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Copyright, ii
About the Author, iv
Preface, v
Reviewers, ix
A Student’s Guide Through the Natural World of Biology, xii
Web Tools Engage Students and Assist Instructors, xiv
Give Students Interactive Tutoring on the Toughest Topics in Biology, xvi
Dynamic Resources Help You Teach Your Biology Course, xviii
Chapter 1. Science as a Way of Learning: A Guide to the Natural World, 2
1.1. How Does Science Impact the Everyday World?, 3
What Do Americans Know about Science?, 6
1.2. What Is Science?, 6
Science as a Body of Knowledge, 6
Science as a Process: Arriving at Scientific Insights, 7
When Is a Theory Proven?, 9
Essay: Lung Cancer, Smoking, and Statistics in Science, 10
1.3. The Nature of Biology, 11
Life Is Highly Organized in a Hierarchical Manner, 12
Levels of Organization in Living Things, 12
1.4. Special Qualities of Biology, 13
Biology’s Chief Unifying Principle, 14
1.5. The Organization of This Book, 15
Chapter Review, 16
Unit 1. Essential Parts: Atoms, Molecules, and Cells, 18
Chapter 2. Fundamental Building Blocks: Chemistry, Water, and pH, 18
2.1. Chemistry’s Building Block: The Atom, 19
Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons, 20
Fundamental Forms of Matter: The Element, 21
2.2. Matter Is Transformed through Chemical Bonding, 23
Energy Always Seeks Its Lowest State, 23
Seeking a Full Outer Shell: Covalent Bonding, 23
Reactive and Unreactive Elements, 24
Essay: Getting to Know Chemistry’s Symbols, 25
Polar and Nonpolar Bonding, 26
Essay: Free Radicals, 27
Ionic Bonding: When Electrons Are Lost or Gained, 28
A Third Form of Bonding: Hydrogen Bonding, 29
2.3. Some Qualities of Chemical Compounds, 29
Molecules Have a Three-Dimensional Shape, 29
Molecular Shape Is Very Important in Biology, 30
2.4. Water and Life, 30
Water Is a Major Player in Many of Life’s Processes, 31
Water’s Structure Gives It Many Unusual Properties, 32
Two Important Terms: Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic, 33
2.5. Acids and Bases Are Important to Life, 34
Acids Yield Hydrogen Ions in Solution, Bases Accept Them, 34
Many Common Substances Can Be Ranked According to How Acidic or Basic They Are, 34
The pH Scale Allows Us to Quantify How Acidic or Basic Compounds Are, 35
Some Terms Used When Dealing with pH, 35
On to Biological Molecules, 37
Chapter Review, 38
Chapter 3. Life’s Components: Biological Molecules, 40
3.1. Carbon Is Central to the Living World, 41
3.2. Functional Groups, 43
3.3. The Molecules of Life: Carbohydrates, 44
Kinds of Simple Carbohydrates, 45
Complex Carbohydrates Are Made of Chains of Simple Carbohydrates, 45
3.4. Lipids, 47
One Class of Lipids Is the Glycerides, 47
Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids, 48
Fatty Acids: From Solid to Liquid, 48
Energy Use and Energy Storage via Lipids and Carbohydrates, 49
A Second Class of Lipids Is the Steroids, 50
A Third Class of Lipids Is the Phospholipids, 51
A Fourth Class of Lipids Is Wax, 51
Essay: From Trans Fats to Omega-3s: Fats and Health, 52
3.5. Proteins, 53
Proteins Are Made from Chains of Amino Acids, 54
A Group of Only 20 Amino Acids Is the Basis for All Proteins in Living Things, 54
Shape Is Critical to the Functioning of All Proteins, 55
There Are Four Levels of Protein Structure, 56
Proteins Can Come Undone, 57
Lipoproteins and Glycoproteins, 57
3.6. Nucleic Acids, 57
DNA Provides Information for the Structure of Proteins, 57
The Structural Unit of DNA Is the Nucleotide, 59
On to Cells, 59
Chapter Review, 60
Chapter 4. Life’s Home: The Cell, 62
4.1. Cells Are the Fundamental Units of Life, 63
4.2. All Cells Are Either Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic, 64
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Differences, 65
4.3. The Eukaryotic Cell, 65
Essay: The Size of Cells, 66
The Animal Cell, 68
4.4. A Tour of the Animal Cell: Along the Protein Production Path, 69
Beginning in the Control Center: The Nucleus, 69
BioFlix: Tour of an Animal Cell, 69
Messenger RNA, 70
Ribosomes, 71
The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, 72
A Pause for the Nucleolus, 72
Elegant Transportation: Transport Vesicles, 72
Downstream from the Rough ER: The Golgi Complex, 73
From the Golgi to the Surface, 74
4.5. Outside the Protein Production Path: Other Cell Structures, 74
The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum, 74
Tiny Acid Vats: Lysosomes and Cellular Recycling, 74
Extracting Energy from Food: Mitochondria, 75
4.6. The Cytoskeleton: Internal Scaffolding, 76
Microfilaments, 77
Intermediate Filaments, 78
Microtubules, 78
Essay: The Stranger within: Endosymbiosis, 78
Cell Extensions Made of Microtubules: Cilia and Flagella, 79
In Summary: Structures in the Animal Cell, 80
4.7. The Plant Cell, 80
BioFlix: Tour of a Plant Cell, 80
The Central Vacuole, 80
The Cell Wall, 82
Chloroplasts, 84
4.8. Cell-to-Cell Communication, 84
Communication among Plant Cells, 84
