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Copyright, ii
About the Authors, iii
Preface, iv
Connecting Course Topics to Today’s World, viii
Exceptionally Clear Illustrations, Photos, Tables, and Graphs, x
Time-Saving Tools for Instructors and Students, xii
Part One. Fundamentals of Microbiology, 1
1. The Microbial World and You, 1
Microbes in Our Lives, 2
Naming and Classifying Microorganisms, 2
Nomenclature, 2
Applications of Microbiology: What Makes Sourdough Bread Different?, 3
Types of Microorganisms, 4
Classification of Microorganisms, 6
A Brief History of Microbiology, 6
The First Observations, 6
The Debate over Spontaneous Generation, 7
The Golden Age of Microbiology, 9
The Birth of Modern Chemotherapy: Dreams of a “Magic Bullet”, 12
Modern Developments in Microbiology, 13
Microbes and Human Welfare, 17
Recycling Vital Elements, 17
Sewage Treatment: Using Microbes to Recycle Water, 17
Bioremediation: Using Microbes to Clean Up Pollutants, 17
Insect Pest Control by Microorganisms, 17
Modern Biotechnology and Recombinant DNA Technology, 18
Microbes and Human Disease, 18
Normal Microbiota, 18
Infectious Diseases, 19
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19
Study Outline, 22
Study Questions, 24
2. Chemical Principles, 26
The Structure of Atoms, 27
Chemical Elements, 27
Electronic Configurations, 28
How Atoms Form Molecules: Chemical Bonds, 28
Ionic Bonds, 28
Covalent Bonds, 30
Hydrogen Bonds, 31
Molecular Weight and Moles, 32
Chemical Reactions, 32
Energy in Chemical Reactions, 32
Synthesis Reactions, 32
Decomposition Reactions, 32
Applications of Microbiology: Bioremediation—Bacteria Clean Up Pollution, 33
Exchange Reactions, 34
The Reversibility of Chemical Reactions, 34
Important Biological Molecules, 34
Inorganic Compounds, 34
Water, 34
Acids, Bases, and Salts, 35
Acid–Base Balance, 36
Organic Compounds, 37
Structure and Chemistry, 37
Carbohydrates, 39
Lipids, 40
Proteins, 43
Nucleic Acids, 47
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), 49
Study Outline, 50
Study Questions, 52
3. Observing Microorganisms Through a Microscope, 55
Units of Measurement, 56
Microscopy: The Instruments, 56
Light Microscopy, 56
Applications of Microbiology: Are Bacteria Multicellular?, 57
Scanning Acoustic Microscopy, 64
Electron Microscopy, 64
Scanned-Probe Microscopy, 66
Preparation of Specimens for Light Microscopy, 68
Preparing Smears for Staining, 68
Simple Stains, 69
Differential Stains, 69
Special Stains, 71
Study Outline, 73
Study Questions, 74
4. Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells, 77
Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: An Overview, 78
The Prokaryotic Cell, 78
The Size, Shape, and Arrangement of Bacterial Cells, 78
Structures External to the Cell Wall, 80
Glycocalyx, 80
Flagella, 81
Axial Filaments, 84
Fimbriae and Pili, 84
The Cell Wall, 85
Composition and Characteristics, 85
Cell Walls and the Gram Stain Mechanism, 86
Atypical Cell Walls, 88
Damage to the Cell Wall, 89
Structures Internal to the Cell Wall, 89
The Plasma (Cytoplasmic) Membrane, 89
Cytoplasm, 95
The Nuclear Area, 95
Ribosomes, 95
Inclusions, 96
Endospores, 96
The Eukaryotic Cell, 98
Flagella and Cilia, 98
The Cell Wall and Glycocalyx, 100
The Plasma (Cytoplasmic) Membrane, 101
Cytoplasm, 102
Ribosomes, 102
Organelles, 102
The Nucleus, 103
Endoplasmic Reticulum, 103
Golgi Complex, 104
Lysosomes, 104
Vacuoles, 105
Mitochondria, 105
Chloroplasts, 105
Peroxisomes, 106
Centrosome, 106
The Evolution of Eukaryotes, 106
Applications of Microbiology: Why Microbiologists Study Termites, 108
Study Outline, 109
Study Questions, 112
5. Microbial Metabolism, 114
Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions, 115
Enzymes, 116
Collision Theory, 116
Enzymes and Chemical Reactions, 116
Enzyme Specificity and Efficiency, 116
Naming Enzymes, 117
Enzyme Components, 118
The Mechanism of Enzymatic Action, 119
