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Copyright, iv
About the Authors, v
To the Student: Ways to Use This Book, xviii
To the Instructor: Tools for Teaching, xxvii
Preface, xxviii
Acknowledgments, xxx
1. Introduction: Biology Today: Chapter Thread: Biology in Our Everyday Lives, 2
1. Introduction: Biology Today: Chapter Thread: Biology in Our Everyday Lives, 2
Biology and Society: Biology All Around Us, 3
The Scope of Life, 4
The Properties of Life, 4
Life at Its Many Levels, 4
Life in Its Diverse Forms, 8
Evolution: Biology’s Unifying Theme, 10
The Darwinian View of Life, 10
Natural Selection, 11
The Process of Science, 14
Discovery Science, 14
Hypothesis-Driven Science, 14
The Process of Science: Is Trans Fat Bad for You?, 15
Theories in Science, 16
The Culture of Science, 17
Science, Technology, and Society, 17
Evolution Connection: Evolution in Our Everyday Lives, 18
Unit 1. Cells, 21
2. Essential Chemistry for Biology: Chapter Thread: Water as the Chemical of Life, 22
Biology and Society: Fluoride in the Water, 23
Some Basic Chemistry, 24
Matter: Elements and Compounds, 24
Atoms, 25
Chemical Bonding and Molecules, 27
Chemical Reactions, 28
Water and Life, 29
Water’s Life-Supporting Properties, 29
The Process of Science: Can Exercise Boost Your Brain Power?, 31
Acids, Bases, and pH, 32
Evolution Connection: The Search for Extraterrestrial Life, 33
3. The Molecules of Life: Chapter Thread: Lactose Intolerance, 36
Biology and Society: Got Lactose?, 37
Organic Compounds, 38
Carbon Chemistry, 38
Giant Molecules from Smaller Building Blocks, 39
Large Biological Molecules, 40
Carbohydrates, 40
Lipids, 43
Proteins, 46
Nucleic Acids, 49
The Process of Science: Does Lactose Intolerance Have a Genetic Basis?, 51
Evolution Connection: Evolution and Lactose Intolerance in Humans, 51
4. A Tour of the Cell: Chapter Thread: Bacterial Diseases and Cellular Structures, 54
Biology and Society: Drugs That Target Bacterial Cells, 55
The Microscopic World of Cells, 56
Microscopes as Windows on the World of Cells, 56
The Two Major Categories of Cells, 58
An Overview of Eukaryotic Cells, 59
Membrane Structure, 60
The Plasma Membrane: A Fluid Mosaic of Lipids and Proteins, 60
The Process of Science: What Makes a Superbug?, 61
Cell Surfaces, 61
The Nucleus and Ribosomes: Genetic Control of the Cell, 62
Structure and Function of the Nucleus, 62
Ribosomes, 63
How DNA Directs Protein Production, 63
The Endomembrane System: Manufacturing and Distributing Cellular Products, 64
The Endoplasmic Reticulum, 64
The Golgi Apparatus, 65
Lysosomes, 66
Vacuoles, 67
Chloroplasts and Mitochondria: Energy Conversion, 68
Chloroplasts, 68
Mitochondria, 68
The Cytoskeleton: Cell Shape and Movement, 69
Maintaining Cell Shape, 69
Cilia and Flagella, 70
Evolution Connection: The Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance, 71
5. The Working Cell: Chapter Thread: Molecular Technologies, 74
Biology and Society: Natural Nanotechnology, 75
Some Basic Energy Concepts, 76
Conservation of Energy, 76
Entropy, 77
Chemical Energy, 77
Food Calories, 78
ATP and Cellular Work, 79
The Structure of ATP, 79
Phosphate Transfer, 79
The ATP Cycle, 80
Enzymes, 80
Activation Energy, 80
The Process of Science: Can Enzymes Be Engineered?, 81
Induced Fit, 82
Enzyme Inhibitors, 82
Membrane Function, 83
Passive Transport: Diffusion across Membranes, 83
Osmosis and Water Balance, 84
Active Transport: The Pumping of Molecules across Membranes, 86
Exocytosis and Endocytosis: Traffic of Large Molecules, 86
The Role of Membranes in Cell Signaling, 87
Evolution Connection: The Origin of Membranes, 87
6. Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food: Chapter Thread: Life With and Without Oxygen, 90
Biology and Society: Marathoners versus Sprinters, 91
Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in the Biosphere, 92
Producers and Consumers, 92
Chemical Cycling between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration, 92
Cellular Respiration: Aerobic Harvest of Food Energy, 94
The Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration, 94
The Role of Oxygen in Cellular Respiration, 95
An Overview of Cellular Respiration, 96
