genes from Cell to Cell, 122
The Reproduction of Organisms, 122
The Cell Cycle and Mitosis, 123
Eukaryotic Chromosomes, 123
The Cell Cycle, 124
Mitosis and Cytokinesis, 126
Cancer Cells: Growing Out of Control, 128
Meiosis, the Basis of Sexual Reproduction, 130
Homologous Chromosomes, 130
Gametes and the Life Cycle of a Sexual Organism, 131
The Process of Meiosis, 132
Review: Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis, 135
The Origins of Genetic Variation, 135
When Meiosis Goes Awry, 137
Evolution Connection: New Species from Errors in Cell Division, 140
9. Patterns of Inheritance, 143
Biology and Society: Testing Before Birth, 144
Heritable Variation and Patterns of Inheritance, 144
In an Abbey Garden, 145
Mendel’s Law of Segregation, 146
Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment, 148
Using a Testcross to Determine an Unknown Genotype, 150
The Rules of Probability, 151
Family Pedigrees, 152
Human Disorders Controlled by a Single Gene, 153
Variations on Mendel’s Laws, 156
Incomplete Dominance in Plants and People, 156
ABO Blood Type: An Example of Multiple Alleles and Codominance, 156
Pleiotropy and Sickle-Cell Disease, 158
Polygenic Inheritance, 159
The Role of Environment, 160
The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance, 160
Linked Genes, 162
Genetic Recombination: Crossing Over, 162
Linkage Maps, 163
Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Genes, 164
Sex Determination in Humans and Fruit Flies, 164
Sex-Linked Genes, 164
Sex-Linked Disorders in Humans, 165
Evolution Connection: The Telltale Y Chromosome, 167
10. The Structure and Function of DNA, 171
Biology and Society: Sabotaging HIV, 172
DNA: Structure and Replication, 172
DNA and RNA Structure, 173
Watson and Crick’s Discovery of the Double Helix, 174
DNA Replication, 176
The Flow of Genetic Information from DNA to RNA to Protein, 177
How an Organism’s Genotype Produces Its Phenotype, 177
From Nucleotides to Amino Acids: An Overview, 178
The Genetic Code, 179
Transcription: From DNA to RNA, 181
The Processing of Eukaryotic RNA, 182
Translation: The Players, 183
Translation: The Process, 184
Review: DNA → RNA → Protein, 187
Mutations, 187
Viruses: Genes in Packages, 189
Bacteriophages, 189
Plant Viruses, 191
Animal Viruses, 191
HIV, the AIDS Virus, 192
Evolution Connection: Emerging Viruses, 194
11. How Genes are Controlled, 199
Biology and Society: Cloning at the Edge of Extinction, 200
How and Why Genes are Regulated, 201
Patterns of Gene Expression in Differentiated Cells, 201
Gene Regulation in Bacteria, 202
Gene Regulation in Eukaryotic Cells, 203
Cell Signaling, 206
DNA Microarrays: Visualizing Gene Expression, 207
Cloning Plants and Animals, 208
The Genetic Potential of Cells, 208
Reproductive Cloning of Animals, 208
Therapeutic Cloning and Stem Cells, 209
The Genetic Basis of Cancer, 211
Genes That Cause Cancer, 211
Cancer Risk and Prevention, 214
Evolution Connection: Homeotic Genes, 215
12. DNA Technology, 219
Biology and Society: Crime Scene Investigations: Murders in a Small Town, 220
Recombinant DNA Technology, 220
From Humulin to Genetically Modified Foods, 221
Recombinant DNA Techniques, 224
DNA Fingerprinting and Forensic Science, 227
Murder, Paternity, and Ancient DNA, 227
DNA Fingerprinting Techniques, 228
Genomics and Proteomics, 231
The Human Genome Project, 232
Tracking the Anthrax Killer, 233
Genome-Mapping Techniques, 233
Proteomics, 234
Human Gene Therapy, 235
Treating Severe Combined Immunodeficiency, 235
Safety and Ethical Issues, 236
The Controversy over Genetically Modified Foods, 236
Ethical Questions Raised by DNA Technology, 237
Evolution Connection: Genomes Hold Clues to Evolution, 238
Unit 3. Evolution and Diversity, 242
13. How Populations Evolve, 243
Biology and Society: Persistent Pests, 244
Charles Darwin and The Origin of Species, 245
Darwin’s Cultural and Scientific Context, 246
Descent with Modification, 248
Evidence of Evolution, 250
The Fossil Record, 250
Biogeography, 251
Comparative Anatomy, 252
Comparative Embryology, 252
Molecular Biology, 253
Natural Selection, 253
Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection, 254
Natural Selection in Action, 255
The Modern Synthesis: Darwinism Meets Genetics, 256
Populations as the Units of Evolution, 257
Genetic Variation in Populations, 257
Analyzing Gene Pools, 258
Population Genetics and Health Science, 259
Microevolution as Change in a Gene Pool, 260
Mechanisms of Microevolution, 260
Genetic Drift, 260
Gene Flow, 262
Mutation, 263
Natural Selection: A Closer Look, 263
Evolution Connection: Population Genetics of the Sickle-Cell Allele, 265
14. How Biological Diversity Evolves, 269
Biology and Society: One Troublesome Species or Two?, 270
Macroevolution and the Diversity of Life, 270
The Origin of Species, 271
What Is a Species?, 271
Reproductive Barriers between Species, 273
Mechanisms of Speciation, 274
What Is the Tempo of Speciation?, 278
The Evolution of Biological Novelty, 279
Adaptation of Old Structures for New Functions, 279
“Evo-Devo”: Development and Evolutionary Novelty, 280