Factors Influencing Enzymatic Activity, 120
Feedback Inhibition, 122
Ribozymes, 123
Energy Production, 123
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions, 123
The Generation of ATP, 124
Metabolic Pathways of Energy Production, 125
Carbohydrate Catabolism, 125
Glycolysis, 127
Alternatives to Glycolysis, 127
Cellular Respiration, 129
Fermentation, 134
Applications of Microbiology: What Is Fermentation?, 137
Lipid and Protein Catabolism, 137
Biochemical Tests and Bacterial Identification, 139
Photosynthesis, 141
The Light-Dependent Reactions: Photophosphorylation, 142
The Light-Independent Reactions: The Calvin-Benson Cycle, 143
A Summary of Energy Production Mechanisms, 143
Metabolic Diversity Among Organisms, 144
Photoautotrophs, 144
Photoheterotrophs, 146
Chemoautotrophs, 146
Chemoheterotrophs, 146
Applications of Microbiology: Bacteria Make a Faster, Smarter Computer, 147
Metabolic Pathways of Energy Use, 148
Polysaccharide Biosynthesis, 148
Lipid Biosynthesis, 148
Amino Acid and Protein Biosynthesis, 149
Purine and Pyrimidine Biosynthesis, 149
The Integration of Metabolism, 149
Study Outline, 152
Study Questions, 155
6. Microbial Growth, 159
The Requirements for Growth, 160
Physical Requirements, 160
Chemical Requirements, 163
Applications of Microbiology: Studying Hydrothermal Bacteria, 164
Culture Media, 168
Chemically Defined Media, 168
Complex Media, 169
Anaerobic Growth Media and Methods, 170
Special Culture Techniques, 170
Selective and Differential Media, 171
Enrichment Culture, 172
Obtaining Pure Cultures, 172
Preserving Bacterial Cultures, 174
The Growth of Bacterial Cultures, 174
Bacterial Division, 174
Generation Time, 175
Logarithmic Representation of Bacterial Populations, 175
Phases of Growth, 176
Direct Measurement of Microbial Growth, 178
Estimating Bacterial Numbers by Indirect Methods, 182
Study Outline, 183
Study Questions, 185
7. The Control of Microbial Growth, 187
The Terminology of Microbial Control, 188
The Rate of Microbial Death, 189
Actions of Microbial Control Agents, 190
Alteration of Membrane Permeability, 190
Damage to Proteins and Nucleic Acids, 190
Physical Methods of Microbial Control, 190
Heat, 190
Filtration, 194
Low Temperature, 194
High Pressure, 195
Desiccation, 195
Osmotic Pressure, 195
Radiation, 195
Chemical Methods of Microbial Control, 196
Principles of Effective Disinfection, 198
Evaluating a Disinfectant, 198
Types of Disinfectants, 198
Clinical Problem Solving: A Hospital-Acquired Infection Following Liposuction, 203
Microbial Characteristics and Microbial Control, 205
Study Outline, 209
Study Questions, 211
8. Microbial Genetics, 214
Structure and Function of the Genetic Material, 215
Genotype and Phenotype, 215
DNA and Chromosomes, 215
The Flow of Genetic Information, 217
DNA Replication, 217
Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report: Tracking West Nile Virus, 218
RNA and Protein Synthesis, 223
The Regulation of Bacterial Gene Expression, 227
Repression and Induction, 228
The Operon Model of Gene Expression, 229
Positive Regulation, 229
Mutation: Change in the Genetic Material, 231
Types of Mutations, 232
Mutagens, 233
The Frequency of Mutation, 236
Identifying Mutants, 237
Identifying Chemical Carcinogens, 237
Genetic Transfer and Recombination, 238
Transformation in Bacteria, 240
Conjugation in Bacteria, 242
Transduction in Bacteria, 244
Plasmids and Transposons, 245
Genes and Evolution, 247
Study Outline, 248
Study Questions, 250
9. Biotechnology and Recombinant DNA, 253
Introduction to Biotechnology, 254
Recombinant DNA Technology, 254
An Overview of Recombinant DNA Procedures, 254
Tools of Biotechnology, 256
Selection, 256
Mutation, 256
Restriction Enzymes, 256
Vectors, 257
Polymerase Chain Reaction, 258
Techniques of Genetic Modification, 260
Inserting Foreign DNA into Cells, 260
Obtaining DNA, 260
Selecting a Clone, 263
Making a Gene Product, 265
