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Copyright, iv
Preface, v
Acknowledgments, x
About the Author, xi
Contents, xiii
Chapter 1. Themes and Issues in Adult Development and Aging, 1
The Biopsychosocial Perspective, 2
Principles of Adult Development and Aging, 2
Changes are Continuous over the Life Span, 2
It is the Survivors Who Grow Old, 3
Individual Differences Must Be Recognized, 4
“Normal” Aging Is Different from Disease, 7
The Meaning of Age, 7
Using Age to Define “Adult”;, 8
Divisions by Age of the Over-65 Population, 8
Alternative Indices of Age, 10
Personal vs. Social Aging, 11
Social Factors in Adult Development and Aging, 14
Sex and Gender, 14
Race, 14
Ethnicity, 16
Socioeconomic Status, 16
Religion, 16
The Baby Boomers Grow up: Changes in the Middle-Aged and older Populations in the United States and the World, 16
Geographic Variations within the United States, 18
Gender and Racial Variations in the Over-65 Population, 19
Aging Around the World, 20
Summary, 21
Chapter 2. Models of Development: Nature and Nurture in Adulthood, 23
Models of Individual-Environment Interactions, 24
Reciprocity in Development, 27
Sociocultural Models of Development, 28
Ecological Perspective, 28
The Life Course Perspective, 29
Ageism as a Social Factor in the Aging Process, 30
Psychological Models of Development in Adulthood, 32
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory, 32
Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory, 35
Identity Process Theory, 36
Biological Approaches to Aging in Adulthood, 40
Genes and DNA, 41
Programmed Aging Theories, 42
Random Error Theories, 45
Summary, 47
Chapter 3. The Study of Adult Development and Aging: Research Methods, 49
Variables in Developmental Research, 49
Descriptive Research Designs, 50
Age, Cohort, and Time of Measurement, 51
Longitudinal Designs, 51
Cross-Sectional Designs, 55
Sequential Research Designs, 57
The Most Efficient Design, 57
Correlational Designs, 59
Simple Correlational Designs, 59
Multivariate Correlational Designs, 61
Types of Research Methods, 63
Laboratory Studies, 63
Qualitative Studies, 63
Archival Research, 64
Surveys, 64
Case Reports, 64
Focus Groups, 65
Observational Methods, 65
Measurement issues in Adult Development and Aging, 67
Ethical Issues in Research, 68
Summary, 70
Chapter 4. Physical and Sensory Changes in Adulthood and Old Age, 71
Appearance, 71
Skin, 72
Hair, 74
Body Build, 76
Mobility, 78
Muscles, 78
Bones, 79
Joints, 81
Vital Bodily Functions, 82
Cardiovascular System, 82
Respiratory System, 83
Urinary System, 85
Digestive System, 86
Bodily Control Systems, 87
Endocrine System, 87
Immune System, 93
Nervous System, 94
Central Nervous System, 94
Sleep, 95
Temperature Control, 97
Sensation and Perception, 97
Vision, 97
Hearing, 100
Balance, 101
Smell and Taste, 103
Somatosensory System, 104
Summary, 106
Chapter 5. Health and Prevention, 108
Diseases of the Cardiovascular System, 108
Cardiac and Cerebrovascular Conditions, 108
Incidence Rates, 111
Behavioral Risk Factors, 113
Prevention of Heart Disease and Stroke, 116
Cancer, 118
Risk Factors and Prevention, 118
Treatments, 121
Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System, 122
Osteoarthritis, 122
Osteoporosis, 123
Diabetes, 124
Characteristics of Diabetes, 124
Incidence and Risk Factors, 125
Prevention and Treatment, 126
Respiratory Diseases, 126
Dementia and Related Neurological Disorders, 128
Alzheimer’s Disease, 128
Prevalence, 128
Psychological Symptoms, 128
Biological Changes, 129
Causes of Alzheimer’s Disease, 130
Diagnosis, 132
Medical Treatments, 133
Psychosocial Treatments, 134
Other Neurological Diseases That Can Cause Dementia, 136
Summary, 138
Chapter 6. Basic Cognitive Functions: Information Processing, Attention, and Memory, 139
Information Processing, 140
Psychomotor Speed, 141
Attention, 142
Driving and Aging, 146
Memory, 150
Working Memory, 150
Effects of Aging on Long-Term Memory in Adulthood, 152
Identity, Self-Efficacy, Control Beliefs, and Stereotype Threat, 155
Memory and Health-Related Behaviors, 157
Memory Training Studies, 160
Summary, 161
Chapter 7. Language, Problem Solving, and Intelligence, 163
Language, 163
Cognitive Aspects of Language, 164
Social Aspects of Language, 165
Everyday Problem Solving, 167
Characteristics of Problem Solving, 167
Problem Solving in Adulthood, 168
Adult Learners, 173
Intelligence, 175
Historical Perspectives on Adult Intelligence, 176
Theoretical Perspectives on Adult Intelligence, 177
Alternative Views of Intelligence, 179
