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ActivPhysics™ OnLine Activities, ii
Copyright, iv
About the Authors, vi
Built from the Ground up for More Effective Learning, vii
Real-World Applications, xvii
Preface to the Instructor, xxi
Preface to the Student, xxvii
Part I. Force and Motion, 2
Overview: Why Things Change, 2
Chapter 1. Concepts of Motion and Mathematical Background, 4
1.1. Motion: A First Look, 5
1.2. Position and Time: Putting Numbers on Nature, 8
1.3. Velocity, 11
1.4. A Sense of Scale: Significant Figures, Scientific Notation, and Units, 13
1.5. Vectors and Motion: A First Look, 19
1.6. Making Models: The Power of Physics, 24
1.7. Where Do We Go from Here?, 25
Summary, 27
Questions and Problems, 28
Chapter 2. Motion in One Dimension, 33
2.1. Describing Motion, 34
2.2. Uniform Motion, 37
2.3. Motion with Changing Velocity, 43
2.4. Acceleration, 45
2.5. Motion with Constant Acceleration, 48
2.6. Solving One-Dimensional Motion Problems, 51
2.7. Free Fall, 55
Summary, 60
Questions and Problems, 61
Chapter 3. Vectors and Motion in Two Dimensions, 70
3.1. Using Vectors, 71
3.2. Using Vectors on Motion Diagrams, 74
3.3. Coordinate Systems and Vector Components, 77
3.4. Motion on a Ramp, 82
3.5. Relative Motion, 85
3.6. Motion in Two Dimensions: Projectile Motion, 86
3.7. Projectile Motion: Solving Problems, 89
3.8. Motion in Two Dimensions: Circular Motion, 92
Summary, 97
Questions and Problems, 98
Chapter 4. Forces and Newton’s Laws of Motion, 105
4.1. What Causes Motion?, 106
4.2. Force, 107
4.3. A Short Catalog of Forces, 110
4.4. Identifying Forces, 114
4.5. What Do Forces Do?, 116
4.6. Newton’s Second Law, 119
4.7. Free-Body Diagrams, 122
4.8. Newton’s Third Law, 125
Summary, 130
Questions and Problems, 131
Chapter 5. Applying Newton’s Laws, 137
5.1. Equilibrium, 137
5.2. Dynamics and Newton’s Second Law, 141
5.3. Mass and Weight, 145
5.4. Normal Forces, 148
5.5. Friction, 150
5.6. Drag, 155
5.7. Interacting Objects, 159
5.8. Ropes and Pulleys, 162
Summary, 167
Questions and Problems, 168
Chapter 6. Circular Motion, Orbits, and Gravity, 175
6.1. Uniform Circular Motion, 176
6.2. Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration in Uniform Circular Motion, 178
6.3. Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion, 180
6.4. Apparent Forces in Circular Motion, 186
6.5. Circular Orbits and Weightlessness, 190
6.6. Newton’s Law of Gravity, 193
6.7. Gravity and Orbits, 197
Summary, 200
Questions and Problems, 201
Chapter 7. Rotational Motion, 207
7.1. The Rotation of a Rigid Body, 208
7.2. Torque, 211
7.3. Gravitational Torque and the Center of Gravity, 215
7.4. Rotational Dynamics and Moment of Inertia, 220
7.5. Using Newton’s Second Law for Rotation, 225
7.6. Rolling Motion, 228
Summary, 230
Questions and Problems, 231
Chapter 8. Equilibrium and Elasticity, 238
8.1. Torque and Static Equilibrium, 239
8.2. Stability and Balance, 243
8.3. Springs and Elastic Materials, 246
8.4. Stretching, Compressing, and Bending Matter, 250
Summary, 255
Questions and Problems, 256
Part Summary: Force and Motion: Dark Matter and the Structure of the Universe, 262
Part II. Conservation Laws, 264
Overview: Why Some Things Stay the Same, 264
Chapter 9. Momentum, 266
9.1. Impulse, 267
9.2. Momentum and the Impulse-Momentum Theorem, 268
9.3. Solving Impulse and Momentum Problems, 272
9.4. Conservation of Momentum, 274
9.5. Inelastic Collisions, 281
9.6. Momentum and Collisions in Two Dimensions, 282
9.7. Angular Momentum, 283
Summary, 287
Questions and Problems, 288
Chapter 10. Energy and Work, 295
10.1. A “Natural Money” Called Energy, 296
10.2. The Basic Energy Model, 297
10.3. The Law of Conservation of Energy, 301
10.4. Work, 305
10.5. Kinetic Energy, 309
10.6. Potential Energy, 313
10.7. Thermal Energy, 318
10.8. Further Examples of Conservation of Energy, 319
10.9. Energy in Collisions, 321
10.10. Power, 324
Summary, 326
Questions and Problems, 327
Chapter 11. Using Energy, 333
11.1. Transforming Energy, 334
11.2. Energy in the Body: Energy Inputs, 337
11.3. Energy in the Body: Energy Outputs, 339
