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Copyright, iv
List of Maps, xiii
Preface, xv
About the Authors, xxi
Chapter 1. Geography Matters, 1
Why Places Matter, 2
The Influence and Meaning of Places, 2
The Interdependence of Places, 4
Geography and Interdependence, 5
1.1. Geography Matters—Making a Difference: The Power of Geography, 6
Interdependence as a Two-Way Process, 8
Interdependence in a Globalizing World, 9
1.2. Geography Matters—The Global Credit Crunch, 10
Perspectives on Globalization and Interdependence, 11
Key Issues in a Globalizing World, 13
1.3. Window on the World—Worlds Apart, 14
Geography in a Globalizing World, 20
Studying Human Geography, 21
Basic Tools, 21
Spatial Analysis, 22
Regional Analysis, 31
Developing a Geographical Imagination, 36
Chapter 2. The Changing Global Context, 40
The Premodern World, 42
Hearth Areas, 42
The Growth of Early Empires, 44
2.1. Geography Matters—Early Geographic Knowledge, 46
The Geography of the Premodern World, 47
Mapping a New World Geography, 48
2.2. Geography Matters—Geography and Exploration, 50
Core and Periphery in the New World System, 52
The Industrialization of the World’s Core Regions, 53
2.3. Geography Matters—The Foundations of Modern Geography, 54
Internal Development of the Core Regions, 59
2.4. Geography Matters—World Leadership Cycles, 60
Organizing the Periphery, 64
Contemporary Globalization, 68
The Causes and Consequences of Globalization, 69
2.5. Geography Matters—Commodity Chains, 70
Globalization and Core-Periphery Differences, 74
Chapter 3. Geographies of Population, 82
The Demographer’s Toolbox, 84
Censuses and Vital Records, 84
Limitations of the Census, 84
Population Distribution and Structure, 86
Population Distribution, 86
Population Density and Composition, 88
Age-Sex Pyramids, 90
3.1. Geography Matters—GIS Applications and Google Earth, 92
3.2. Geography Matters—The Baby Boom and the Aging of the Population, 97
Population Dynamics and Processes, 100
Birth, or Fertility, Rates, 100
Death, or Mortality, Rates, 101
Demographic Transition Theory, 105
Population Movement and Migration, 107
Mobility and Migration, 107
3.3. Geography Matters—Internal Displacement, 108
International Voluntary Migration, 110
International Forced Migration, 111
Internal Voluntary Migration, 113
Internal Forced Migration, 116
Population Debates and Policies, 118
Population and Resources, 118
Population Policies and Programs, 118
Sustainable Development, Gender, and Population Issues, 122
Chapter 4. Nature and Society, 126
Nature as a Concept, 128
Nature and Society Defined, 130
Nature-Society Interactions, 131
U.S. Environmental Philosophies and Political Views of Nature, 133
4.1. Geography Matters—Cultural Ecology and Political Ecology, 136
The Concept of Nature and the Rise of Science and Technology, 139
The Transformation of Earth by Ancient Humans, 139
Paleolithic Impacts, 139
Neolithic Peoples and Domestication, 141
Early Settlements and Their Environmental Impacts, 142
European Expansion and Globalization, 144
Disease and Depopulation in the Spanish Colonies, 145
Old World Plants and Animals in the New World, 145
Human Action and Recent Environmental Change, 148
The Impact of Energy Needs on the Environment, 148
4.2. Window on the World—Peak Oil, 152
Impacts of Land-Use Change on the Environment, 159
The Globalization of the Environment, 163
Global Environmental Politics, 163
4.3. Geography Matters—Global Climate Change, 164
Environmental Sustainability, 169
Chapter 5. Cultural Geographies, 172
Culture as a Geographical Process, 174
5.1. Geography Matters—The Culture of Hip-Hop, 176
Building Cultural Complexes, 179
Cultural Systems, 182
Geography and Religion, 183
Geography and Language, 189
Culture and Society, 194
5.2. Geography Matters—Changing Religious Practices in Latin America and the Caribbean, 194
Islamic Cultural Nationalism, 197
5.3. Geography Matters—Language and Ethnicity in Africa, 201
Culture and Identity, 203
Sexual Geographies, 203
5.4. Window on the World—Separatism in Québec, 204
Ethnicity and the Use of Space, 206
Race and Place, 206
Gender and Other Identities, 207
Globalization and Cultural Change, 208
Americanization and Globalization, 209
A Global Culture?, 209
Chapter 6. Interpreting Places and Landscapes, 214
Behavior, Knowledge, and Human Environments, 216
Place-Making, 218
Territoriality, 219
People and Places, Insiders and Outsiders, 220
Experience and Meaning, 221
Images and Behavior, 222
Landscape as a Human System, 225
Ordinary Landscapes, 225
Landscape as Text, 228
Coded Spaces, 228
Semiotics in the Landscape, 228
Sacred Spaces, 230
Place and Space in Modern Society, 233
6.1. Geography Matters—Jerusalem, the Holy City, 234
Globalization and Place-Making, 236
6.2. Geography Matters—The Cultural Geography of Cyberspace, 237
6.3. Window on the World—Slow Cities, 238
Places as Objects of Consumption, 238
Place Marketing, 241
6.4. Visualizing Geography—Place Marketing and Economic Development, 242
Chapter 7. The Geography of Economic Development, 248