Communication among Animal Cells, 85
Leeuwenhoek and the Process of Science, 85
Essay: The Process of Science: First Sightings: Anton Van Leeuwenhoek, 86
On to the Periphery, 87
Chapter Review, 88
Chapter 5. Life’s Border: The Plasma Membrane, 90
5.1. The Nature of the Plasma Membrane, 91
First Component: The Phospholipid Bilayer, 92
Second Component: Cholesterol, 93
Third Component: Proteins, 93
Fourth Component: The Glycocalyx, 95
The Fluid-Mosaic Membrane Model, 95
5.2. Diffusion, Gradients, and Osmosis, 95
Random Movement and Even Distribution, 96
Diffusion through Membranes, 96
5.3. Moving Smaller Substances In and Out, 99
Passive Transport, 99
Active Transport, 100
5.4. Getting the Big Stuff In and Out, 101
Movement Out: Exocytosis, 101
Movement In: Endocytosis, 101
Discovery and the Fluid-Mosaic Model, 103
On to Energy, 103
Essay: The Process of Science: The Fluid-Mosaic Model of the Plasma Membrane, 104
Chapter Review, 106
Unit 2. Energy and Its Transformations, 108
Chapter 6. Life’s Mainspring: An Introduction to Energy, 108
6.1. Energy Is Central to Life, 109
6.2. The Nature of Energy, 110
The Forms of Energy, 110
The Study of Energy: Thermodynamics, 110
The Consequences of Thermodynamics, 111
6.3. How Is Energy Used by Living Things?, 112
Up and Down the Great Energy Hill, 112
Coupled Reactions, 112
6.4. The Energy Dispenser: ATP, 113
The ATP/ADP Cycle, 114
Between Food and ATP, 114
6.5. Efficient Energy Use in Living Things: Enzymes, 115
Accelerating Reactions, 115
Specific Tasks and Metabolic Pathways, 116
6.6. Lowering the Activation Barrier through Enzymes, 116
How Do Enzymes Work?, 117
An Enzyme in Action: Chymotrypsin, 118
6.7. Regulating Enzymatic Activity, 118
Allosteric Regulation of Enzymes, 118
On to Energy Harvesting, 119
Chapter Review, 120
Chapter 7. Vital Harvest: Deriving Energy from Food, 122
7.1. Energizing ATP: Adding a Phosphate Group to ADP, 124
7.2. Electrons Fall Down the Energy Hill to Drive the Uphill Production of ATP, 124
Redox Reactions, 125
Many Molecules Can Oxidize Other Molecules, 125
7.3. The Three Stages of Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain, 127
BioFlix: Cellular Respiration, 127
Glycolysis: First to Evolve, Less Efficient, 127
7.4. First Stage of Respiration: Glycolysis, 127
Essay: When Energy Harvesting Ends at Glycolysis, Beer Can Be the Result, 130
7.5. Second Stage of Respiration: The Krebs Cycle, 131
Site of Action Moves from the Cytosol to the Mitochondria, 131
Between Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle, an Intermediate Step, 132
Into the Krebs Cycle: Why Is It a Cycle?, 132
7.6. Third Stage of Respiration: The Electron Transport Chain, 133
Where’s the ATP?, 134
Finally, Oxygen Is Reduced, Producing Water, 135
Bountiful Harvest: ATP Accounting, 135
7.7. Other Foods, Other Respiratory Pathways, 135
Essay: Energy and Exercise, 136
On to Photosynthesis, 137
Chapter Review, 138
Chapter 8. The Green World’s Gift: Photosynthesis, 140
8.1. Photosynthesis and Energy, 141
From Plants, a Great Bounty for Animals, 142
Up and Down the Energy Hill Again, 142
8.2. The Components of Photosynthesis, 142
Where in the Plant Does Photosynthesis Occur?, 143
There Are Two Essential Stages in Photosynthesis, 144
The Working Units of the Light Reactions, 144
Energy Transfer in Photosynthesis Works through Redox Reactions, 145
8.3. Stage 1: The Steps of the Light Reactions, 146
A Chain of Redox Reactions and Another Boost from the Sun, 146
The Physical Movement of Electrons in the Light Reactions, 146
8.4. What Makes the Light Reactions So Important?, 146
The Splitting of Water: Electrons and Oxygen, 146
The Transformation of Solar Energy to Chemical Energy, 147
Production of ATP, 148
BioFlix: Photosynthesis, 148
8.5. Stage 2: The Calvin Cycle, 148
Energized Sugar Comes from a Cycle of Reactions, 148
The Ultimate Product of Photosynthesis, 149
8.6. Photorespiration and the C₄ Pathway, 150
The C₄ Pathway Is Not Always Advantageous, 151
8.7. Another Photosynthetic Variation: CAM Plants, 151
Closing Thoughts on Photosynthesis and Energy, 152
Essay: The Process of Science: Plants Make Their Own Food, But How?, 154
Chapter Review, 156
Unit 3. How Life Goes On, 158
Chapter 9. Genetics and Cell Division, 158
9.1. An Introduction to Genetics, 159
DNA Contains Instructions for Protein Production, 159
Genetics as Information Management, 161
From One Gene to a Collection, 161
The Path of Study in Genetics, 162
9.2. An Introduction to Cell Division, 162
The Replication of DNA, 163
9.3. DNA Is Packaged in Chromosomes, 164
Matched Pairs of Chromosomes, 164
Chromosome Duplication as a Part of Cell Division, 166
9.4. Mitosis and Cytokinesis, 168
Mitosis, 168
The Phases of Mitosis, 168
BioFlix: Mitosis, 169
Cytokinesis, 170
9.5. Variations in Cell Division, 170
Plant Cells, 170
Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea, 170
On to Meiosis, 172