Applications of rDNA, 266
Therapeutic Applications, 266
Applications of Microbiology: Designer Jeans, 267
The Human Genome Project, 269
Scientific Applications, 270
Agricultural Applications, 273
Safety Issues and the Ethics of Using rDNA, 275
Study Outline, 277
Study Questions, 279
Part Two. A Survey of the Microbial World, 282
10. Classification of Microorganisms, 282
The Study of Phylogenetic Relationships, 283
The Three Domains, 283
A Phylogenetic Hierarchy, 286
Classification of Organisms, 287
Scientific Nomenclature, 287
The Taxonomic Hierarchy, 288
Classification of Prokaryotes, 289
Classification of Eukaryotes, 289
Classification of Viruses, 289
Methods of Classifying and Identifying Microorganisms, 292
Morphological Characteristics, 292
Differential Staining, 292
Biochemical Tests, 293
Microbiology in the News: Mass Deaths of Marine Mammals Spur Veterinary Microbiology, 294
Serology, 296
Phage Typing, 298
Fatty Acid Profiles, 300
Flow Cytometry, 300
DNA Base Composition, 300
DNA Fingerprinting, 301
The Polymerase Chain Reaction, 301
Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 302
Putting Classification Methods Together, 304
Study Outline, 306
Study Questions, 308
11. The Prokaryotes: Domains Bacteria and Archaea, 312
The Prokaryotic Groups, 313
Domain Bacteria, 313
The Proteobacteria, 313
The Alphaproteobacteria, 313
The Betaproteobacteria, 318
Applications of Microbiology: Bacteria and Insect Sex, 319
The Gammaproteobacteria, 321
The Deltaproteobacteria, 325
The Epsilonproteobacteria, 326
The Nonproteobacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria, 327
Cyanobacteria (The Oxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria), 328
Purple and Green Photosynthetic Bacteria (The Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria), 329
The Gram-Positive Bacteria, 329
Firmicutes (Low G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria), 330
Actinobacteria (High G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria), 334
Chlamydiae, 336
Spirochaetes, 338
Bacteroidetes, 338
Fusobacteria, 339
Domain Archaea, 339
Diversity Within the Archaea, 339
Microbial Diversity, 340
Discoveries Illustrating the Range of Diversity, 340
Study Outline, 341
Study Questions, 342
12. The Eukaryotes: Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, and Helminths, 344
Fungi, 345
Characteristics of Fungi, 346
Medically Important Phyla of Fungi, 350
Fungal Diseases, 352
Economic Effects of Fungi, 354
Lichens, 355
Algae, 357
Characteristics of Algae, 357
Selected Phyla of Algae, 357
Roles of Algae in Nature, 361
Protozoa, 361
Characteristics of Protozoa, 361
Medically Important Phyla of Protozoa, 362
Slime Molds, 368
Helminths, 370
Characteristics of Helminths, 370
Clinical Problem Solving: A Parasitic Disease, 371
Platyhelminths, 372
Nematodes, 375
Arthropods as Vectors, 377
Study Outline, 380
Study Questions, 382
13. Viruses, Viroids, and Prions, 386
General Characteristics of Viruses, 387
Host Range, 387
Viral Size, 389
Viral Structure, 389
Nucleic Acid, 389
Capsid and Envelope, 389
General Morphology, 390
Taxonomy of Viruses, 391
Isolation, Cultivation, and Identification of Viruses, 394
Growing Bacteriophages in the Laboratory, 394
Growing Animal Viruses in the Laboratory, 394
Viral Identification, 396
Viral Multiplication, 396
Multiplication of Bacteriophages, 397
Multiplication of Animal Viruses, 400
Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report: Influenza: Crossing the Species Barrier, 406
Viruses and Cancer, 410
The Transformation of Normal Cells into Tumor Cells, 411
DNA Oncogenic Viruses, 411
RNA Oncogenic Viruses, 411
Latent Viral Infections, 411
Persistent Viral Infections, 412
Prions, 412
Plant Viruses and Viroids, 414
Study Outline, 415
Study Questions, 418
Part Three. Interaction Between Microbe and Host, 420
14. Principles of Disease and Epidemiology, 420