11.4. Thermal Energy and Temperature, 343
11.5. Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics, 348
11.6. Heat Engines, 352
11.7. Heat Pumps, 354
11.8. Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics, 357
11.9. Systems, Energy, and Entropy, 361
Summary, 362
Questions and Problems, 363
Part Summary: Conservation Laws: Order Out of Chaos, 368
Part III. Properties of Matter, 370
Overview: Beyond the Particle Model, 370
Chapter 12. Thermal Properties of Matter, 372
12.1. The Atomic Model of Matter, 373
12.2. Thermal Expansion, 375
12.3. Pressure and the Kinetic Theory of an Ideal Gas, 378
12.4. Ideal-Gases Processes, 383
12.5. Specific Heat and Heat of Transformation, 389
12.6. Calorimetry, 394
12.7. Thermal Properties of Gases, 396
12.8. Heat Transfer, 399
Summary, 405
Questions and Problems, 406
Chapter 13. Fluids, 414
13.1. Fluids and Density, 414
13.2. Pressure, 416
13.3. Measuring and Using Pressure, 421
13.4. Buoyancy, 425
13.5. Fluids in Motion, 430
13.6. Fluid Dynamics, 433
13.7. Viscosity and Poiseuille’s Equation, 438
Summary, 441
Questions and Problems, 442
Part Summary: Properties of Matter: Size and Life, 448
Part IV. Oscillations and Waves, 450
Overview: Motion That Repeats Again and Again, 450
Chapter 14. Oscillations, 452
14.1. Equilibrium and Oscillation, 453
14.2. Linear Restoring Forces and Harmonic Motion, 455
14.3. Describing Simple Harmonic Motion, 458
14.4. Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion, 463
14.5. Pendulum Motion, 468
14.6. Damped Oscillations, 470
14.7. Driven Oscillations and Resonance, 473
Summary, 476
Questions and Problems, 477
Chapter 15. Traveling Waves and Sound, 484
15.1. The Wave Model, 485
15.2. Traveling Waves, 486
15.3. Graphical and Mathematical Descriptions of Waves, 490
15.4. Sound and Light Waves, 495
15.5. Energy and Intensity, 497
15.6. Loudness of Sound, 500
15.7. The Doppler Effect and Shock Waves, 502
Summary, 507
Questions and Problems, 508
Chapter 16. Superposition and Standing Waves, 514
16.1. The Principle of Superposition, 514
16.2. Standing Waves, 516
16.3. Standing Waves on a String, 518
16.4. Standing Sound Waves, 523
16.5. Speech and Hearing, 528
16.6. The Interference of Waves from Two Sources, 530
16.7. Beats, 535
Summary, 538
Questions and Problems, 539
Part Summary: Oscillations and Waves: Waves in the Earth and the Ocean, 546
Part V. Optics, 548
Overview: Light Is a Wave, 548
Chapter 17. Wave Optics, 550
17.1. What Is Light?, 551
17.2. The Interference of Light, 555
17.3. The Diffraction Grating, 559
17.4. Thin-film Interference, 563
17.5. Single-Slit Diffraction, 567
17.6. Circular-Aperture Diffraction, 571
Summary, 573
Questions and Problems, 574
Chapter 18. Ray Optics, 580
18.1. The Ray Model of Light, 581
18.2. Reflection, 584
18.3. Refraction, 588
18.4. Color and Dispersion, 593
18.5. Image Formation by Refraction, 596
18.6. Thin Lenses: Ray Tracing, 597
18.7. Image Formation with Spherical Mirrors, 604
Summary, 608
Questions and Problems, 609
Chapter 19. Optical Instruments, 615
19.1. Finding the Image of a Lens or Mirror, 616
19.2. The Camera, 621
19.3. The Human Eye, 624
19.4. The Magnifier, 627
19.5. The Microscope, 630
19.6. The Telescope, 631
19.7. Resolution of Optical Instruments, 633
Summary, 639
Questions and Problems, 640
Part Summary: Optics: Scanning Confocal Microscopy, 646
Part VI. Electricity and Magnetism, 648
Overview: Charges, Currents, and Fields, 648
Chapter 20. Electric Forces and Fields, 650
20.1. Charges and Forces, 651
20.2. Charges, Atoms, and Molecules, 657
20.3. Coulomb’s Law, 660
20.4. The Concept of the Electric Field, 664
20.5. Applications of the Electric Field, 667
20.6. Conductors in an Electric Field, 671
20.7. Forces and Torques on Charges in Electric Fields, 673
Summary, 676
Questions and Problems, 677
Chapter 21. Electrical Potential, 684
21.1. Electric Potential Energy and the Electric Potential, 685
21.2. Using the Electric Potential, 689
21.3. Calculating the Electric Potential, 692
21.4. Sources of Electric Potential, 698
21.5. Connecting Potential and Field, 700