Essay: When the Cell Cycle Runs Amok: Cancer, 172
Chapter Review, 174
Chapter 10. Preparing for Sexual Reproduction: Meiosis, 176
10.1. An Overview of Meiosis, 177
Some Helpful Terms, 178
10.2. The Steps in Meiosis, 178
Meiosis I, 178
BioFlix: Meiosis, 181
Meiosis II, 182
10.3. What Is the Significance of Meiosis?, 182
Genetic Diversity through Crossing Over, 182
Genetic Diversity through Independent Assortment, 183
From Genetic Diversity, a Visible Diversity in the Living World, 183
10.4. Meiosis and Sex Outcome, 185
10.5. Gamete Formation in Humans, 186
Sperm Formation, 186
Egg Formation: Stem Cells in Females?, 187
Egg Formation: From Oogonia to Eggs, 187
One Egg, Several Polar Bodies, 188
10.6. Life Cycles: Humans and Other Organisms, 188
Not All Reproduction Is Sexual, 188
Variations in Sexual Reproduction, 189
On to Patterns of Inheritance, 189
Chapter Review, 190
Chapter 11. The First Geneticist: Mendel and His Discoveries, 192
11.1. Mendel and the Black Box, 193
11.2. The Experimental Subjects: Pisum Sativum, 194
Phenotype and Genotype, 196
11.3. Starting the Experiments: Yellow and Green Peas, 196
Parental, F₁ and F₂ Generations, 196
Interpreting the F₁ and F₂ Results, 197
11.4. Another Generation for Mendel, 198
Mendel’s Generations in Pictures, 198
The Law of Segregation, 200
Essay: Proportions and Their Causes: The Rules of Multiplication and Addition, 201
11.5. Crosses Involving Two Characters, 202
Crosses for Seed Color and Seed Shape, 202
The Law of Independent Assortment, 203
Essay: Why So Unrecognized?, 204
11.6. Reception of Mendel’s Ideas, 205
11.7. Incomplete Dominance, 205
Genes Code for Proteins, 206
11.8. Lessons from Blood Types: Codominance, 206
Getting Both Types of Surface Proteins, 207
Dominant and Recessive Alleles, 207
11.9. Multiple Alleles and Polygenic Inheritance, 207
11.10. Genes and Environment, 209
11.11. One Gene, Several Effects: Pleiotropy, 210
On to the Chromosome, 210
Chapter Review, 211
Chapter 12. Units of Heredity: Chromosomes and Inheritance, 214
12.1. X-Linked Inheritance in Humans, 216
The Genetics of Color Vision, 216
Alleles and Recessive Disorders, 216
12.2. Autosomal Genetic Disorders, 217
Sickle-Cell Anemia, 218
Dominant Disorders, 218
12.3. Tracking Traits with Pedigrees, 220
12.4. Aberrations in Chromosomal Sets: Polyploidy, 220
12.5. Incorrect Chromosome Number: Aneuploidy, 222
Aneuploidy’s Main Cause: Nondisjunction, 222
The Consequences of Aneuploidy, 223
Abnormal Numbers of Sex Chromosomes, 223
Aneuploidy and Cancer, 224
12.6. Structural Aberrations in Chromosomes, 225
Deletions, 225
Essay: PGD: Screening for a Healthy Child, 226
Inversions and Translocations, 227
Duplications, 227
Essay: The Process of Science: Thomas Hunt Morgan: Using Fruit Flies to Look More Deeply into Genetics, 228
The Process of Science, 230
On to DNA, 230
Chapter Review, 231
Chapter 13. Passing on Life’s Information: DNA Structure and Replication, 234
13.1. What Do Genes Do, and What Are They Made of?, 235
DNA Structure and the Rise of Molecular Biology, 236
13.2. Watson and Crick: The Double Helix, 236
13.3. The Components of DNA and Their Arrangement, 237
The Structure of DNA Gives Away the Secret of Replication, 239
DNA Structure and Protein Production, 239
The Building Blocks of DNA Replication, 240
13.4. Mutations, 240
Cancer and Huntington Mutations, 241
Heritable and Nonheritable Mutations, 241
Essay: The Process of Science: Getting Clear about What Genes Do: Beadle and Tatum, 242
What Causes Mutations?, 243
Mutations and Evolutionary Adaptation, 243
On to Protein Production, 243
Chapter Review, 244
Chapter 14. How Proteins Are Made: Genetic Transcription, Translation, and Regulation, 246
14.1. The Structure of Proteins, 247
Synthesizing Many Proteins from 20 Amino Acids, 247
14.2. Protein Synthesis in Overview, 248
14.3. A Closer Look at Transcription, 249
Passing on the Message: Base Pairing Again, 250
A Triplet Code, 250
14.4. A Closer Look at Translation, 252
The Nature of tRNA, 252
The Structure of Ribosomes, 253
BioFlix: Protein Synthesis, 254
The Steps of Translation, 254
Essay: Cracking the Genetic Code, 256
14.5. Genetic Regulation, 257
A Genome Contains Lots More than Genes, 257
Promoters, Enhancers, and Proteins that Bind Them, 258
More Regulation: Alternative Splicing, 259
RNA in Genetic Regulation, 260
The Importance of Regulation, 261
The Importance of DNA that Doesn’t Code for Proteins, 262
What Is Central in Genetics?, 262
14.6. Genetics and Life, 262
Biotechnology Is Next, 263
Chapter Review, 264
Chapter 15. The Future Isn’t What It Used to Be: Biotechnology, 266
15.1. What Is Biotechnology?, 268
15.2. Transgenic Biotechnology, 268
A Biotech Tool: Restriction Enzymes, 269
Another Tool of Biotech: Plasmids, 270
Using Biotech’s Tools: Getting Human Genes into Plasmids, 270
Getting the Plasmids Back inside Cells, Turning out Protein, 271
A Plasmid Is One Kind of Cloning Vector, 271
Real-World Transgenic Biotechnology, 272