The Three Stages of Cellular Respiration, 97
The Versatility of Cellular Respiration, 100
Fermentation: Anaerobic Harvest of Food Energy, 101
Fermentation in Human Muscle Cells, 101
The Process of Science: Does Lactic Acid Buildup Cause Muscle Burn?, 102
Fermentation in Microorganisms, 102
Evolution Connection: Life before and after Oxygen, 103
7. Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food: Chapter Thread: Harnessing Solar Energy, 106
Biology and Society: Green Energy, 107
The Basics of Photosynthesis, 108
Chloroplasts: Sites of Photosynthesis, 108
The Overall Equation for Photosynthesis, 109
A Photosynthesis Road Map, 110
The Light Reactions: Converting Solar Energy to Chemical Energy, 110
The Nature of Sunlight, 110
The Process of Science: What Colors of Light Drive Photosynthesis?, 111
Chloroplast Pigments, 112
How Photosystems Harvest Light Energy, 112
How the Light Reactions Generate ATP and NADPH, 113
The Calvin Cycle: Making Sugar from Carbon Dioxide, 115
Evolution Connection: Solar-Driven Evolution, 115
Unit 2. Genetics, 119
8. Cellular Reproduction: Cells from Cells: Chapter Thread: Life With and Without Sex, 120
Biology and Society: Rain Forest Rescue, 121
What Cell Reproduction Accomplishes, 122
The Cell Cycle and Mitosis, 123
Eukaryotic Chromosomes, 123
The Cell Cycle, 125
Mitosis and Cytokinesis, 126
Cancer Cells: Growing Out of Control, 128
Meiosis, the Basis of Sexual Reproduction, 130
Homologous Chromosomes, 130
Gametes and the Life Cycle of a Sexual Organism, 131
The Process of Meiosis, 132
Review: Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis, 134
The Origins of Genetic Variation, 135
The Process of Science: Do All Animals Have Sex?, 137
When Meiosis Goes Awry, 138
Evolution Connection: The Advantages of Sex, 140
9. Patterns of Inheritance: Chapter Thread: Dog Breeding, 144
Biology and Society: A Matter of Breeding, 145
Heritable Variation and Patterns of Inheritance, 146
In an Abbey Garden, 146
Mendel’s Law of Segregation, 147
Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment, 150
Using a Testcross to Determine an Unknown Genotype, 152
The Rules of Probability, 152
Family Pedigrees, 153
Human Disorders Controlled by a Single Gene, 154
The Process of Science: What Is the Genetic Basis of Hairless Dogs?, 157
Variations on Mendel’s Laws, 158
Incomplete Dominance in Plants and People, 158
ABO Blood Groups: An Example of Multiple Alleles and Codominance, 159
Pleiotropy and Sickle-Cell Disease, 160
Polygenic Inheritance, 160
The Role of Environment, 161
The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance, 162
Linked Genes, 163
Genetic Recombination: Crossing Over, 163
Linkage Maps, 164
Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Genes, 165
Sex Determination in Humans, 165
Sex-Linked Genes, 165
Evolution Connection: Barking Up the Evolutionary Tree, 167
10. The Structure and Function of DNA: Chapter Thread: The Flu, 172
Biology and Society: Tracking a Killer, 173
DNA: Structure and Replication, 174
DNA and RNA Structure, 174
Watson and Crick’s Discovery of the Double Helix, 175
DNA Replication, 177
The Flow of Genetic Information from DNA to RNA to Protein, 178
How an Organism’s Genotype Determines Its Phenotype, 178
From Nucleotides to Amino Acids: An Overview, 179
The Genetic Code, 180
Transcription: From DNA to RNA, 181
The Processing of Eukaryotic RNA, 182
Translation: The Players, 182
Translation: The Process, 184
Review: DNA → RNA → Protein, 185
Mutations, 186
Viruses and Other Noncellular Infectious Agents, 188
Bacteriophages, 188
Plant Viruses, 190
Animal Viruses, 190
The Process of Science: Do Flu Vaccines Protect the Elderly?, 192
HIV, the AIDS Virus, 192
Viroids and Prions, 194
Evolution Connection: Emerging Viruses, 194
11. How Genes Are Controlled: Chapter Thread: Cancer, 198
Biology and Society: Tobacco’s Smoking Gun, 199
How and Why Genes Are Regulated, 200
Patterns of Gene Expression in Differentiated Cells, 200
Gene Regulation in Bacteria, 200
Gene Regulation in Eukaryotic Cells, 202
Cell Signaling, 205
Homeotic Genes, 205
DNA Microarrays: Visualizing Gene Expression, 206
Cloning Plants and Animals, 207
