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Wiley Pathways Network Security Fundamentals

by Cole, Eric; Krutz, Ronald L., Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Huntingdon, Pennsylvania; Conley, James; Reisman, Brian; Ruebush, Mitch; Gollmann, Dieter, Microsoft Research, Cambridge, UK; Reese, Rachelle

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Copyright, iv
ABOUT THE AUTHORS, v
PREFACE, vii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, xv
Brief Contents, xvii
Contents, xix
1. Computer and Network Security Principles, 1
Introduction, 2
1.1. Importance of Computer and Network Security, 2
1.1.1. Exposing Secrets, 2
1.1.2. Causing System Failures, 3
1.1.3. Profile of an Attacker, 4
1.1.4. Social Engineering, 4
1.1.5. Security Defined, 5
Self-Check, 6
1.2. Underlying Computer and Network Security Concepts, 6
1.2.1. Confidentiality, 7
1.2.2. Integrity, 7
1.2.3. Availability, 8
1.2.4. Accountability, 9
1.2.5. Nonrepudiation, 10
Self-Check, 11
1.3. Threats and Countermeasures, 11
1.3.1. Assessing Assets, Vulnerabilities and Threats to Calculate Risk, 12
1.3.2. Calculating Risk, 15
1.3.3. Countermeasures—Risk Mitigation, 16
Self-Check, 19
1.4. Policies and Standards, 20
1.4.1. Security Policy, 20
1.4.2. Standards, 21
1.4.3. Informing Users of the Importance of Security, 23
Self-Check, 24
Summary, 24
Key Terms, 24
Assess Your Understanding, 26
Summary Questions, 26
Applying This Chapter, 27
You Try It, 29
2. Network and Server Security, 30
Introduction, 31
2.1. Network Protocols Review, 31
2.1.1. Understanding Protocols, 31
2.1.2. The Open Systems Interconnect Model, 32
2.1.3. The TCP/IP Model, 39
2.1.4. TCP/IP Ports, 43
Self-Check, 45
2.2. Best Practices for Network Security, 45
2.2.1. Security by Design, 46
2.2.2. Maintaining a Security Mindset, 47
2.2.3. Defense-in-Depth, 47
Self-Check, 49
2.3. Securing Servers, 49
2.3.1. Controlling the Server Configuration, 49
Self-Check, 56
2.4. Border Security, 57
2.4.1. Segmenting a Network, 57
2.4.2. Perimeter Defense, 58
2.4.3. Firewalls, 58
2.4.4. Network Address Translation, 65
Self-Check, 67
Summary, 67
Key Terms, 67
Assess Your Understanding, 70
Summary Questions, 70
Applying This Chapter, 71
You Try It, 73
3. Cryptography, 74
Introduction, 75
3.1. Cryptography Overview, 75
3.1.1. A Brief History of Cryptography, 75
3.1.2. Cryptographic Primitives, 79
3.1.3. XOR, 81
3.1.4. Cast of Characters, 82
Self-Check, 83
3.2. Symmetric Encryption, 83
3.2.1. Understanding Symmetric Encryption, 83
3.2.2. Encryption Strength, 84
3.2.3. Stream Ciphers, 84
3.2.4. Block Ciphers, 85
3.2.5. Sharing Keys, 88
Self-Check, 90
3.3. Asymmetric Encryption, 90
3.3.1. Ensuring Confidentiality with Asymmetric Encryption, 91
3.3.2. Digital Signatures, 92
Self-Check, 93
3.4. Hashes, 93
3.4.1. Hash Functions, 93
3.4.2. Using Hash Functions to Ensure Integrity, 94
3.4.3. A Vulnerability When Protecting Passwords, 94
3.4.4. Creating Pseudorandom Data with Hash Functions, 95
3.4.5. Keyed Hash Functions, 96
Self-Check, 96
3.5. Achieving CIA, 97
3.5.1. Confidentiality, 97
3.5.2. Integrity, 97
3.5.3. Authentication, 98