21.6. The Electrocardiogram, 704
21.7. Capacitance and Capacitors, 705
21.8. Polarization and Dielectrics, 708
21.9. Energy and Capacitors, 710
Summary, 713
Questions and Problems, 714
Chapter 22. Current and Resistance, 722
22.1. A Model of Current, 723
22.2. Defining and Describing Current, 726
22.3. Batteries and EMF, 728
22.4. Connecting Potential and Current, 730
22.5. Resistors and Ohm’s Law, 735
22.6. Energy and Power, 739
Summary, 742
Questions and Problems, 743
Chapter 23. Circuits, 749
23.1. Circuit Elements and Diagrams, 750
23.2. Kirchhoff’s Laws, 751
23.3. Series and Parallel Circuits, 754
23.4. Measuring Voltage and Current, 758
23.5. More Complex Circuits, 760
23.6. Household Electricity, 763
23.7. Capacitors in Parallel and Series, 765
23.8. RC Circuits, 768
23.9. Electricity in the Nervous System, 771
Summary, 778
Questions and Problems, 779
Chapter 24. Magnetic Fields and Forces, 788
24.1. Magnetism, 789
24.2. The Magnetic Field, 790
24.3. Electric Currents Also Create Magnetic Fields, 794
24.4. Calculating the Magnetic Field Due to a Current, 798
24.5. Magnetic Fields Exert Forces on Moving Charges, 803
24.6. Magnetic Fields Exert Forces on Currents, 810
24.7. Magnetic Fields Exert Torques on Dipoles, 814
24.8. Magnets and Magnetic Materials, 818
Summary, 821
Questions and Problems, 822
Chapter 25. Electromagnetic Induction and Electromagnetic Waves, 831
25.1. Induced Currents, 832
25.2. Motional EMF, 833
25.3. Magnetic Flux, 837
25.4. Faraday’s Law, 841
25.5. Induced Fields and Electromagnetic Waves, 845
25.6. Properties of Electromagnetic Waves, 848
25.7. The Photon Model of Electromagnetic Waves, 852
25.8. The Electromagnetic Spectrum, 853
Summary, 859
Questions and Problems, 860
Chapter 26. AC Circuits, 868
26.1. Alternating Current, 869
26.2. The Transmission and Use of Electricity, 872
26.3. Biological Effects and Electrical Safety, 876
26.4. Capacitor Circuits, 878
26.5. Inductors and Inductor Circuits, 881
26.6. Oscillation Circuits, 883
Summary, 888
Questions and Problems, 889
Part Summary: Electricity and Magnetism: The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming, 894
Part VII. Modern Physics, 896
Overview: New Ways of Looking at the World, 896
Chapter 27. Relativity, 898
27.1. Relativity: What's It All About?, 899
27.2. Galilean Relativity, 899
27.3. Einstein's Principle of Relativity, 903
27.4. Events and Measurements, 906
27.5. The Relativity of Simultaneity, 909
27.6. Time Dilation, 911
27.7. Length Contraction, 916
27.8. Velocities of Objects in Special Relativity, 919
27.9. Relativistic Momentum, 920
27.10. Relativistic Energy, 923
Summary, 927
Questions and Problems, 928
Chapter 28. Quantum Physics, 934
28.1. X Rays and X-Ray Diffraction, 935
28.2. The Photoelectric Effect, 937
28.3. Photons, 944
28.4. Matter Waves, 946
28.5. Energy Is Quantized, 949
28.6. Energy Levels and Quantum Jumps, 951
28.7. The Uncertainty Principle, 954
28.8. Applications and Implications of Quantum Theory, 957
Summary, 960
Questions and Problems, 961
Chapter 29. Atoms and Molecules, 968
29.1. Spectroscopy, 969
29.2. Atoms, 972
29.3. Bohr’s Model of Atomic Quantization, 976
29.4. The Bohr Hydrogen Atom, 979
29.5. The Quantum-Mechanical Hydrogen Atom, 986
29.6. Multielectron Atoms, 989
29.7. Excited States and Spectra, 993
29.8. Molecules, 997
29.9. Stimulated Emission and Lasers, 999
Summary, 1003
Questions and Problems, 1004
Chapter 30. Nuclear Physics, 1010
30.1. Nuclear Structure, 1011
30.2. Nuclear Stability, 1014
30.3. Forces and Energy in the Nucleus, 1016
30.4. Radiation and Radioactivity, 1018
30.5. Nuclear Decay Mechanisms, 1025
30.6. Subatomic Particles, 1028
30.7. Medical Applications of Nuclear Physics, 1031
Summary, 1036
Questions and Problems, 1037
Part Summary: Modern Physics: The Physics of Very Cold Atoms, 1044
Appendix A. Mathematics Review, A-1
Appendix B. Periodic Table of Elements, A-3
Appendix C. Atomic and Nuclear Data, A-4
Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems, A-7
Credits, C-1
Index, I-1
InsideBackCover, IBC-1

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