15.3. Reproductive Cloning, 272
Reproductive Cloning: How Dolly Was Cloned, 273
Cloning and Recombinant DNA, 273
Human Cloning, 275
15.4. Forensic Biotechnology, 275
The Use of PCR, 276
Finding Individual Patterns, 276
15.5. Stem Cells, 277
Cell Fates: Committed or Not, 277
Essay: Reading DNA Profiles, 278
Stem Cells from Embryos, 279
Adult Stem Cells, 279
The Fight over Embryonic Stem Cells, 280
The Potential of Embryonic Stem Cells, 280
Stem Cells Meet Cloning: Therapeutic Cloning, 281
A Stunning Breakthrough in 2007, 282
Essay: The Process of Science: Making Embryonic Stem Cells Work, 282
15.6. Biotechnology in the Real World, 284
Controversies in Biotechnology, 284
Ethical Controversies in Biotechnology, 285
On to Evolution, 286
Chapter Review, 287
Unit 4. Life’s Organizing Principle: Evolution and the Diversity of Life, 290
Chapter 16. An Introduction to Evolution: Charles Darwin, Evolutionary Thought, and the Evidence for Evolution, 290
16.1. Evolution and Its Core Principles, 292
Common Descent with Modification, 292
Natural Selection, 292
The Importance of Evolution as a Concept, 292
Evolution Affects Human Perspectives Regarding Life, 292
16.2. Charles Darwin and the Theory of Evolution, 293
Darwin’s Contribution, 293
Darwin’s Journey of Discovery, 293
16.3. Evolutionary Thinking before Darwin, 294
Charles Lyell and Geology, 295
Jean-Baptiste De Lamarck and Evolution, 295
Georges Cuvier and Extinction, 296
16.4. Darwin’s Insights Following the Beagle’s Voyage, 296
Perceiving Common Descent with Modification, 296
Perceiving Natural Selection, 296
16.5. Alfred Russel Wallace, 297
16.6. Descent with Modification Is Accepted, 298
16.7. Darwin Doubted: The Controversy over Natural Selection, 299
Coming to an Understanding of Genetics, 299
Vindicating Natural Selection’s Role in Evolution, 299
Darwin Triumphant: The Modern Synthesis, 299
16.8. Opposition to the Theory of Evolution, 300
The False Notion of a Scientific Controversy, 300
16.9. The Evidence for Evolution, 301
Radiometric Dating, 301
Fossils, 301
Comparative Morphology and Embryology, 301
Evidence from Biogeography, 302
Essay: The Evolution of Human Skin Color, 304
Evidence from Gene Modification, 306
Experimental Evidence, 306
On to How Evolution Works, 307
Chapter Review, 308
Chapter 17. The Means of Evolution: Microevolution, 310
17.1. What Is It That Evolves?, 311
Populations Are the Essential Units That Evolve, 311
Genes Are the Raw Material of Evolution, 312
17.2. Evolution as a Change in the Frequency of Alleles, 313
17.3. Five Agents of Microevolution, 313
Mutations: Alterations in the Makeup of DNA, 314
Gene Flow: When One Population Joins Another, 315
Genetic Drift: The Instability of Small Populations, 315
Sexual Selection: When Mating Is Uneven across a Population, 318
Natural Selection: Evolution’s Adaptive Mechanism, 318
Essay: Lessons from the Cocker Spaniel: The Price of Inbreeding, 318
17.4. Natural Selection and Evolutionary Fitness, 320
Galapagos Finches: The Studies of Peter and Rosemary Grant, 320
17.5. Three Modes of Natural Selection, 322
Stabilizing Selection, 323
Directional Selection, 323
Disruptive Selection, 324
On to the Origin of Species, 324
Essay: Detecting Evolution: The Hardy-Weinberg Principle, 325
Chapter Review, 328
Chapter 18. The Outcomes of Evolution: Macroevolution, 330
18.1. What Is a Species?, 331
18.2. How Do New Species Arise?, 333
The Role of Geographic Separation: Allopatric Speciation, 333
Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms Are Central to Speciation, 334
Six Intrinsic Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms, 334
Sympatric Speciation, 336
18.3. Many New Species from One: Adaptive Radiation, 337
New Environments and Speciation, 338
Essay: New Species through Genetic Accidents: Polyploidy, 338
18.4. The Pace of Speciation, 340
18.5. The Categorization of Earth’s Living Things, 341
Taxonomic Classification and the Degree of Relatedness, 342
A Taxonomic Example: The Common House Cat, 342
18.6. Classical Taxonomy and Cladistics, 345
Another System for Interpreting the Evidence: Cladistics, 345
Should Anything but Relatedness Matter in Classification?, 346
On to the History of Life, 347
Chapter Review, 348
Chapter 19. A Slow Unfolding: The History of Life on Earth, 350
19.1. The Geological Timescale: Life Marks Earth’s Ages, 352
Features of the Timescale, 353
What Is Notable in Evolution Hinges on Values, 354
19.2. How Did Life Begin?, 354
From the Simple to the Complex, 355
Essay: Physical Forces and Evolution, 356
The Source of Life’s Raw Materials, 358
Life May Have Begun in Very Hot Water, 358
The RNA World, 359
19.3. The Tree of Life, 360
19.4. A Long First Era: The Precambrian, 360
Notable Precambrian Events, 361
Essay: Who Gets a Kingdom? Evolution within Life’s Categories, 362
19.5. The Cambrian Explosion, 363
19.6. The Movement onto the Land: Plants First, 365
Adaptations of Plants to the Land, 365