The Genetic Potential of Cells, 207
Reproductive Cloning of Animals, 208
Therapeutic Cloning and Stem Cells, 210
The Genetic Basis of Cancer, 211
Genes That Cause Cancer, 211
The Process of Science: Can Cancer Therapy Be Personalized?, 212
Cancer Risk and Prevention, 214
Evolution Connection: The Evolution of Cancer in the Body, 215
12. DNA Technology: Chapter Thread: DNA Profiling, 218
Biology and Society: DNA, Guilt, and Innocence, 219
Recombinant DNA Technology, 220
Applications: From Humulin to Foods to “Pharm” Animals, 220
Recombinant DNA Techniques, 222
DNA Profiling and Forensic Science, 226
Investigating Murder, Paternity, and Ancient DNA, 226
DNA Profiling Techniques, 227
Genomics and Proteomics, 230
The Human Genome Project, 230
Tracking the Anthrax Killer, 231
Genome-Mapping Techniques, 232
The Process of Science: Can Genomics Cure Cancer?, 233
Proteomics, 233
Human Gene Therapy, 234
Safety and Ethical Issues, 235
The Controversy over Genetically Modified Foods, 235
Ethical Questions Raised by DNA Technology, 236
Evolution Connection: Profiling the Y Chromosome, 237
Unit 3. Evolution and Diversity, 241
13. How Populations Evolve: Chapter Thread: Evolution in Action, 242
Biology and Society: Persistent Pests, 243
Charles Darwin and The Origin of Species, 244
Darwin’s Cultural and Scientific Context, 244
Descent with Modification, 247
Evidence of Evolution, 248
The Fossil Record, 248
Biogeography, 249
Comparative Anatomy, 250
Comparative Embryology, 251
Molecular Biology, 251
Natural Selection, 252
Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection, 252
Natural Selection in Action, 253
The Process of Science: Does Predation Drive the Evolution of Lizard Horn Length?, 254
Evolutionary Trees, 255
The Modern Synthesis: Darwinism Meets Genetics, 256
Populations as the Units of Evolution, 256
Genetic Variation in Populations, 257
Analyzing Gene Pools, 258
Population Genetics and Health Science, 259
Microevolution as Change in a Gene Pool, 259
Mechanisms of Evolution, 260
Genetic Drift, 260
Gene Flow, 262
Natural Selection: A Closer Look, 262
Sexual Selection, 264
Evolution Connection: The Genetics of the Sickle-Cell Allele, 265
14. How Biological Diversity Evolves: Chapter Thread: Mass Extinctions, 268
Biology and Society: The Sixth Mass Extinction, 269
Macroevolution and the Diversity of Life, 270
The Origin of Species, 271
What Is a Species?, 271
Reproductive Barriers between Species, 272
Mechanisms of Speciation, 274
What Is the Tempo of Speciation?, 277
The Evolution of Biological Novelty, 278
Adaptation of Old Structures for New Functions, 278
Evo-Devo: Development and Evolutionary Novelty, 279
Earth History and Macroevolution, 280
Geologic Time and the Fossil Record, 280
Plate Tectonics and Macroevolution, 283
Mass Extinctions and Explosive Diversifications of Life, 284
The Process of Science: Did a Meteor Kill the Dinosaurs?, 284
Classifying the Diversity of Life, 285
Some Basics of Taxonomy, 285
Classification and Phylogeny, 286
Classification: A Work in Progress, 288
Evolution Connection: Rise of the Mammals, 289
15. The Evolution of Microbial Life: Chapter Thread: The Origin of Life, 292
Biology and Society: Can Life Be Created in the Lab?, 293
Major Episodes in the History of Life, 294
The Origin of Life, 296
Resolving the Biogenesis Paradox, 296
A Four-Stage Hypothesis for the Origin of Life, 296
The Process of Science: Can Biological Monomers Form Spontaneously?, 297
From Chemical Evolution to Darwinian Evolution, 298
Prokaryotes, 299
They’re Everywhere!, 299
The Structure and Function of Prokaryotes, 300
The Two Main Branches of Prokaryotic Evolution: Bacteria and Archaea, 302
Bacteria and Humans, 303
The Ecological Impact of Prokaryotes, 305
Protists, 306
The Origin of Eukaryotic Cells, 307
The Diversity of Protists, 308
Evolution Connection: The Origin of Multicellular Life, 311
16. Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land: Chapter Thread: Plant-Fungus Symbiosis, 314
Biology and Society: Will the Blight End the Chestnut?, 315
Colonizing Land, 316
Terrestrial Adaptations of Plants, 316
The Origin of Plants from Green Algae, 318
Plant Diversity, 318
