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Web Development & Design Foundations with XHTML, Fourth Edition

by Terry Felke-Morris

Publisher: Addison-Wesley

Publishing Date: 2008/01/23

eText ISBN-10

0-321-55802-2

eText ISBN-13

978-0-321-55802-2

Print ISBN-10

0-321-53019-5

Print ISBN-13

978-0-321-53019-6

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Table of Contents

Acknowledgments, x

About the Author, xi

Chapter 1. Introduction to the Internet and World Wide Web, 1

1.1. Evolution of the Internet, 2

1.2. Internet, Intranets, and Extranets, 3

The Evolution of the World Wide Web, 3

1.3. Standards and Coordination, 4

1.4. Standards and the World Wide Web Consortium, 4

Accessibility and the Web, 5

Ethical Use of Information on the Web, 6

1.5. Network Overview, 7

1.6. The Client/Server Model, 9

1.7. Internet Protocols, 10

File Transfer Protocol (FTP), 10

E-mail Protocols, 10

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), 10

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), 10

1.8. URLs and Domain Names, 12

Domain Names, 13

1.9. Markup Languages, 14

Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), 15

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), 15

Extensible Markup Language (XML), 15

Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML), 15

The Next Version of (X)HTML, 15

1.10. Internet and Web Trends, 16

Chapter Summary, 19

Review Questions, 19

Hands-On Exercise, 20

Web Research, 21

Focus on Web Design, 21

Chapter 2. XHTML Basics, 23

2.1. What Is HTML?, 24

2.2. Why XHTML and Not HTML?, 24

2.3. Document Type Definition, 26

2.4. Your First Web Page, 26

2.5. XHTML—Body and Text Basics, 30

The Body Element, 31

The Heading Element, 31

Accessibility and Headings, 32

The Paragraph Element, 32

The Line Break Element, 33

The Blockquote Element, 36

2.6. XHTML—List Basics, 37

Definition Lists, 37

Ordered Lists, 39

Unordered Lists, 40

2.7. XHTML—Text Formatting, 43

XHTML Logical Style Elements, 43

XHTML—Physical Style Elements, 44

Special XHTML Characters, 45

2.8. XHTML—Hyperlinks, 47

The Anchor Element, 47

Absolute and Relative Links, 48

E-Mail Links, 51

Accessibility and Links, 52

2.9. XHTML Validation, 53

Chapter Summary, 56

Review Questions, 56

Apply Your Knowledge, 57

Hands-On Exercises, 59

Web Research, 60

Focus on Web Design, 60

Web Site Case Study, 60

Chapter 3. Configuring Color and Text with CSS, 75

3.1. Overview of Cascading Style Sheets, 76

Advantages of Cascading Style Sheets, 76

Types of Cascading Style Sheets, 76

Introduction to CSS Syntax, 77

3.2. Using Color on Web Pages, 78

Web Color Palette, 79

Making Color Choices, 80

Accessibility and Color, 80

3.3. Configuring Color with Inline CSS, 81

The Style Attribute, 81

3.4. Configuring Color with Embedded Styles, 82

The Style Element, 83

3.5. Configuring Text with CSS, 85

CSS and Fonts, 86

3.6. The Class and Id Selectors, 90

The Class Selector, 90

The Id Selector, 91

3.7. The Div and Span XHTML Elements, 93

3.8. Using External Style Sheets, 95

3.9. Centering XHTML Elements with CSS, 99

Center the Page Content, 100

3.10. CSS Validation, 101

Chapter Summary, 104

Review Questions, 104

Apply Your Knowledge, 105

Hands-On Exercises, 107

Web Research, 109

Focus on Web Design, 110

Web Site Case Study: Implementing CSS, 111

Chapter 4. Visual Elements and Graphics, 121

4.1. Configuring Lines and Borders, 122

The Horizontal Rule Element, 122

The border and padding Properties, 122

4.2. Types of Graphics, 127

GIF Images, 128

JPEG Images, 130

PNG Images, 132

4.3. Using Graphics, 132

The Image Element, 132

Accessibility and Images, 133

Image Links, 136

Background Images, 138

Configuring Background Images with CSS, 140

4.4. XHTML Images and More, 142

Image Maps, 142

Thumbnail Images, 145

Advanced Techniques: Image Slicing, 145

4.5. Sources and Guidelines for Graphics, 145

Sources of Graphics, 145

Guidelines for Using Images, 146

Web Accessibility, 148

Chapter Summary, 149

Review Questions, 149

Apply Your Knowledge, 150

Hands-On Exercises, 152

Web Research, 154

Focus on Web Design, 154

Web Site Case Study: Using Graphics, 154

Chapter 5. Web Design, 169

5.1. Web Site Organization, 171

Hierarchical Organization, 171

Linear Organization, 174

Random Organization, 174

5.2. Web Site Navigation—Best Practices, 175

Ease of Navigation, 175

Navigation Bars, 176

Short Pages, 178

Table of Contents, 178