Another Plant Innovation: A Vascular System, 366
Plants with Seeds: The Gymnosperms and Angiosperms, 366
The Last Plant Revolution So Far: The Angiosperms, 366
19.7. Animals Follow Plants onto the Land, 367
Vertebrates Move onto Land, 367
Evolutionary Lines of Land Vertebrates, 368
Essay: The Process of Science: Going after the Fossils, 370
The Primate Mammals, 371
On to Human Evolution, 372
Chapter Review, 373
Chapter 20. Arriving Late, Traveling Far: The Evolution of Human Beings, 376
20.1. The Human Family Tree, 377
Connecting the Dots in the Tree, 378
20.2. Human Evolution in Overview, 378
20.3. Interpreting the Fossil Evidence, 381
20.4. Snapshots from the Past: Three Hominins, 382
20.5. The Appearance of Modern Human Beings, 385
Who Lives, Who Doesn’t?, 385
Essay: Sequencing the Neanderthal Genome, 386
20.6. Next-to-Last Standing? The Hobbit People, 387
On to the Diversity of Life, 387
Chapter Review, 388
Chapter 21. Viruses, Bacteria, Archaea, and Protists: The Diversity of Life 1, 390
21.1. Life’s Categories and the Importance of Microbes, 392
21.2. Viruses: Making a Living by Hijacking Cells, 394
HIV: The AIDS Virus, 394
Viral Diversity, 396
The Trouble Viruses Cause: Avian Flu, 396
21.3. Bacteria: Masters of Every Environment, 397
Essay: Unwanted Guest: The Persistence of Herpes, 398
Bacterial Numbers and Diversity, 399
21.4. Intimate Strangers: Humans and Bacteria, 400
Essay: Modes of Nutrition: How Organisms Get What They Need to Survive, 400
21.5. Bacteria and Human Disease, 401
Killing Pathogenic Bacteria: Antibiotics, 402
The Threat of Antibiotic Resistance, 402
21.6. Archaea: From Marginal Player to Center Stage, 403
The Separate Status of Domain Archaea, 403
Archaea and Their Habitats, 404
Extremophiles, 404
Prospecting for Extremophiles, 405
21.7. Protists: Pioneers in Diversifying Life, 405
21.8. Protists and Sexual Reproduction, 406
21.9. Photosynthesizing Protists, 407
21.10. Heterotrophic Protists, 408
Heterotrophs with Locomotor Extensions, 409
Heterotrophs with Limited Mobility, 409
Essay: The Process of Science: The Discovery of Penicillin, 410
On to Fungi and Plants, 412
Chapter Review, 413
Chapter 22. Fungi and Plants: The Diversity of Life 2, 416
22.1. The Fungi: Life as a Web of Slender Threads, 417
22.2. Roles of Fungi in Society and Nature, 419
22.3. Structure and Reproduction in Fungi, 420
The Life Cycle of a Fungus, 421
Reproduction in Other Types of Fungi, 422
22.4. Categories of Fungi, 422
Yeasts: Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, 424
Essay: A Psychedelic Drug from an Ancient Source, 425
22.5. Fungal Associations: Lichens and Mycorrhizae, 426
Lichens, 426
Mycorrhizae, 427
22.6. Plants: The Foundation for Much of Life, 427
The Characteristics of Plants, 427
22.7. Types of Plants, 429
Bryophytes: Amphibians of the Plant World, 430
Seedless Vascular Plants: Ferns and Their Relatives, 431
The First Seed Plants: The Gymnosperms, 432
Reproduction through Pollen and Seeds, 432
22.8. Angiosperm-Animal Interactions, 434
Seed Endosperm: More Animal Food from Angiosperms, 435
Fruit: An Inducement for Seed Dispersal, 435
On to a Look at Animals, 436
Chapter Review, 437
Chapter 23. Animals: The Diversity of Life 3, 440
23.1. What Is an Animal?, 441
23.2. Animal Types: The Family Tree, 442
Additions 1 and 2: Tissues and Symmetry, 443
Addition 3: Bilateral Symmetry, 444
Addition 4: A Body Cavity, 444
A Split in the Animal Kingdom: Protostomes and Deuterostomes, 445
23.3. Phylum Porifera: The Sponges, 446
23.4. Phylum Cnidaria: Jellyfish and Others, 447
The Protostomes, 450
23.5. Phylum Platyhelminthes: Flatworms, 450
23.6. Phylum Annelida: Segmented Worms, 451
23.7. Phylum Mollusca: Snails, Oysters, Squid, and More, 453
23.8. Phylum Nematoda: Roundworms, 455
23.9. Phylum Arthropoda: Insects, Lobsters, Spiders, and More, 456
Subphylum Uniramia: Insects First, 457
Other Uniramians: Millipedes and Centipedes, 458
Subphylum Crustacea: Shrimp, Lobsters, Crabs, Barnacles and More, 459
Subphylum Chelicerata: Spiders, Ticks, Mites, Horseshoe Crabs, and More, 459
The Deuterostomes, 460
23.10. Phylum Echinodermata: Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, and More, 460
23.11. Phylum Chordata: Mostly Animals with Backbones, 462
What Is a Vertebrate?, 463
Diversity among the Vertebrates, 464
On to Plants, 471
Chapter Review, 472
Unit 5. A Bounty That Feeds Us All: Plants, 476
Chapter 24. The Angiosperms: An Introduction to Flowering Plants, 476
24.1. The Importance of Plants, 477
A Focus on Flowering Plants, 478
24.2. The Structure of Flowering Plants, 479
The Basic Division: Roots and Shoots, 479
Roots: Absorbing the Vital Water, 480
Shoots: Leaves, Stems, and Flowers, 481
Essay: What Is Plant Food?, 484
24.3. Basic Functions in Flowering Plants, 485
Reproduction in Angiosperms, 485
Plant Plumbing: The Transport System, 486
Communication: Hormones Affect Many Aspects of Plant Functioning, 487