3.5.4. CIA, 98
Self-Check, 99
3.6. Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), 99
3.6.1. Digital Certificates, 99
3.6.2. Public Key Infrastructure, 100
3.6.3. Designing a CA Hierarchy, 103
3.6.4. Security Policy and PKI Implementation, 107
3.6.5. Trusting Certificates from Other Organizations, 108
3.6.6. Creating an Enrollment and Distribution Strategy, 110
3.6.7. Renewing Certificates, 110
3.6.8. Revoking a Certificate, 111
Self-Check, 112
Summary, 113
Key Terms, 113
Assess Your Understanding, 115
Summary Questions, 115
Applying This Chapter, 116
You Try It, 117
4. Authentication, 118
Introduction, 119
4.1. Authentication Overview, 119
4.1.1. Interactive Logon, 119
4.1.2. Peer-to-Peer Network Logon, 120
4.1.3. Computer Authentication, 120
4.1.4. Mutual Authentication, 121
4.1.5. Application Authentication, 123
Self-Check, 124
4.2. Authentication Credentials, 125
4.2.1. Password Authentication, 125
4.2.2. One-Time Passwords, 128
4.2.3. Smart Cards, 128
4.2.4. Biometrics, 129
Self-Check, 131
4.3. Authentication Protocols, 131
4.3.1. LAN Manager-Based Protocols, 131
4.3.2. Kerberos, 134
Self-Check, 136
4.4. Best Practices for Secure Authentication, 136
4.4.1. Password Policies, 137
4.4.2. Account Lockout Policy, 139
4.4.3. Account Logon Hours, 140
4.4.4. Account Logon Workstation, 140
4.4.5. Auditing Logons, 141
Self-Check, 143
Summary, 143
Key Terms, 143
Assess Your Understanding, 145
Summary Questions, 145
Applying This Chapter, 146
You Try It, 148
5. Authorization and Access Control, 149
Introduction, 150
5.1. Access Control Models, 150
5.1.1. Discretionary Access Control (DAC), 150
5.1.2. Mandatory Access Control (MAC), 151
5.1.3. Role-Based Access Control (RBAC), 152
5.1.4. Principle of Least Permission, 154
Self-Check, 154
5.2. Implementing Access Control on Windows Computers, 154
5.2.1. Principals, 154
5.2.2. Windows Access Control Model, 161
5.2.3. Understanding Active Directory Object Permissions, 163
5.2.4. Designing Access Control for Files and Folders, 165
5.2.5. User Rights Assignment, 172
Self-Check, 173
5.3. Implementing Access Control on Unix Computers, 174
5.3.1. Principals, 174
5.3.2. Objects, 176
Self-Check, 181
Summary, 182
Key Terms, 182
Assess Your Understanding, 184
Summary Questions, 184
Applying This Chapter, 185
You Try It, 187
6. Securing Network Transmission, 188
Introduction, 189
6.1. Analyzing Security Requirements for Network Traffic, 189
6.1.1. Types of Attacks, 189
6.1.2. Considerations for Designing a Secure Infrastructure, 192
6.1.3. Securely Transmitting Data, 193
Self-Check, 194
6.2. Defining Network Perimeters, 195
6.2.1. Isolating Insecure Networks Using Subnets, 195
6.2.2. Switches and VLANs, 196
6.2.3. Using IP Address and IP Packet Filtering, 199
Self-Check, 201
6.3. Data Transmission Protection Protocols, 201
6.3.1. SSL and TLS, 201
6.3.2. IP Security (IPsec), 205
6.3.3. Server Message Block Signing, 211
6.3.4. Secure Shell, 212
Self-Check, 214
Summary, 214
Key Terms, 215
Assess Your Understanding, 217
Summary Questions, 217
Applying This Chapter, 218
You Try It, 220
7. Remote Access and Wireless Security, 221
