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Copyright, ii
Green Chemistry, v
Preface, xiv
Media Resources for Instructors, xix
To the Student, xxii
Highlights of the Twelfth Edition, xxiv
1. Chemistry, xxxii
1.1. Science and Technology: The Roots of Knowledge, 2
1.2. The Baconian Dream and the Carsonian Nightmare, 3
1.3. Science: Reproducible, Testable, Tentative, Predictive, and Explanatory, 4
1.4. The Limitations of Science, 7
1.5. Science and Technology: Risks and Benefits, 8
1.6. Chemistry: Its Central Role, 10
1.7. Solving Society’s Problems: Scientific Research, 11
1.8. Chemistry: A Study of Matter and Its Changes, 13
1.9. Classification of Matter, 16
1.10. The Measurement of Matter, 19
1.11. Density, 25
1.12. Energy: Heat and Temperature, 28
1.13. Critical Thinking, 32
Summary, 34
Review Questions, 35
Problems, 35
Additional Problems, 38
Collaborative Group Projects, 39
2. Atoms, 40
2.1. Atoms: The Greek Idea, 42
2.2. Lavoisier: The Law of Conservation of Mass, 43
2.3. Proust: The Law of Definite Proportions, 44
2.4. John Dalton: The Atomic Theory of Matter, 46
2.5. Out of Chaos: The Periodic Table, 51
2.6. Atoms and Molecules: Real and Relevant, 53
Summary, 56
Review Questions, 56
Problems, 57
Additional Problems, 58
Collaborative Group Projects, 59
3. Atomic Structure, 60
3.1. Electricity and the Atom, 62
3.2. Serendipity in Science: X-Rays and Radioactivity, 65
3.3. Three Types of Radioactivity, 66
3.4. Rutherford’s Experiment: The Nuclear Model of the Atom, 67
3.5. The Atomic Nucleus, 69
3.6. Electron Arrangement: The Bohr Model, 72
3.7. Electron Arrangement: The Quantum Model, 77
3.8. Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table, 80
3.9. Which Model to Choose?, 84
Summary, 84
Review Questions, 85
Problems, 86
Additional Problems, 86
Collaborative Group Projects, 87
4. Chemical Bonds, 88
4.1. The Art of Deduction: Stable Electron Configurations, 90
4.2. Lewis (Electron-Dot) Symbols, 91
4.3. The Reaction of Sodium and Chlorine, 92
4.4. Using Lewis Symbols: More Ionic Compounds, 94
4.5. Formulas and Names of Binary Ionic Compounds, 97
4.6. Covalent Bonds: Shared Electron Pairs, 100
4.7. Unequal Sharing: Polar Covalent Bonds, 102
4.8. Polyatomic Molecules: Water, Ammonia, and Methane, 104
4.9. Polyatomic Ions, 105
4.10. Rules for Writing Lewis Formulas, 107
4.11. Odd-Electron Molecules: Free Radicals, 110
4.12. Molecular Shapes: The VSEPR Theory, 112
4.13. Shapes and Properties: Polar and Nonpolar Molecules, 116
4.14. A Chemical Vocabulary, 117
Summary, 118
Review Questions, 119
Problems, 119
Additional Problems, 121
Collaborative Group Projects, 121
5. Chemical Accounting, 122
5.1. Chemical Sentences: Equations, 123
5.2. Volume Relationships in Chemical Equations, 127
5.3. Avogadro’s Number and the Mole, 128
5.4. Molar Mass: Mole-to-Mass and Mass-to-Mole Conversions, 131
5.5. Solutions, 138
Summary, 143
Review Questions, 144
Problems, 144
Additional Problems, 146
Collaborative Group Projects, 147
6. Gases, Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces, 148
6.1. Solids, Liquids, and Gases, 150
6.2. Comparing Ionic and Molecular Compounds, 152
6.3. Forces between Molecules, 154
6.4. Forces in Solutions, 156
6.5. Gases: The Kinetic–Molecular Theory, 158
6.6. The Simple Gas Laws, 159
6.7. The Ideal Gas Law, 165
Summary, 167