Pathology, Infection, and Disease, 421
Normal Microbiota, 421
Relationships Between the Normal Microbiota and the Host, 424
Opportunistic Microorganisms, 425
Cooperation Among Microorganisms, 425
The Etiology of Infectious Diseases, 425
Koch’s Postulates, 425
Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates, 426
Classifying Infectious Diseases, 427
Occurrence of a Disease, 427
Severity or Duration of a Disease, 428
Extent of Host Involvement, 429
Patterns of Disease, 429
Predisposing Factors, 429
Development of Disease, 429
The Spread of Infection, 430
Reservoirs of Infection, 430
Transmission of Disease, 431
Nosocomial (Hospital-Acquired) Infections, 435
Microorganisms in the Hospital, 436
Compromised Host, 436
Chain of Transmission, 437
Control of Nosocomial Infections, 438
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 438
Epidemiology, 440
Descriptive Epidemiology, 441
Analytical Epidemiology, 442
Experimental Epidemiology, 443
Case Reporting, 443
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 443
Clinical Problem Solving: A Nosocomial Outbreak, 445
Study Outline, 446
Study Questions, 448
15. Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity, 451
How Microorganisms Enter a Host, 452
Portals of Entry, 452
The Preferred Portal of Entry, 452
Microbiology in the News: How Human Behavior Influences the Evolution of Virulence in Microorganisms, 453
Numbers of Invading Microbes, 453
Adherence, 454
How Bacterial Pathogens Penetrate Host Defenses, 456
Capsules, 456
Cell Wall Components, 456
Enzymes, 456
Antigenic Variation, 457
Penetration into the Host Cell Cytoskeleton, 457
How Bacterial Pathogens Damage Host Cells, 458
Using the Host’s Nutrients: Siderophores, 458
Direct Damage, 458
The Production of Toxins, 459
Plasmids, Lysogeny, and Pathogenicity, 464
Pathogenic Properties of Viruses, 465
Viral Mechanisms for Evading Host Defenses, 465
Cytopathic Effects of Viruses, 465
Pathogenic Properties of Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths, and Algae, 467
Fungi, 467
Protozoa, 467
Helminths, 468
Algae, 468
Portals of Exit, 468
Study Outline, 469
Study Questions, 471
16. Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses of the Host, 474
The Concept of Immunity, 475
First Line of Defense: Skin and Mucous Membranes, 476
Physical Factors, 476
Chemical Factors, 477
Normal Microbiota and Innate Immunity, 478
Second Line of Defense, 479
Formed Elements in Blood, 479
Phagocytes, 483
Actions of Phagocytic Cells, 483
The Mechanism of Phagocytosis, 484
Microbial Evasion of Phagocytosis, 485
Microbiology in the News: Macrophages Say NO, 486
Inflammation, 486
Vasodilation and Increased Permeability of Blood Vessels, 487
Phagocyte Migration and Phagocytosis, 487
Tissue Repair, 489
Fever, 489
Applications of Microbiology: Serum Collection, 490
Antimicrobial Substances, 490
The Complement System, 490
Interferons, 494
Transferrins, 496
Antimicrobial Peptides, 496
Study Outline, 498
Study Questions, 500
17. Adaptive Immunity: Specific Defenses of the Host, 502
The Adaptive Immune System, 503
Dual Nature of the Adaptive Immune System, 503
Humoral Immunity, 503
Cellular Immunity, 503
Antigens and Antibodies, 504
The Nature of Antigens, 504
The Nature of Antibodies, 505
B Cells and Humoral Immunity, 509
Clonal Selection of Antibody-Producing Cells, 509
The Diversity of Antibodies, 509
Antigen–Antibody Binding and Its Results, 511
T Cells and Cellular Immunity, 511
Classes of T Cells, 513
Helper T Cells, 514
Cytotoxic T Cells, 515
Regulatory T Cells, 515
Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs), 516
Dendritic Cells, 516
Macrophages, 516
Extracellular Killing by the Immune System, 517
Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity, 517
Cytokines: Chemical Messengers of Immune Cells, 518
Microbiology in the News: Is IL-12 the Next “Magic Bullet”?, 519
Immunological Memory, 519