Essay: Keeping Cut Flowers Fresh, 488
Plant Growth: Indeterminate and at the Tips, 489
Defense and Cooperation, 490
Essay: Ripening Fruit Is a Gas, 490
24.4. Responding to External Signals, 492
Responding to Gravity: Gravitropism, 492
Responding to Light: Phototropism, 493
Responding to Contact: Thigmotropism, 493
Responding to the Passage of the Seasons, 493
On to a More Detailed Picture of Plants, 495
Chapter Review, 496
Chapter 25. The Angiosperms: Form and Function in Flowering Plants, 498
25.1. Two Ways of Catergorizing Flowering Plants, 500
The Life Spans of Angiosperms: Annuals, Biennials, and Perennials, 500
A Basic Difference among Flowering Plants: Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons, 500
25.2. There Are Three Fundamental Types of Plant Cells, 502
Parenchyma Cells, 502
Sclerenchyma Cells, 502
Collenchyma Cells, 502
Parenchyma as Starting-State Cells, 502
25.3. The Plant Body and Its Tissue Types, 503
First: A Distinction between Primary and Secondary Growth Tissue, 503
Dermal Tissue Is the Plant’s Interface with the Outside World, 503
Ground Tissue Forms the Bulk of the Primary Plant, 504
Vascular Tissue Forms the Plant’s Transport System, 504
Meristematic Tissue and Primary Plant Growth, 506
25.4. How a Plant Grows: Apical Meristems Give Rise to the Entire Plant, 506
A Closer Look at Root and Shoot Apical Meristems, 507
25.5. Secondary Growth Comes from a Thickening of Two Types of Tissue, 509
Secondary Growth through the Vascular Cambium: Secondary Xylem and Phloem, 510
Secondary Xylem Is Responsible for Most of a Plant’s Widening, 510
Secondary Growth thought the Cork Cambium: The Plant’s Periphery, 511
Essay: A Tree’s History Can Be Seen in Its Wood, 512
25.6. How the Plant’s Vascular System Functions, 513
How the Xylem Conducts Water, 513
BioFlix: Water Transport in Plants, 514
Food the Plant Makes Is Conducted through Phloem, 514
Essay: The Syrup for Your Pancakes Comes from Xylem, 516
25.7. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants, 517
Flowering Plants Reproduce through an Alternation of Generations, 518
Development of the Male and Female Gametophyte Generation, 521
Fertilization of Two Sorts: A New Zygote and Food for It, 521
25.8. Embryo, Seed, and Fruit: The Developing Plant, 522
The Development of a Seed, 522
The Development of Fruit, 523
Fruits Serve in Protection and in Seed Dispersal, 523
Seed Dormancy Can Be Used to a Plant’s Advantage, 524
On to Animals, 525
Chapter Review, 526
Unit 6. What Makes the Organism Tick? Human Anatomy and Physiology, 528
Chapter 26. Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology: The Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems, 528
26.1. The Disciplines of Anatomy and Physiology, 529
26.2. How Does the Body Regulate Itself?, 530
Large-Scale Features of the Body, 531
26.3. Levels of Physical Organization, 531
26.4. The Human Body Has Four Basic Tissue Types, 532
Epithelial Tissue, 532
Connective Tissue, 532
Muscle Tissue, 532
Nervous Tissue, 534
26.5. Organs Are Made of Several Kinds of Tissue, 534
26.6. Organs and Tissues Make Up Organ Systems, 534
Organ Systems 1: Body Support and Movement—The Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems, 534
Organ Systems 2: Coordination, Regulation, and Defense—The Nervous, Endocrine, and Immune Systems, 535
Organ Systems 3: Transport and Exchange with the Environment—The Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Digestive, and Urinary Systems, 536
26.7. The Integumentary System: Skin and Its Accessories, 537
The Structure of Skin, 537
The Outermost Layer of Skin, the Epidermis, 537
Beneath the Epidermis: The Dermis and Hypodermis, 538
Accessory Structures of the Integumentary System, 538
Essay: Why Fat Matters and Where It Matters Most, 540
26.8. The Skeletal System, 541
Function and Structure of Bones, 542
Essay: There Is No Such Thing as a Fabulous Tan, 542
Practical Consequences of Bone Dynamics, 544
The Human Skeleton, 544
Joints, 544
26.9. The Muscular System, 546
The Makeup of Muscle, 546
BioFlix: Muscle Contraction, 548
How Muscles Work, 548
On to the Nervous and Endocrine Systems, 548
Chapter Review, 549
Chapter 27. Communication and Control: The Nervous and Endocrine Systems, 552
27.1. Structure of the Nervous System, 554
27.2. Cells of the Nervous System, 555
Anatomy of a Neuron, 557
The Nature of Glial Cells, 557
Nerves, 558
27.3. How Nervous System Communication Works, 558
Communication within an Axon, 558
Movement Down the Axon, 560
BioFlix: How Neurons Work, 560
Communication between Cells: The Synapse, 560
The Importance of Neurotransmitters, 561
27.4. The Spinal Cord, 561
The Spinal Cord and the Processing of Information, 562
Quick, Unconscious Action: Reflexes, 562
27.5. The Autonomic Nervous System, 563
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions, 563
27.6. The Human Brain, 564
Six Major Regions of the Brain, 565
Essay: Spinal Cord Injuries, 565