Review Questions, 167
Problems, 168
Additional Problems, 169
Collaborative Group Projects, 169
7. Acids and Bases, 170
7.1. Acids and Bases: Experimental Definitions, 172
7.2. Acids, Bases, and Salts, 173
7.3. Acidic and Basic Anhydrides, 179
7.4. Strong and Weak Acids and Bases, 181
7.5. Neutralization, 182
7.6. The pH Scale, 183
7.7. Buffers and Conjugate Acid–Base Pairs, 186
7.8. Acid Rain, 187
7.9. Antacids: A Basic Remedy, 188
7.10. Acids and Bases in Industry and in Us, 189
Summary, 191
Review Questions, 191
Problems, 191
Additional Problems, 193
Collaborative Group Projects, 193
8. Oxidation and Reduction, 194
8.1. Oxidation and Reduction: Three Views, 196
8.2. Oxidizing and Reducing Agents, 200
8.3. Electrochemistry: Cells and Batteries, 201
8.4. Corrosion, 206
8.5. Explosive Reactions, 207
8.6. Oxygen: An Abundant and Essential Oxidizing Agent, 208
8.7. Other Common Oxidizing Agents, 210
8.8. Some Reducing Agents of Interest, 212
8.9. A Closer Look at Hydrogen, 214
8.10. Oxidation, Reduction, and Living Things, 216
Summary, 218
Review Questions, 218
Problems, 219
Additional Problems, 220
Collaborative Group Projects, 221
9. Organic Chemistry, 222
9.1. The Unique Carbon Atom, 224
9.2. Alkanes, 224
9.3. Cyclic Hydrocarbons: Rings and Things, 229
9.4. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: Alkenes and Alkynes, 231
9.5. Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Benzene and Relatives, 233
9.6. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons: Many Uses, Some Hazards, 234
9.7. The Functional Group, 236
9.8. The Alcohol Family, 238
9.9. Phenols, 241
9.10. Ethers, 241
9.11. Aldehydes and Ketones, 243
9.12. Carboxylic Acids, 246
9.13. Esters: The Sweet Smell of RCOOR’, 248
9.14. Amines and Amides, 251
9.15. Heterocyclic Compounds: Alkaloids and Others, 254
Summary, 255
Review Questions, 256
Problems, 256
Additional Problems, 258
Collaborative Group Projects, 259
10. Polymers, 260
10.1. Polymerization: Making Big Ones Out of Little Ones, 261
10.2. Natural Polymers, 262
10.3. Celluloid: Billiard Balls and Collars, 262
10.4. Polyethylene: From the Battle of Britain to Bread Bags, 263
10.5. Addition Polymerization: One + One + One + ... GIVES ONE, 266
10.6. Rubber and Other Elastomers, 271
10.7. Condensation Polymers: Splitting Out Water, 273
10.8. Properties of Polymers, 278
10.9. Disposal of Plastics, 280
10.10. Plastics and Fire Hazards, 281
10.11. Plasticizers and Pollution, 281
10.12. Plastics and the Future, 282
Summary, 285
Review Questions, 286
Problems, 286
Additional Problems, 287
Collaborative Group Projects, 289
11. Nuclear Chemistry, 290
11.1. Natural Radioactivity, 292
11.2. Nuclear Equations, 294
11.3. Half-Life, 298
11.4. Radioisotopic Dating, 300
11.5. Artificial Transmutation, 302
11.6. Uses of Radioisotopes, 304
11.7. Penetrating Power of Radiation, 308
11.8. Energy from the Nucleus, 309
11.9. The Building of the Bomb, 313
11.10. Radioactive Fallout, 315
11.11. Nuclear Power Plants, 316
11.12. Thermonuclear Reactions, 318
11.13. The Nuclear Age, 319
Summary, 320
Review Questions, 321
Problems, 321
Additional Problems, 322
Collaborative Group Projects, 323
12. Chemistry of Earth, 324
12.1. Spaceship Earth: The Materials Manifest, 325
12.2. The Lithosphere: Organic and Inorganic, 327