Types of Adaptive Immunity, 520
Study Outline, 523
Study Questions, 525
18. Practical Applications of Immunology, 527
Vaccines, 528
Principles and Effects of Vaccination, 528
Types of Vaccines and Their Characteristics, 528
The Development of New Vaccines, 531
Microbiology in the News: Why Not Vaccinate Against Everything?, 532
Safety of Vaccines, 533
Diagnostic Immunity, 534
Immunologic-Based Diagnostic Tests, 534
Monoclonal Antibodies, 534
Precipitation Reactions, 536
Agglutination Reactions, 537
Neutralization Reactions, 539
Complement-Fixation Reactions, 540
Fluorescent-Antibody Techniques, 540
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), 543
The Future of Diagnostic Immunology, 546
Study Outline, 546
Study Questions, 548
19. Disorders Associated with the Immune System, 550
Hypersensitivity, 551
Type I (Anaphylactic) Reactions, 551
Type II (Cytotoxic) Reactions, 554
Type III (Immune Complex) Reactions, 557
Type IV (Delayed Cell-Mediated) Reactions, 557
Autoimmune Diseases, 559
Cytotoxic Autoimmune Reactions, 560
Immune Complex Autoimmune Reactions, 560
Cell-Mediated Autoimmune Reactions, 560
Reactions Related to the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Complex, 561
Reactions to Transplantation, 562
Immunosuppression, 563
The Immune System and Cancer, 564
Immunotherapy for Cancer, 564
Immunodeficiencies, 566
Congenital Immunodeficiencies, 566
Acquired Immunodeficiencies, 566
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), 566
The Origin of AIDS, 566
HIV Infection, 567
Diagnostic Methods, 571
HIV Transmission, 572
Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report: Aids: The Risk to Health Care Workers, 573
AIDS Worldwide, 574
The Prevention and Treatment of AIDS, 575
The AIDS Epidemic and the Importance of Scientific Research, 576
Study Outline, 577
Study Questions, 579
20. Antimicrobial Drugs, 581
The History of Chemotherapy, 582
The Spectrum of Antimicrobial Activity, 583
The Action of Antimicrobial Drugs, 584
The Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis, 584
The Inhibition of Protein Synthesis, 584
Injury to the Plasma Membrane, 585
The Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis, 586
Inhibiting the Synthesis of Essential Metabolites, 586
A Survey of Commonly Used Antimicrobial Drugs, 587
Antibacterial Antibiotics: Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis, 587
Antimycobacterial Antibiotics, 593
Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis, 593
Injury to the Plasma Membrane, 595
Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid (DNA/RNA) Synthesis, 595
Competitive Inhibitors of the Synthesis of Essential Metabolites, 595
Antifungal Drugs, 596
Antiviral Drugs, 598
Antiprotozoan and Antihelminthic Drugs, 600
Tests to Guide Chemotherapy, 601
The Diffusion Methods, 601
Broth Dilution Tests, 602
The Effectiveness of Chemotherapeutic Agents, 602
Drug Resistance, 602
Antibiotic Safety, 604
Effects of Combinations of Drugs, 605
The Future of Chemotherapeutic Agents, 605
Microbiology in the News: Antibiotics in Animal Feed Linked to Human Disease, 606
Study Outline, 608
Study Questions, 610
Part Four. Microorganisms and Human Disease, 613
21. Microbial Diseases of the Skin and Eyes, 613
Structure and Function of the Skin, 614
Mucous Membranes, 614
Normal Microbiota of the Skin, 615
Microbial Diseases of the Skin, 615
Bacterial Diseases of the Skin, 615
Viral Diseases of the Skin, 623
Fungal Diseases of the Skin and Nails, 629
Parasitic Infestation of the Skin, 631
Clinical Problem Solving: Infections in the Gym, 633
Diseases in Focus: Macular Rashes, 634
Microbial Diseases of the Eye, 634
Inflammation of the Eye Membranes: Conjunctivitis, 634
Bacterial Diseases of the Eye, 635
Other Infectious Diseases of the Eye, 636
Study Outline, 638
Study Questions, 640
22. Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System, 642
Structure and Function of the Nervous System, 643
Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System, 643
Bacterial Meningitis, 644
Tetanus, 647
Botulism, 649
Leprosy, 651
Viral Diseases of the Nervous System, 652
Poliomyelitis, 652
Rabies, 654
Clinical Problem Solving: A Neurological Disease, 657
Arboviral Encephalitis, 658
Diseases in Focus: Types of Arboviral Encephalitis, 659
Fungal Disease of the Nervous System, 660
Cryptococcus neoformans Meningitis (Cryptococcosis), 660
Protozoan Diseases of the Nervous System, 660
African Trypanosomiasis, 660
Amebic Meningoencephalitis, 661
Nervous System Diseases Caused by Prions, 662
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, 664
Disease Caused by Unidentified Agents, 664
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 664
Study Outline, 666
Study Questions, 669
23. Microbial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems, 671
Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems, 672
Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems, 672
Sepsis and Septic Shock, 672
Bacterial Infections of the Heart, 675
Rheumatic Fever, 676
Tularemia, 676
Clinical Problem Solving: A Sick Child, 677
Brucellosis (Undulant Fever), 678
Anthrax, 679
Microbiology in the News: Biological Weapons, 680
Gangrene, 681
Systemic Diseases Caused by Bites and Scratches, 682
Vector-Transmitted Diseases, 683
Viral Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems, 688
Burkitt’s Lymphoma, 688
Infectious Mononucleosis, 690
Other Diseases and Epstein-Barr Virus, 691
Cytomegalovirus Infections, 691
Classic Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, 691
Emerging Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, 692
Protozoan Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems, 693
Chagas’ Disease (American Trypanosomiasis), 693
Diseases in Focus: Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, 694
Toxoplasmosis, 695
Malaria, 696
Leishmaniasis, 698
Babesiosis, 699
Helminthic Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems, 701
Schistosomiasis, 701
Swimmer’s Itch, 701
Study Outline, 705
Study Questions, 708
24. Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System, 711
Structure and Function of the Respiratory System, 712
Normal Microbiota of the Respiratory System, 712
Microbial Diseases of the Upper Respiratory System, 713
Bacterial Diseases of the Upper Respiratory System, 714
Streptococcal Pharyngitis (Strep Throat), 714
Scarlet Fever, 714
Diphtheria, 715
Otitis Media, 716
Viral Diseases of the Upper Respiratory System, 717
The Common Cold, 717
Microbial Diseases of the Lower Respiratory System, 718
Bacterial Diseases of the Lower Respiratory System, 718
Pertussis (Whooping Cough), 718
Tuberculosis, 719
Bacterial Pneumonias, 723
Diseases in Focus: Common Bacterial Pneumonia, 724
Clinical Problem Solving: Outbreak, 728
Melioidosis, 730
Viral Diseases of the Lower Respiratory System, 730
Viral Pneumonia, 730
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), 730
Influenza (Flu), 731
Fungal Diseases of the Lower Respiratory System, 733
Histoplasmosis, 734
Coccidioidomycosis, 735
Pneumocystis Pneumonia, 736
Blastomycosis (North American Blastomycosis), 736
Other Fungi Involved in Respiratory Disease, 736
Study Outline, 739
Study Questions, 742
25. Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System, 745
Structure and Function of the Digestive System, 746
Normal Microbiota of the Digestive System, 746
Bacterial Diseases of the Mouth, 747
Dental Caries (Tooth Decay), 747
Periodontal Disease, 749
Bacterial Disease of the Lower Digestive System, 750
Staphylococcal Food Poisoning (Staphylococcal Enterotoxicosis), 751
Shigellosis (Bacillary Dysentery), 752
Salmonellosis ( Salmonella Gastroenteritis), 753
Typhoid Fever, 754
Cholera, 755
Clinical Problem Solving: A Foodborne Infection, 756
Noncholera Vibrios, 758
Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis, 758