Patterns of Economic Development, 250
The Unevenness of Economic Development, 250
Resources and Development, 256
Sustainable Economic Development, 258
The Economic Structure of Countries and Regions, 259
International Trade, Aid, and Debt, 261
7.1. Window on the World—China’s Economic Development, 262
Interpretations of Patterns of Development, 267
7.2. Geography Matters—Fair Trade, 268
Pathways to Regional Development, 271
How Regional Economic Cores are Created, 271
How Core-Periphery Patterns are Modified, 272
Globalization and Economic Development, 276
The Global Assembly Line, 277
7.3. Geography Matters—The Changing Geography of the Clothing Industry, 280
Big-Box Retailing, Chains, and Global Sourcing, 284
The Global Office, 285
7.4. Geography Matters—Wal-Mart’s Economic Landscape, 286
The Pleasure Periphery: Tourism and Economic Development, 290
Toward the Experience Economy, 292
Chapter 8. Agriculture and Food Production, 296
Traditional Agricultural Geography, 298
Shifting Cultivation, 301
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture, 303
Pastoralism, 304
Agricultural Revolution and Industrialization, 305
The First Agricultural Revolution, 305
The Second Agricultural Revolution, 306
The Third Agricultural Revolution, 307
The Industrialization of Agriculture, 307
8.1. Geography Matters—The Blue Revolution and Global Shrimp, 310
Biotechnology and Agriculture, 313
Global Change in Food Production and Consumption, 315
Forces of Globalization, 315
The Organization of the Agro-Food System, 317
8.2. Geography Matters—A Look at the Green Revolution, 318
Food Regimes and Alternative Food Movements, 321
Fast Food, 325
The Environment and Agricultural Industrialization, 327
The Impact of the Environment on Agriculture, 327
The Impact of Agriculture on the Environment, 328
8.3. Window on the World—The New Geography of Food and Agriculture in New Zealand, 328
Problems and Prospects in the Global Food System, 330
Food and Health, 331
Genetically Modified Organisms and the Global Food System, 333
Urban Agriculture, 334
Chapter 9. The Politics of Territory and Space, 338
The Development of Political Geography, 340
The Geopolitical Model of the State, 340
Boundaries and Frontiers, 343
Geopolitics and the World Order, 348
States and Nations, 348
Theories and Practices of States, 352
9.1. Window on the World—Afghanistan: From the Cold War to the New World Order, 366
The War on Terror in Iraq, 369
9.2. Geography Matters—State Terrorism in Chechnya, 370
International and Supranational Organizations and New Regimes of Global Governance, 371
Transnational Political Integration, 372
Globalization, Transnational Governance, and the State, 373
The Two-Way Street of Politics and Geography, 375
The Politics of Geography, 376
The Geography of Politics and Geographical Systems of Representation, 378
9.3. Window on the World—The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict, 380
Chapter 10. Urbanization, 388
Urban Geography and Urbanization, 390
Urban Origins, 392
The Roots of European Urban Expansion, 393
Industrialization and Urbanization, 399
Imperialism and Peripheral Urbanization, 400
Urban Systems, 401
10.1. Visualizing Geography—Shock City: Manchester, 402
City-Size Distributions, Primacy, and Centrality, 404
World Cities and the Global Urban System, 407
10.2. Window on the World—Urban Terrorism, 408
World Urbanization Today, 409
Regional Trends and Projections, 409
10.3. Window on the World—The Pearl River Delta: An Extended Metropolis, 412
The Periphery and Semiperiphery: Overurbanization and Megacities, 414
The Core: Mature Metropolises, 415
Globalization and Splintering Urbanism, 417
Chapter 11. City Spaces: Urban Structure, 422
Urban Land Use and Spatial Organization, 424
Accessibility and Land Use, 424
Territoriality, Congregation, and Segregation, 424
Traditional Patterns of Urban Structure, 425
North American Cities, 425
Problems of North American Cities, 427
European Cities, 432
Islamic Cities, 435
Cities of the Periphery: Unintended Metropolises, 438
11.1. Visualizing Geography—Shock City: Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 440
11.2. Window on the World—Life in a Mega-Slum, 446
New Patterns: The Polycentric Metropolis, 449
The New Metropolis, 449
Globalization and the Quartering of Urban Space, 451
Chapter 12. Future Geographies, 454
Mapping Our Futures, 456
Resources, Technology, and Spatial Change, 458
12.1. Geography Matters—Dark Age Ahead?, 458
Regional Prospects, 460
Uneven Development, 460
A New World Order?, 462
12.2. Geography Matters—How the World Sees the United States, 466
Critical Issues and Threats, 468
Globalizing Culture and Cultural Dissonance, 468
Security, 470
Sustainability, 471
12.3. Geography Matters—The Asian Brown Cloud, 471
Appendix A. Maps and the Geographic Information Systems, 474
Map Scales, 475
Map Projections, 475
Geographic Information Systems, 479
Application of GIS, 480
Critiques of GIS, 483
Glossary, 485
Photo Credits, 494
Index, 497

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