Site Map and Site Search Features, 178

5.3. Design Principles, 180

Repetition: Repeat Visual Elements throughout Design, 180

Contrast: Add Visual Excitement and Draw Attention, 181

Proximity: Group-Related Items, 181

Alignment: Align Elements to Create Visual Unity, 181

5.4. Web Page Design—Best Practices, 181

Perceived Load Time, 183

Above the Fold, 183

Web Page “Real Estate”, 183

Horizontal Scrolling, 184

Adequate White Space, 184

Target Audience, 184

Browser-Friendly, 186

Screen Resolution, 187

Wireframes and Page Layout, 187

5.5. Page Layout Design Techniques, 189

Ice Design, 189

Jello Design, 190

Liquid Design, 191

5.6. Text Design—Best Practices, 193

5.7. Graphic Design—Best Practices, 194

5.8. Design to Provide Accessibility, 197

5.9. Best Practices Checklist, 199

Chapter Summary, 203

Review Questions, 203

Hands-On Exercises, 204

Web Research, 206

Focus on Web Design, 206

Web Site Case Study: Web Design Best Practices, 207

Chapter 6. Page Layout with CSS, 211

6.1. CSS Page Layout Overview, 212

Advantages of Using CSS for Page Layout, 214

Disadvantages of Using CSS for Page Layout, 215

6.2. The Box Model, 215

6.3. CSS Positioning Properties, 218

Relative and Absolute Positioning, 218

The float Property, 222

The display Property, 225

The z-index Property, 225

6.4. Exploring CSS Page Layout, 232

6.5. Two-Column Page Layout, 236

6.6. CSS Debugging Tips, 242

CSS Debugging Techniques, 242

6.7. CSS Page Layout Resources, 243

Chapter Summary, 245

Review Questions, 245

Apply Your Knowledge, 246

Hands-On Exercises, 249

Web Research, 251

Focus on Web Design, 251

Web Site Case Study: Implementing CSS Two-Column Page Layout, 251

Chapter 7. More on Links, Lists, and Layout, 265

7.1. Another Look at XHTML Hyperlinks, 266

More on Relative Linking, 266

Relative Link Examples, 266

Opening a Link in a New Browser Window, 267

Internal Links, 267

7.2. CSS Pseudo-Classes and Links, 270

7.3. CSS Navigation Layout Using Lists, 274

7.4. Three-Column CSS Page Layout, 276

7.5. CSS Styling for Print, 284

7.6. The “Cascade”, 287

Chapter Summary, 291

Review Questions, 291

Apply Your Knowledge, 292

Hands-On Exercises, 295

Web Research, 297

Focus on Web Design, 297

Web Site Case Study: Navigation Links in a List, 297

Chapter 8. Tables, 301

8.1. Using Tables on Web Pages, 302

Overview of an XHTML Table, 302

XHTML Table Headings, 303

XHTML Table Captions, 303

XHTML Table Attributes, 305

Applying Attributes to Rows and Cells, 308

Accessibility and Tables, 312

8.2. XHTML—Table Page Layout, 313

Accessibility and Layout Tables, 316

More Sample Page Layout Tables, 316

Flexible and Fixed Table Widths, 317

Nested Tables, 320

8.3. Using CSS to Style a Table, 322

Chapter Summary, 325

Review Questions, 325

Apply Your Knowledge, 326

Hands-On Exercises, 328

Web Research, 329

Focus on Web Design, 330

Web Site Case Study: Using Tables, 330

Chapter 9. XHTML Forms, 337

9.1. Overview of Forms, 338

9.2. XHTML—Using Forms, 339

The Form Element, 341

Basic Form Elements, 343

9.3. Form Enhancements, 355

The Label Element, 355

The Fieldset and Legend Elements, 356

The tabindex Attribute, 357

The accesskey Attribute, 357

Accessibility and Forms, 357

Image Buttons and the Button Element, 358

9.4. Using CSS to Style a Form, 360

Styling Forms with Tables and CSS, 361

Styling Forms with Only CSS, 362

9.5. CGI Server-Side Processing, 364

Steps in Utilizing CGI, 365

Privacy and Forms, 367

CGI Resources, 367

Other Server-Side Processing Technologies, 369

Chapter Summary, 370

Review Questions, 370

Apply Your Knowledge, 372

Hands-On Exercises, 373

Web Research, 375

Focus on Web Design, 376

Web Site Case Study: Adding a Form, 376

Chapter 10. Web Site Development, 385

10.1. Successful Large-Scale Project Development, 386

Project Manager, 386

Information Architect, 386

Marketing Representative, 386

Copywriter and Editor, 386

Content Manager, 386

Graphic Designer, 387

Database Administrator, 387

Network Administrator, 387

Web Developer, 387

Project Staffing Criteria, 387

10.2. The Development Process, 387

Conceptualization, 389

Production, 392

Maintenance, 395

Evaluation, 395

10.3. Web Hosting, 396

Web Host Providers, 396

Hosting Needs, 396

10.4. Choosing a Virtual Host, 398

Chapter Summary, 400

Review Questions, 400

Hands-On Exercises, 401

Web Research, 404

Focus on Web Design, 404

Web Site Case Study: Testing Phase, 405