Introduction, 222
7.1. Dial-up Networking, 222
7.1.1. Dial-up Networking Protocols, 222
7.1.2. Dial-up Networking Authentication Protocols, 223
7.1.3. Limiting Dial-up Access, 228
7.1.4. Preventing Access to the Network, 229
Self-Check, 230
7.2. Virtual Private Networks, 230
7.2.1. Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol, 231
7.2.2. L2TP and IPsec, 233
7.2.3. Hardware VPN Solutions, 234
Self-Check, 235
7.3. RADIUS and TACACS, 235
7.3.1. Using RADIUS Authentication, 236
7.3.2. Using TACACS and TACACS+, 237
Self-Check, 239
7.4. Wireless Networks, 239
7.4.1. Wireless Networking Standards, 239
7.4.2. Wireless Modes, 240
7.4.3. Preventing Intruders from Connecting to a Wireless Network, 240
7.4.4. Wired Equivalent Privacy, 241
7.4.5. Wi-Fi Protected Access, 244
7.4.6. Standard 802.1x, 246
7.4.7. Standard 802.11i, 252
7.4.8. Designing for an Open Access Point, 253
7.4.9. Identifying Wireless Network Vulnerabilities, 253
Self-Check, 255
Summary, 255
Key Terms, 255
Assess Your Understanding, 258
Summary Questions, 258
Applying This Chapter, 259
You Try It, 261
8. Server Roles and Security, 262
Introduction, 263
8.1. Server Roles and Baselines, 263
8.1.1. Trusted Computing Base, 263
8.1.2. Secure Baseline, 264
8.1.3. Preparing to Implement the Baseline, 265
8.1.4. Security Templates, 265
8.1.5. Security Configuration Wizard, 270
8.1.6. Secure Baseline Configuration for Linux Servers, 272
8.1.7. Virtualization, 273
Self-Check, 274
8.2. Securing Network Infrastructure Servers, 274
8.2.1. Securing DNS Servers, 275
8.2.2. Securing DHCP Servers, 284
8.2.3. Securing WINS Servers, 287
8.2.4. Securing RASs, 288
8.2.5. Securing NAT Servers, 289
Self-Check, 289
8.3. Securing Domain Controllers, 289
Self-Check, 292
8.4. Securing File and Print Servers, 292
8.4.1. Securing File Servers, 292
8.4.2. Securing Print Servers, 293
8.4.3. Securing FTP Servers, 295
Self-Check, 297
8.5. Securing Application Servers, 298
8.5.1. Securing Web Servers, 298
8.5.2. Securing Database Servers, 301
Self-Check, 304
Summary, 304
Key Terms, 304
Assess Your Understanding, 306
Summary Questions, 306
Applying This Chapter, 307
You Try It, 309
9. Protecting Against Malware, 310
Introduction, 311
9.1. Viruses and Other Malware, 311
9.1.1. Viruses, 311
9.1.2. Worms, 312
9.1.3. Trojan Horses, 312
9.1.4. Browser Parasites, 313
9.1.5. Spyware, 314
9.1.6. Backdoors, 314
Self-Check, 315
9.2. Protecting the Workstation, 315
9.2.1. Antivirus Software, 317
9.2.2. Anti-spyware, 317
9.2.3. Computer Configuration Guidelines, 318
9.2.4. User Training, 320
Self-Check, 323
9.3. Web Browser Security, 323
9.3.1. Web Browser Risks, 323
9.3.2. Web Browser Technologies, 324
9.3.3. Specific Threats to a Browser Session, 327
9.3.4. Browser Configuration, 329
9.3.5. Internet Explorer Security Zones, 334
9.3.6. Configuring Web Features in Firefox, 337
Self-Check, 337
9.4. Email Security, 337
9.4.1. Attacks that Disclose Data, 337
9.4.2. Spam, 342
9.4.3. Protecting Against Malcode Propagated by Email, 345
9.4.4. Mail Client Configurations, 346
9.4.5. Architectural Considerations, 347
Self-Check, 349
Summary, 350