Campylobacter Gastroenteritis, 759
Helicobacter Peptic Ulcer Disease, 760
Yersinia Gastroenteritis, 760
Clostridium perfringens Gastroenteritis, 760
Clostridium difficile- Associated Diarrhea, 761
Bacillus cereus Gastroenteritis, 762
Viral Diseases of the Digestive System, 763
Mumps, 763
Hepatitis, 764
Diseases in Focus: Characteristics of Viral Hepatitis, 766
Applications of Microbiology: A Safe Blood Supply, 769
Viral Gastroenteritis, 769
Fungal Diseases of the Digestive System, 770
Ergot Poisoning, 770
Aflatoxin Poisoning, 771
Protozoan Diseases of the Digestive System, 771
Giardiasis, 771
Cryptosporidiosis, 772
Cyclospora Diarrheal Infection, 773
Amoebic Dysentery (Amoebiasis), 773
Helminthic Diseases of the Digestive System, 774
Tapeworms, 774
Hydatid Disease, 776
Nematodes, 776
Study Outline, 779
Study Questions, 782
26. Microbial Disease of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems, 785
Structure and Function of the Urinary System, 786
Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems, 786
Normal Microbiota of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems, 786
Diseases of the Urinary System, 788
Bacterial Diseases of the Urinary System, 788
Cystitis, 788
Pyelonephritis, 789
Leptospirosis, 789
Diseases of the Reproductive Systems, 790
Bacterial Diseases of the Reproductive Systems, 790
Gonorrhea, 790
Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU), 792
Clinical Problem Solving: An Antibiotic-Resistant STD, 793
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), 794
Syphilis, 794
Diseases in Focus: Characteristics of the Most Common Types of Vaginitis and Vaginosis, 798
Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV), 799
Chancroid (Soft Chancre), 799
Bacterial Vaginosis, 799
Viral Diseases of the Reproductive Systems, 800
Genital Herpes, 800
Genital Warts, 801
AIDS, 801
Fungal Diseases of the Reproductive System, 801
Candidiasis, 801
Protozoan Diseases of the Reproductive System, 802
Trichomoniasis, 802
Study Outline, 804
Study Questions, 807
Part Five. Environmental and Applied Microbiology, 809
27. Environmental Microbiology, 809
Microbial Diversity and Habitats, 810
Symbiosis, 810
Soil Microbiology and Biogeochemical Cycles, 811
The Carbon Cycle, 811
The Nitrogen Cycle, 813
The Sulfur Cycle, 816
Life Without Sunshine, 818
The Phosphorus Cycle, 818
The Degradation of Synthetic Chemicals in Soil and Water, 818
Aquatic Microbiology and Sewage Treatment, 820
Biofilms, 820
Aquatic Microorganisms, 822
The Role of Microorganisms in Water Quality, 824
Microbiology in the News: Biosensors: Bacteria that Detect Pollutants and Pathogens, 826
Water Treatment, 828
Sewage (Wastewater) Treatment, 829
Microbiology in the News: Illnesses after Hurricane Katrina, 835
Study Outline, 836
Study Questions, 838
28. Applied and Industrial Microbiology, 840
Food Microbiology, 841
Foods and Disease, 841
Industrial Food Canning, 841
Aseptic Packaging, 842
Radiation and Industrial Food Preservation, 843
High-Pressure Food Preservation, 845
The Role of Microorganisms in Food Production, 846
Applications of Microbiology: From Plant Disease to Shampoo and Salad Dressing, 848
Industrial Microbiology, 851
Fermentation Technology, 851
Industrial Products, 854
Alternative Energy Sources Using Microorganisms, 857
Industrial Microbiology and the Future, 857
Study Outline, 858
Study Questions, 859
Appendix A. Classification of Bacteria According to Bergey’s Manual, 862
Appendix B. Methods for Taking Clinical Samples, 869
Appendix C. Metabolic Pathways, 871
Appendix D. Exponents, Exponential Notation, Logarithms, and Generation Time, 877
Appendix E. Pronunciation of Scientific Names, 878
Appendix F. Taxonomic Guide to Diseases, 882
Appendix G. Answers to Review and Multiple Choice Study Questions, 886
Glossary, 912
Credits, 930
Index, 934

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