Chapter 11. Web Multimedia and Interactivity, 407

11.1. Helper Applications and Plug-Ins, 408

11.2. Multimedia File Types, 409

Obtaining Multimedia Files, 410

11.3. Using Sound on a Web Page, 412

The Embed Element, 412

The Object Element, 414

Background Sounds, 416

11.4. Podcasting Overview, 417

11.5. Using Video on a Web Page, 418

The Embed Element, 418

The Object Element, 419

Internet Explorer Only Options, 421

11.6. Browser Compatibility and Accessibility, 422

11.7. Copyright Issues and Media Files, 422

11.8. Adobe Flash, 423

Common Uses of Flash, 424

Web Design and Flash, 425

Adding a Flash Animation to a Web Page, 426

Flash Resources, 429

11.9. Java, 430

Common Uses of Java Applets, 431

Adding a Java Applet to a Web Page, 432

Free Java Applet Resources, 435

11.10. JavaScript, 436

Common Uses of JavaScript, 436

Free JavaScript Resources, 437

11.11. Dynamic HTML (DHTML), 437

Common Uses of DHTML, 438

Sources of Free DHTML, 439

11.12. Ajax, 440

Common Uses of Ajax, 440

Ajax Resources, 441

11.13. Accessibility and Multimedia/Interactivity, 441

Chapter Summary, 443

Review Questions, 443

Apply Your Knowledge, 444

Hands-On Exercises, 446

Web Research, 447

Focus on Web Design, 448

Web Site Case Study: Adding Multimedia, 449

Chapter 12. E-Commerce Overview, 455

12.1. What Is E-Commerce?, 456

Advantages of E-Commerce, 456

Risks of E-Commerce, 457

12.2. E-Commerce Business Models, 458

12.3. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), 458

12.4. E-Commerce Statistics, 459

12.5. E-Commerce Issues, 460

12.6. E-Commerce Security, 461

Encryption, 461

Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), 462

Digital Certificate, 463

SSL and Digital Certificates, 464

12.7. Order and Payment Processing, 465

Cash Model, 466

Check Model, 466

Credit Model, 466

Smart Card, 467

12.8. E-Commerce Storefront Solutions, 467

Instant Online Storefront, 467

Off-the-Shelf Shopping Cart Software, 468

Custom-Built Solution, 468

Semi-Custom-Built Solutions on a Budget, 469

Chapter Summary, 471

Review Questions, 471

Hands-On Exercise, 472

Web Research, 474

Focus on Web Design, 475

Web Site Case Study: Adding a Catalog Page for an Online Store, 475

Chapter 13. Web Promotion, 491

13.1. Search Engines and Search Indexes Overview, 492

13.2. Popular Search Engines and Search Indexes, 492

13.3. Components of a Search Engine, 493

Search Form, 494

13.4. Designing Your Pages for Promotion, 494

Description, 495

13.5. Listing in a Search Engine and Search Index, 496

Preferential Placement, 497

13.6. Monitoring Search Engine and Search Index Listings, 499

13.7. Link Popularity, 500

13.8. Other Site Promotion Activities, 501

Affiliate Programs, 501

Banner Ads, 501

Banner Exchange, 502

Reciprocal Link Agreements, 502

Newsletters, 503

Sticky Site Features, 503

Personal Recommendations, 503

Social Bookmarking, 503

Blogs and RSS Feeds, 504

Newsgroup and Listserv Postings, 504

Traditional Media Ads and Existing Marketing Materials, 505

13.9. Serving Dynamic Content with Inline Frames, 505

Chapter Summary, 510

Review Questions, 510

Hands-On Exercises, 511

Web Research, 512

Focus on Web Design, 513

Web Site Case Study: Meta Tags to Promote Web Sites, 513

Chapter 14. A Brief Look at JavaScript, 517

14.1. Overview of JavaScript, 518

14.2. The Development of JavaScript, 518

14.3. Popular Uses for JavaScript, 519

Alert Message, 519

Popup Windows, 519

Browser Sniffing, 520

Jump Menus, 520

Mouse Movement Techniques, 521

14.4. Adding JavaScript to a Web Page, 522

The Script Element, 522

JavaScript Statement Block Template, 522

14.5. Document Object Model Overview, 526

14.6. Events and Event Handlers, 528

14.7. Variables, 532

Writing a Variable to a Web Page, 532

Collecting Variable Values Using a Prompt, 534

14.8. Introduction to Programming Concepts, 536

Arithmetic Operators, 536

Decision Making, 536

14.9. Form Handling, 543

14.10. Accessibility and JavaScript, 549

14.11. JavaScript Resources, 550

Chapter Summary, 551

Review Questions, 551

Apply Your Knowledge, 553

Hands-On Exercises, 554

Web Research, 555

Web Site Case Study: Adding JavaScript, 555

Web Developer’s Handbook Appendixes, 563

A. XHTML Reference, 565

B. Special Characters, 595

C. CSS Property Reference, 599

D. Comparison of HTML and XHTML, 607

E. Section 508 Standards, 615

List of Figures, EP-1

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