Highlights of Plant Evolution, 318
Bryophytes, 319
Ferns, 321
Gymnosperms, 322
Angiosperms, 324
Plant Diversity as a Nonrenewable Resource, 327
Fungi, 328
Characteristics of Fungi, 329
The Ecological Impact of Fungi, 330
The Process of Science: Did a Fungus Lead to the Salem Witch Hunt?, 331
Evolution Connection: Mutually Beneficial Symbiosis, 332
17. The Evolution of Animals: Chapter Thread: Human Evolution, 336
Biology and Society: Rise of the Hobbit People, 337
The Origins of Animal Diversity, 338
What Is an Animal?, 338
Early Animals and the Cambrian Explosion, 339
Animal Phylogeny, 340
Major Invertebrate Phyla, 341
Sponges, 341
Cnidarians, 342
Molluscs, 343
Flatworms, 344
Annelids, 345
Roundworms, 346
Arthropods, 347
Echinoderms, 353
Vertebrate Evolution and Diversity, 354
Characteristics of Chordates, 354
Fishes, 356
Amphibians, 357
Reptiles, 358
Mammals, 360
The Human Ancestry, 361
The Evolution of Primates, 361
The Emergence of Humankind, 363
The Process of Science: What Did Neanderthals Look Like?, 365
Evolution Connection: Recent Human Evolution, 367
Unit 4. Ecology, 371
18. An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere: Chapter Thread: Global Climate Change, 372
Biology and Society: Penguins and Polar Bears in Peril, 373
An Overview of Ecology, 374
Ecology and Environmentalism, 374
A Hierarchy of Interactions, 375
Living in Earth’s Diverse Environments, 376
Abiotic Factors of the Biosphere, 376
The Evolutionary Adaptations of Organisms, 378
Adjusting to Environmental Variability, 378
Biomes, 380
Freshwater Biomes, 380
Marine Biomes, 382
How Climate Affects Terrestrial Biome Distribution, 384
Terrestrial Biomes, 385
The Water Cycle, 391
Human Impact on Biomes, 392
Global Climate Change, 394
The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming, 394
The Accumulation of Greenhouse Gases, 395
The Process of Science: How Does Climate Change Affect Species Distribution?, 396
Effects of Climate Change on Ecosystems, 397
Looking to Our Future, 398
Evolution Connection: Climate Change as an Agent of Natural Selection, 399
19. Population Ecology: Chapter Thread: Invasive Species, 402
Biology and Society: Multiplying Like Rabbits, 403
An Overview of Population Ecology, 404
Population Density, 405
Population Age Structure, 405
Life Tables and Survivorship Curves, 406
Life History Traits as Evolutionary Adaptations, 406
Population Growth Models, 408
The Exponential Population Growth Model: The Ideal of an Unlimited Environment, 408
The Logistic Population Growth Model: The Reality of a Limited Environment, 409
Regulation of Population Growth, 410
Applications of Population Ecology, 412
Conservation of Endangered Species, 412
Sustainable Resource Management, 412
Invasive Species, 413
Biological Control of Pests, 414
The Process of Science: Can Biological Control Defeat Kudzu?, 415
Integrated Pest Management, 416
Human Population Growth, 417
The History of Human Population Growth, 417
Age Structures, 418
Our Ecological Footprint, 419
Evolution Connection: Humans as an Invasive Species, 421
20. Communities and Ecosystems: Chapter Thread: The Loss of Biodiversity, 424
Biology and Society: Does Biodiversity Matter?, 425
The Loss of Biodiversity, 426
Genetic Diversity, 426
Species Diversity, 426
Ecosystem Diversity, 427
Causes of Declining Biodiversity, 427
Community Ecology, 428
Interspecific Interactions, 428
Trophic Structure, 432
Species Diversity in Communities, 435
Disturbances in Communities, 436
Ecological Succession, 436
Ecosystem Ecology, 437
Energy Flow in Ecosystems, 438
Chemical Cycling in Ecosystems, 440
Conservation and Restoration Biology, 444
Biodiversity “Hot Spots”, 444
Conservation at the Ecosystem Level, 445
The Process of Science: How Does Tropical Forest Fragmentation Affect Biodiversity?, 446
Restoring Ecosystems, 447
The Goal of Sustainable Development, 448
Evolution Connection: Biophilia and an Environmental Ethic, 448
Appendix A. Metric Conversion Table, A-1
Appendix B. Periodic Table of Elements, A-3
Appendix C. Credits, A-5
Appendix D. Self-quiz Answers, A-9
Appendix E. Student Media, A-13
Glossary, G-1
Index, I-1

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