12.3. Meeting Our Needs: From Sticks to Bricks, 327
12.4. Silicates and the Shapes of Things, 328
12.5. Modified Silicates: Ceramics, Glass, and Cement, 330
12.6. Metals and Ores, 332
12.7. Earth’s Dwindling Resources, 337
Summary, 340
Review Questions, 341
Problems, 341
Additional Problems, 342
Collaborative Group Projects, 343
13. Air, 344
13.1. Earth’s Atmosphere: Divisions and Composition, 345
13.2. Chemistry of the Atmosphere, 347
13.3. Pollution through the Ages, 350
13.4. Coal + Fire → Industrial Smog, 352
13.5. Automobile Emissions, 355
13.6. Photochemical Smog: Making Haze while the Sun Shines, 358
13.7. Acid Rain: Air Pollution → Water Pollution, 361
13.8. The Inside Story: Indoor Air Pollution, 362
13.9. Ozone: The Double-Edged Sword, 366
13.10. Carbon Dioxide and Climate Change, 369
13.11. Who Pollutes? Who Pays?, 373
Summary, 376
Review Questions, 377
Problems, 377
Additional Problems, 378
Collaborative Group Projects, 379
14. Water, 380
14.1. Water: Some Unique Properties, 382
14.2. Water in Nature, 384
14.3. Chemical and Biological Contamination, 387
14.4. Industrial Water Use, 389
14.5. Groundwater Contamination → Tainted Tap Water, 392
14.6. Making Water Fit to Drink, 394
14.7. Wastewater Treatment, 399
14.8. The Newest Soft Drink: Bottled Water, 401
14.9. Water Pollution and the Future, 401
Summary, 403
Review Questions, 403
Problems, 404
Additional Problems, 405
Collaborative Group Projects, 405
15. Energy, 406
15.1. Sunlight Floods Earth with Energy, 408
15.2. Energy and Chemical Reactions, 411
15.3. The Laws of Thermodynamics, 414
15.4. People Power: Early Uses of Energy, 417
15.5. Reserves and Consumption Rates of Fossil Fuels, 418
15.6. Coal: The Carbon Rock of Ages, 419
15.7. Natural Gas: Mostly Methane, 422
15.8. Petroleum: Liquid Hydrocarbons, 422
15.9. Convenient Energy: Electricity, 428
15.10. Nuclear Fission, 430
15.11. Nuclear Fusion: The Sun in a Magnetic Bottle, 435
15.12. Harnessing the Sun: Solar Energy, 436
15.13. Biomass: Photosynthesis for Fuel, 438
15.14. Hydrogen: Light and Powerful, 441
15.15. Other Renewable Energy Sources, 443
15.16. Energy: How Much Is Too Much?, 445
Summary, 447
Review Questions, 448
Problems, 448
Additional Problems, 450
Collaborative Group Projects, 451
16. Biochemistry, 452
16.1. The Living Cell, 453
16.2. Carbohydrates: A Storehouse of Energy, 455
16.3. Fats and Other Lipids, 459
16.4. Proteins: Polymers of Amino Acids, 462
16.5. The Peptide Bond: Peptides and Proteins, 465
16.6. Structure of Proteins, 467
16.7. Enzymes: Exquisite Precision Machines, 471
16.8. Nucleic Acids: Parts and Structure, 474
16.9. DNA: Self-Replication, 477
16.10. RNA: Protein Synthesis and the Genetic Code, 479
16.11. The Human Genome, 481
Summary, 485
Review Questions, 486
Problems, 486
Additional Problems, 488
Collaborative Group Projects, 489
17. Food, 490
17.1. Carbohydrates in the Diet, 492
17.2. Fats and Cholesterol, 494
17.3. Proteins: Muscle and Much More, 499
17.4. Minerals: Inorganic Chemicals and Life, 501
17.5. The Vitamins: Vital, but Not All Are Amines, 503
17.6. Other Essentials: Fiber and Water, 505
17.7. Starvation and Fasting, 506
17.8. Additives to Enhance Nutrition and Taste, 508
17.9. Additives to Retard Spoilage, 513
17.10. Color Additives, 515
17.11. Poisons in Our Food, 517
17.12. A World without Food Additives, 521