Earth History and Macroevolution, 281
Geologic Time and the Fossil Record, 281
Plate Tectonics and Macroevolution, 284
Mass Extinctions and Explosive Diversifications of Life, 285
Classifying the Diversity of Life, 286
Some Basics of Taxonomy, 287
Classification and Phylogeny, 287
Arranging Life into Kingdoms: A Work in Progress, 290
Evolution Connection: Just a Theory?, 291
15. The Evolution of Microbial Life, 295
Biology and Society: Bioterrorism, 296
Major Episodes in the History of Life, 296
The Origin of Life, 299
Resolving the Biogenesis Paradox, 299
A Four-Stage Hypothesis for the Origin of Life, 299
From Chemical Evolution to Darwinian Evolution, 302
Prokaryotes, 303
They’re Everywhere!, 303
The Two Main Branches of Prokaryotic Evolution: Bacteria and Archaea, 303
The Structure, Function, and Reproduction of Prokaryotes, 304
The Nutritional Diversity of Prokaryotes, 306
The Ecological Impact of Prokaryotes, 307
Protists, 310
The Origin of Eukaryotic Cells, 310
The Diversity of Protists, 311
Evolution Connection: The Origin of Multicellular Life, 316
16. Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land, 319
Biology and Society: Will the Blight End the Chestnut?, 320
Colonizing Land, 320
Terrestrial Adaptations of Plants, 321
The Origin of Plants from Green Algae, 323
Plant Diversity, 324
Highlights of Plant Evolution, 324
Bryophytes, 325
Ferns, 326
Gymnosperms, 327
Angiosperms, 330
Plant Diversity as a Nonrenewable Resource, 332
Fungi, 334
Characteristics of Fungi, 335
The Ecological Impact of Fungi, 336
Evolution Connection: Mutualistic Symbiosis, 339
17. The Evolution of Animals, 342
Biology and Society: You’re Going to Treat Me with What?!, 343
The Origins of Animal Diversity, 343
What Is an Animal?, 343
Early Animals and the Cambrian Explosion, 345
Animal Phylogeny, 346
Major Invertebrate Phyla, 348
Sponges, 348
Cnidarians, 349
Flatworms, 350
Roundworms, 351
Annelids, 352
Arthropods, 353
Molluscs, 356
Echinoderms, 358
The Vertebrate Genealogy, 359
Characteristics of Chordates, 359
Fishes, 361
Amphibians, 362
Reptiles, 363
Mammals, 365
The Human Ancestry, 366
The Evolution of Primates, 366
The Emergence of Humankind, 369
Evolution Connection: Earth’s New Crisis, 374
Unit 4. Ecology, 377
18. The Ecology of Organisms and Populations, 378
Biology and Society: The Human Population Explosion, 379
An Overview of Ecology, 379
Ecology as Scientific Study, 380
A Hierarchy of Interactions, 380
Ecology and Environmentalism, 381
The Evolutionary Adaptations of Organisms, 382
Abiotic Factors of the Biosphere, 383
Physiological Responses, 385
Anatomical Responses, 385
Behavioral Responses, 386
What Is Population Ecology?, 386
Population Density, 387
Patterns of Dispersion, 387
Population Growth Models, 388
Regulation of Population Growth, 390
Human Population Growth, 393
Life Histories and Their Evolution, 397
Life Tables and Survivorship Curves, 398
Life History Traits as Evolutionary Adaptations, 399
Evolution Connection: Natural Selection on the American Plains, 402
19. Communities and Ecosystems, 405
Biology and Society: Reefs, Coral and Artificial, 406
Key Properties of Communities, 406
Diversity, 407
Prevalent Form of Vegetation, 407
Stability, 407
Trophic Structure, 408
Interspecific Interactions in Communities, 408
Competition Between Species, 408
Predation, 410
Symbiotic Relationships, 413
The Complexity of Community Networks, 414
Disturbance of Communities, 414
Ecological Succession, 415
A Dynamic View of Community Structure, 416
An Overview of Ecosystem Dynamics, 416
Trophic Levels and Food Chains, 417
Food Webs, 418
Energy Flow in Ecosystems, 420
Productivity and the Energy Budgets of Ecosystems, 420
Energy Pyramids, 420
Ecosystem Energetics and Human Nutrition, 421
Chemical Cycling in Ecosystems, 422
The General Scheme of Chemical Cycling, 422
Examples of Biogeochemical Cycles, 423
Biomes, 426
How Climate Affects Biome Distribution, 426
Terrestrial Biomes, 426
Freshwater Biomes, 432
Marine Biomes, 433
Evolution Connection: Coevolution in Biological Communities, 435
20. Human Impact on the Environment, 439
Biology and Society: Aquarium Menaces, 440
Human Impact on Biological Communities, 440
Human Disturbance of Communities, 440
Introduced Species, 441
Human Impact on Ecosystems, 443
Impact on Chemical Cycles, 443
The Release of Toxic Chemicals to Ecosystems, 446
Human Impact on the Atmosphere and Climate, 446
The Biodiversity Crisis, 450
The Three Levels of Biodiversity, 450
The Loss of Species, 451
The Three Main Causes of the Biodiversity Crisis, 452
Why Biodiversity Matters, 452
Conservation Biology, 454
Biodiversity “Hot Spots”, 454
Conservation at the Population and Species Levels, 454
Conservation at the Ecosystem Level, 456
The Goal of Sustainable Development, 458
Evolution Connection: Biophilia and an Environmental Ethic, 460
Appendices, A-1
A. Metric Conversion Table, A-1
B. Periodic Table of Elements, A-3
C. Credits, A-5
D. Self-quiz Answers, A-9
Glossary, G-1
Index, I-1

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