Empirical Evidence on Adult Intelligence, 180
Training Studies, 184
The Psychology of Wisdom, 186
Summary, 189
Chapter 8. Personality and Patterns of Coping, 190
Psychodynamic Perspectives, 190
Ego Psychology, 191
Adult Attachment Theory, 196
Trait Approaches, 197
The Five Factor Model, 198
Research Based on the Five Factor Model, 199
Health and Personality, 200
Social Cognitive Approaches, 202
Cognitive Perspective, 205
Possible Selves Theory, 206
Coping and Control, 206
Identity Process Theory, 208
Midlife Crisis Theories and Findings, 209
Theory of the Midlife Crisis, 209
Critiques and Research on the Midlife Crisis, 213
Summary, 217
Chapter 9. Relationships, 218
Marriage and Intimate Relationships, 218
Marriage, 219
Cohabitation, 220
Same-Sex Couples, 222
Divorce and Remarriage, 222
Widowhood, 225
Psychological Perspectives on Long-Term Relationships, 226
Families, 231
Family Living Situations, 231
The Transition to Parenthood, 232
Adult Parent-Child Relationships, 235
Siblings, 238
Grandparents, 238
Grandparents Raising Grandchildren, 240
Patterns of Grandparenting, 240
Friendships, 242
Theoretical Perspectives, 242
Patterns of Friendships, 242
Summary, 244
Chapter 10. Work, Retirement, and Leisure Patterns, 246
Work Patterns in Adulthood, 246
Age Distribution, 247
Gender Patterns, 248
Educational Level, 249
Vocational Development, 250
Holland’s Vocational Development Theory, 250
Super’s Self-Concept Theory, 257
Variations in Vocational Development, 257
Vocational Satisfaction, 258
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors, 259
Positive and Negative Moods, 261
Occupational Reinforcement Patterns, 262
Work Stress, 262
Conflict between Work and Family, 262
Age and Vocational Satisfaction, 264
Age and Vocational Performance, 266
Retirement, 269
Definitions of Retirement, 269
Facts about Retirement, 270
The Effects of Retirement on the Individual, 271
Retirement and Health, 273
Factors That Influence Adjustment to Retirement, 273
Leisure Pursuits in Later Adulthood, 275
Summary, 276
Chapter 11. Mental Health Issues and Treatment, 278
Psychological Disorders in Adulthood, 278
Major Axis I Disorders in Adulthood, 279
Anxiety Disorders, 284
Axis II Disorders, 292
Elder Abuse, 294
Suicide, 295
Treatment Issues in Mental Health Care, 297
Treatment for Psychological Disorders, 297
Assessment, 297
Treatment, 300
Reports of Subjective Distress, 309
Summary, 309
Chapter 12. Long-Term Care, 311
Institutional Facilities for Long-Term Care, 312
Nursing Homes, 312
Residential Care Facilities, 313
Community-Based Facilities, 314
Home Health Services, 315
Geriatric Partial Hospital, 316
Accessory Dwelling Units, 316
Subsidized Housing, 316
Continuing Care Retirement Community (CCRC), 316
The Financing of Long-Term Care, 317
Medicare, 317
Medicaid, 320
Legislative Issues in Care of Older Adults, 321
1987 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 (OBRA 1987), 321
1997 Balanced Budget Act, 322
1998 Nursing Home Initiative, 322
Congressional Hearings on Nursing Home Abuse, 323
2002 Nursing Home Quality Initiative, 324
2007 GAO Report, 324
Characteristics and Needs of Nursing Homes and Their Residents, 324
Characteristics of Residents, 326
Nursing Homes Deficiencies, 327
Psychological Issues in Long-Term Care, 330
Models of Adaptation, 330
Suggestions for Improving Institutional Care, 334
Summary, 335
Chapter 13. Death and Dying, 336
Technical Perspectives on Death, 337
Medical Aspects of Death, 337
Mortality Facts and Figures, 339
Cultural Perspectives, 343
The Dying Process, 346
Stages of Dying, 347
Psychological Perspectives on the Dying Process, 349
Issues in End-of-Life Care, 349
Advance Directives and the Patient Self-Determination Act, 350
Research on the End of Life, 350
Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia, 354
Suggestions for End-of-Life Care, 356
Bereavement, 358
Death of a Spouse, 358
Death of Other Family Members, 360
Theories of Bereavement, 361
Summary, 362
Chapter 14. Successful Aging and Creativity, 363
Theoretical Perspectives on Successful Aging, 363
Subjective Well-being, 366
Productivity and Creativity, 369
The Relationship between Age and Creativity: Early Studies, 369
Simonton’s Model of Age and Creative Productivity, 372
The Neuroscience of Creativity, 376
Characteristics of Last Works, 376
Sociocultural Variations, 380
Successful Aging: Final Perspectives, 381
Summary, 386
Glossary, 388
References, 402
Photo Credits, 450
Name Index, 451
Subject Index, 464

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