27.7. The Nervous System in Action: Our Senses, 566
27.8. Our Senses of Touch, 567
27.9. Our Sense of Smell, 568
27.10. Our Sense of Taste, 570
27.11. Our Sense of Hearing, 571
Essay: Too Loud: Hair Cell Loss and Hearing, 571
27.12. Our Sense of Vision, 572
27.13. The Endocrine System, 576
27.14. Types of Hormones, 577
27.15. How Is Hormone Secretion Controlled?, 578
Hormonal Hierarchy: The Hypothalamus, 578
The Pituitary Gland, 580
27.16. Hormones in Action: Four Examples, 580
Insulin and Glucagon: Keeping a Tight Rein on Glucose, 580
Oxytocin: Wide-Ranging Roles for a Single Hormone, 582
Essay: When Blood Sugar Stays in the Blood: Diabetes, 584
Cortisol: Stress and Illness, 585
On to the Immune System, 585
Chapter Review, 586
Chapter 28. Defending the Body: The Immune System, 590
28.1. Two Types of Immune Defense, 592
28.2. Nonspecific Defenses, 592
Nonspecific Cells and Proteins, 593
Nonspecific Defense and the Inflammatory Response, 593
28.3. Specific Defenses, 594
Antibody-Mediated and Cell-Mediated Immunity, 595
28.4. Antibody-Mediated Immunity, 597
The Fantastic Diversity of Antibodies, 597
The Cloning and Differentiation of B Cells, 597
The Action of the Antibodies, 598
28.5. Cell-Mediated Immunity, 598
Cells Bearing Invaders: Antigen-Presenting Cells, 599
Helper T Cells, Cytotoxic T Cells, and Regulatory T Cells, 599
28.6. AIDS: Attacking the Defenders, 600
28.7. The Immune System Can Cause Trouble, 602
On to Transport and Exchange, 603
Chapter Review, 604
Chapter 29. Transport and Exchange 1: Blood and Breath, 606
29.1. The Cardiovascular System, 608
29.2. The Composition of Blood, 608
Formed Elements, 608
Blood’s Other Major Component: Plasma, 609
29.3. Blood Vessels, 609
Essay: Blood Doping: A Dangerous Way to Cheat, 610
29.4. The Heart and Blood Circulation, 611
Following the Path of Circulation, 612
Valves Control the Flow of Blood, 613
29.5. What Is a Heart Attack?, 613
Essay: Listening in on Blood Pressure, 614
29.6. Distributing the Goods: The Capillary Beds, 615
Forces That Work on Exchange through Capillaries, 616
Muscles and Valves Work to Return Blood to the Heart, 616
29.7. The Respiratory System, 616
Structure of the Respiratory System, 617
29.8. Steps in Respiration, 618
First Step: Ventilation, 618
Next Steps: Exchange of Gases, 618
On to the Digestive and Urinary Systems, 619
Chapter Review, 620
Chapter 30. Transport and Exchange 2: Digestion, Nutrition, and Elimination, 622
30.1. The Digestive System, 623
30.2. Structure of the Digestive System, 624
The Digestive Tract in Cross Section, 624
30.3. Steps in Digestion, 625
The Pharynx and Esophagus, 625
The Stomach, 625
The Small Intestine, 626
The Pancreas, 627
The Gallbladder, 627
The Liver, 627
The Large Intestine, 628
30.4. Human Nutrition, 629
30.5. Water, Minerals, and Vitamins, 629
Vitamin and Mineral Sources: Do We Need Supplements?, 632
30.6. Calories and the Energy-Yielding Nutrients, 633
30.7. Proteins, 634
30.8. Carbohydrates, 636
Carbohydrate Choices: Think Fresh and Whole Grain, 637
30.9. Lipids, 639
Lipid Choices: Think Unsaturated, 640
30.10. Elements of a Healthy Diet, 642
30.11. The Urinary System in Overview, 643
30.12. Structure of the Urinary System, 643
30.13. How the Kidneys Function, 645
Hormonal Control of Water Retention, 645
30.14. Urine Storage and Excretion, 646
The Urinary Bladder, 646
The Urethra, 646
Urination, 646
On to Development and Reproduction, 647
Chapter Review, 648
Chapter 31. An Amazingly Detailed Script: Animal Development, 652
31.1. General Processes in Development, 653
Two Cells Become One: Fertilization, 653
Three Phases of Early Embryonic Development, 654
Themes in Development: From General to Specific; Retention of Structures and Processes, 657
31.2. What Factors Underlie Development?, 658
The Process of Induction, 658
The Interaction of Genes and Proteins, 659
Three Lessons in One Gene, 659
31.3. Unity in Development: Homeobox Genes, 661
31.4. Developmental Tools: Sculpting the Body, 662
31.5. Development through Life, 663
On to Human Reproduction, 663
Chapter Review, 664
Chapter 32. How the Baby Came to Be: Human Reproduction, 666
32.1. Overview of Human Reproduction and Development, 667
Reproduction in Outline, 667
32.2. The Female Reproductive System, 669
The Female Reproductive Cycle, 669
How Does an Egg Develop?, 670
Changes through the Female Life Span, 671
Essay: Hormones and the Female Reproductive Cycle, 672
The Mystery of Menopause, 673
32.3. The Male Reproductive System, 675
Structure of the Testes, 676
Male and Female Gamete Production Compared, 676
Further Development of Sperm, 676
Essay: Methods of Contraception, 677
Supporting Glands, 678
32.4. The Union of Sperm and Egg, 678
How Latecomers Are Kept Out, 679
32.5. Human Development Prior to Birth, 679
Early Development, 680
Development through the Trimesters, 682
Essay: Sexually Transmitted Disease, 682
32.6. The Birth of the Baby, 685