Key Terms, 350
Assess Your Understanding, 352
Summary Questions, 352
Applying This Chapter, 353
You Try It, 355
10. Ongoing Security Management, 356
Introduction, 357
10.1. Managing Updates, 357
10.1.1. Configuration Management, 357
10.1.2. Understanding the Components of Configuration Management, 358
10.1.3. Importance of Automating Updates, 360
10.1.4. Creating a Security Update Infrastructure, 360
10.1.5. A WSUS Solution, 362
10.1.6. Configuring SUS Clients, 362
Self-Check, 367
10.2. Auditing and Logging, 367
10.2.1. Security Audits, 367
10.2.2. Monitoring, 368
10.2.3. Auditing on Unix, 368
10.2.4. Auditing in Windows, 369
Self-Check, 371
10.3. Secure Remote Administration, 371
10.3.1. Creating a Remote Management Plan, 372
10.3.2. Remote Management Security Considerations, 374
10.3.3. Planning Remote Management Deployment, 375
10.3.4. Securing Windows Inbound Management Tools, 376
10.3.5. Securing TCP/IP Remote Management Tools, 382
10.3.6. Designing for EMS, 383
Self-Check, 390
Summary, 390
Key Terms, 390
Assess Your Understanding, 392
Summary Questions, 392
Applying This Chapter, 393
You Try It, 394
11. Disaster Recovery and Fault Tolerance, 395
Introduction, 396
11.1. Planning for the Worst, 396
11.1.1. Business Continuity Planning, 396
11.1.2. Disaster Recovery Planning, 399
11.1.3. Designing an Incident Response Procedure, 403
Self-Check, 407
11.2. Creating a Backup Strategy, 407
11.2.1. Analyzing Backup Requirements, 407
11.2.2. Backing Up System Configurations, 408
11.2.3. Choosing a Backup Tool, 408
11.2.4. Choosing the Backup Media, 409
11.2.5. Determining the Types of Backups, 410
11.2.6. Determining Backup Frequency, 411
11.2.7. Assigning Responsibility for Backups, 413
11.2.8. Testing Recovery, 414
Self-Check, 414
11.3. Designing for Fault Tolerance, 415
11.3.1. Eliminating Single Points of Failure, 415
11.3.2. Selecting Fault Tolerant Storage, 416
11.3.3. RAID Levels, 416
11.3.4. Choosing Between Hardware and Software RAID, 421
11.3.5. Storage Area Networks (SANs), 423
11.3.6. Designing a Failover Solution, 425
Self-Check, 427
Summary, 427
Key Terms, 427
Assess Your Understanding, 429
Summary Questions, 429
Applying This Chapter, 430
You Try It, 432
12. Intrusion Detection and Forensics, 433
Introduction, 434
12.1. Intrusion Detection, 434
12.1.1. Intrusion Detection and Response, 434
12.1.2. Intrusion Detection Systems, 434
12.1.3. IDS Issues, 438
12.1.4. Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS), 439
Self-Check, 439
12.2. Honeypots, 439
12.2.1. Preventing, Detecting, and Responding to Attacks, 440
12.2.2. Honeypot Categories, 441
12.2.3. When to Use a Honeypot, 442
12.2.4. Legal Considerations, 443
Self-Check, 444
12.3. Forensics, 444
12.3.1. Understanding Evidence, 444
12.3.2. Gathering Evidence on a Live System, 445
12.3.3. Preparing a Hard Drive Image, 448
12.3.4. Searching for Data on a Hard Drive, 450
Self-Check, 457
Summary, 457
Key Terms, 458
Assess Your Understanding, 459
Summary Questions, 459
Applying This Chapter, 460
You Try It, 461
Glossary, 462
Index, 507

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