Summary, 522
Review Questions, 523
Problems, 523
Additional Problems, 524
Collaborative Group Projects, 525
18. Drugs, 526
18.1. Scientific Drug Design, 528
18.2. Pain Relievers: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), 529
18.3. Chemistry, Allergies, and the Common Cold, 532
18.4. Antibacterial Drugs, 534
18.5. Viruses and Antiviral Drugs, 538
18.6. Chemicals against Cancer, 541
18.7. Hormones: The Regulators, 544
18.8. Chemistry and Social Revolution: The Pill, 549
18.9. Drugs for the Heart, 552
18.10. Drugs and the Mind, 554
18.11. Some Chemistry of the Nervous System, 554
18.12. Brain Amines: Depression and Mania, 556
18.13. Anesthetics, 559
18.14. Depressant Drugs, 562
18.15. Narcotics, 565
18.16. Antianxiety Agents, 569
18.17. Stimulant Drugs, 571
18.18. Hallucinogenic Drugs, 573
18.19. Drug Problems, 576
Summary, 577
Review Questions, 579
Problems, 579
Additional Problems, 579
Collaborative Group Projects, 581
19. Fitness and Health, 582
19.1. Calories: Quantity and Quality, 583
19.2. Vitamins and Minerals, 586
19.3. Body Fluids and Electrolytes, 589
19.4. Weight-Loss Diets, 591
19.5. Exercise for Weight Loss, 593
19.6. Measuring Fitness, 596
19.7. Some Chemistry of Muscles, 598
19.8. Drugs and the Athlete, 601
19.9. Exercise and the Brain, 603
19.10. No Smoking, 604
Summary, 607
Review Questions, 607
Problems, 608
Additional Problems, 609
Collaborative Group Projects, 609
20. Chemistry Down on the Farm . . ., 610
20.1. Farming with Chemicals: Fertilizers, 612
20.2. The War against Pests, 618
20.3. Biological Insect Controls, 624
20.4. Herbicides and Defoliants, 628
20.5. Sustainable Agriculture, 630
20.6. Some Malthusian Mathematics, 632
20.7. Can We Feed a Hungry World?, 634
Summary, 635
Review Questions, 635
Problems, 635
Additional Problems, 636
Collaborative Group Projects, 637
21. Household Chemicals, 638
21.1. A History of Cleaning, 640
21.2. Fat + Lye → Soap, 641
21.3. Synthetic Detergents, 645
21.4. Laundry Detergent Formulations, 647
21.5. Dishwashing Detergents, 651
21.6. Fabric Softeners, 651
21.7. Laundry Bleaches: Whiter Whites, 652
21.8. All-Purpose Cleaning Products, 653
21.9. Special-Purpose Cleaners, 654
21.10. Solvents, Paints, and Waxes, 658
21.11. Cosmetics: Personal Care Chemicals, 659
21.12. Toothpaste: Soap with Grit and Flavor, 665
21.13. Perfumes, Colognes, and Aftershaves, 666
21.14. Some Hairy Chemistry, 669
21.15. The Well-Informed Consumer, 673
Summary, 674
Review Questions, 675
Problems, 675
Additional Problems, 676
Collaborative Group Projects, 677
22. Poisons, 678
22.1. Natural Poisons, 680
22.2. Corrosive Poisons: A Closer Look, 682
22.3. Metabolic Poisons, 683
22.4. Heavy Metal Poisons, 684
22.5. More Chemistry of the Nervous System, 688
22.6. The Lethal Dose, 690
22.7. The Liver as a Detox Facility, 692
22.8. Chemical Carcinogens: Slow Poisons, 693
22.9. Three Ways to Test for Carcinogens, 697
22.10. Birth Defects: Teratogens, 698
22.11. Hazardous Wastes, 699
22.12. What Price Poisons?, 701
Summary, 702
Review Questions, 703
Problems, 703
Additional Problems, 704
Collaborative Group Projects, 705
Appendix: Review of Measurement and Mathematics, A-1
Glossary, A-18
Brief Answers to Selected Problems, A-25
Photo Credits, PC-1
Index, I-1
End Paper, EP-1

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