On to Ecology, 686
Chapter Review, 687
Unit 7. The Living World as a Whole: Ecology and Animal Behavior, 690
Chapter 33. An Interactive Living World 1: Populations in Ecology, 690
33.1. The Study of Ecology, 692
Ecology Is Not Environmentalism, 692
Path of Study, 693
33.2. Populations: Size and Dynamics, 694
Estimating the Size of a Population, 694
Growth and Decline of Populations over Time, 694
Calculating Exponential Growth in a Population, 696
Logistical Growth of Populations: Reality Makes an Appearance, 697
33.3. r-Selected and K-Selected Species, 698
K-Selected, or Equilibrium, Species, 698
r-Selected, or Opportunist, Species, 698
Survivorship Curves: At What Point Does Death Come in the Life Span?, 699
33.4. Thinking about Human Populations, 700
Survivorship Curves Are Constructed from Life Tables, 700
Population Pyramids: What Proportion of a Population Is Young?, 700
The World’s Human Population: Finally Stabilizing, 702
Human Population and the Environment, 703
On to Communities, 704
Chapter Review, 706
Chapter 34. An Interactive Living World 2: Communities in Ecology, 708
34.1. Structure in Communities, 709
Large Numbers of a Few Species: Ecological Dominants, 709
Importance Beyond Numbers: Keystone Species, 710
Variety in Communities: What Is Biodiversity?, 710
34.2. Types of Interaction among Community Members, 712
Two Important Community Concepts: Habitat and Niche, 712
Competition among Species in a Community, 712
Essay: Purring Predators: House Cats and Their Prey, 715
Parasites: Making a Living from the Living, 716
Beneficial Interactions: Mutualism and Commensalism, 718
Coevolution: Species Driving Each Other’s Evolution, 718
34.3. Succession in Communities, 719
An Example of Primary Succession: Alaska’s Glacier Bay, 720
Common Elements in Primary Succession, 721
Lessons in Succession from Mount St. Helens, 722
Essay: Why Do Rabid Animals Go Crazy?, 722
On to Ecosystems and Biomes, 723
Chapter Review, 724
Chapter 35. An Interactive Living World 3: Ecosystems and Biomes, 726
35.1. The Ecosystem, 727
35.2. Abiotic Factors Are a Major Component of Any Ecosystem, 727
The Cycling of Ecosystem Resources, 728
35.3. How Energy Flows through Ecosystems, 734
Producers, Consumers, and Trophic Levels, 735
Accounting for Energy Flow through the Trophic Levels, 737
Primary Productivity Varies across the Earth by Region, 739
35.4. Earth’s Physical Environment, 740
Earth’s Atmosphere, 740
The Worrisome Issue of Ozone Depletion, 740
Essay: A Cut for the Middleman: Livestock and Food, 741
35.5. Global Warming, 742
Warming for Certain, Caused by Human Activity, 742
What Are the Likely Consequences of Global Warming?, 743
A Warming We Cannot Stop but Can Lessen, 745
35.6. Earth’s Climate, 746
Why Are Some Areas Wet and Some Dry, Some Hot and Some Cold?, 746
Essay: The Process of Science: Global Warming and the Harlequin Frogs, 746
The Circulation of the Atmosphere and Its Relation to Rain, 748
Mountain Chains Affect Precipitation Patterns, 749
The Importance of Climate to Life, 749
35.7. Earth’s Biomes, 750
Cold and Lying Low: Tundra, 750
Northern Forests: Taiga, 751
Hot in Summer, Cold in Winter: Temperate Deciduous Forest, 752
Dry but Sometimes Very Fertile: Grassland, 753
Chaparral: Rainy Winters, Dry Summers, 753
The Challenge of Water: Deserts, 753
Lush Life, Now Threatened: Tropical Rain Forests, 754
35.8. Life in the Water: Aquatic Ecosystems, 755
Marine Ecosystems, 755
Essay: Good News about the Environment, 756
Essay: Our Overfished Oceans, 758
Freshwater Systems, 759
Life’s Largest Scale: The Biosphere, 761
On to Animal Behavior, 762
Chapter Review, 763
Chapter 36. Animals and Their Actions: Animal Behavior, 766
36.1. The Field of Animal Behavior, 767
Animal Behavior Asks What, Why, and How, 767
Proximate and Ultimate Causes, 768
Ultimate Cause and Natural Selection, 769
36.2. The Web of Behavioral Influences, 770
36.3. Internal Influences on Behavior, 771
Reflexes, 771
Action Patterns, 771
Orientation Behavior: Taxis, 772
Biological Rhythms: The Internal Clock, 773
Longer Internal Cycles: Annual Clocks, 773
The Effects of Hormones, 774
Essay: Biological Rhythms and Sports, 774
36.4. Learning and Behavior, 775
Establishing Relationships: Imprinting, 775
The Sensitive Period, 776
Other Forms of Learning, 776
36.5. Behavior in Action: How Birds Acquire Their Songs, 777
36.6. Social Behavior, 779
Why Live Alone—or Together?, 780
Dominance Hierarchies, 780
Territoriality, 781
Eusociality: Life in Animal Societies, 781
Essay: Are Men “Naturally” Promiscuous and Women Reserved?, 782
36.7. Altruism in the Animal Kingdom, 784
Inclusive Fitness at Work, 786
Reciprocal Altruism, 787
On to . . . the Rest of Life, 787
Essay: The Process of Science: How Do Sea Turtles Find Their Way?, 788
Chapter Review, 790
Appendix, AP1
Answers, A1
Glossary, G1
Credits, C1
Index, I1
Essays, E1
Web Animations, W1

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