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Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer, 5th Edition

by Welty, James, Oregon State Univ.; Wicks, Charles E.; Rorrer, Gregory L.; Wilson, Robert E.

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Copyright, iv
Preface, v
Contents, vii
1. Introduction to Momentum Transfer, 1
1.1. Fluids and the Continuum, 1
1.2. Properties at a Point, 2
1.3. Point-to-Point Variation of Properties in a Fluid, 5
1.4. Units, 8
1.5. Compressibility, 9
1.6. Surface Tension, 11
2. Fluid Statics, 16
2.1. Pressure Variation in a Static Fluid, 16
2.2. Uniform Rectilinear Acceleration, 19
2.3. Forces on Submerged Surfaces, 20
2.4. Buoyancy, 23
2.5. Closure, 25
3. Description of a Fluid in Motion, 29
3.1. Fundamental Physical Laws, 29
3.2. Fluid-Flow Fields: Lagrangian and Eulerian Representations, 29
3.3. Steady and Unsteady Flows, 30
3.4. Streamlines, 31
3.5. Systems and Control Volumes, 32
4. Conservation of Mass: Control-Volume Approach, 34
4.1. Integral Relation, 34
4.2. Specific Forms of the Integral Expression, 35
4.3. Closure, 39
5. Newton’s Second Law of Motion: Control-Volume Approach, 43
5.1. Integral Relation for Linear Momentum, 43
5.2. Applications of the Integral Expression for Linear Momentum, 46
5.3. Integral Relation for Moment of Momentum, 52
5.4. Applications to Pumps and Turbines, 53
5.5. Closure, 57
6. Conservation of Energy: Control-Volume Approach, 63
6.1. Integral Relation for the Conservation of Energy, 63
6.2. Applications of the Integral Expression, 69
6.3. The Bernoulli Equation, 72
6.4. Closure, 76
7. Shear Stress in Laminar Flow, 81
7.1. Newton’s Viscosity Relation, 81
7.2. Non-Newtonian Fluids, 82
7.3. Viscosity, 83
7.4. Shear Stress in Multidimensional Laminar Flows of a Newtonian Fluid, 88
7.5. Closure, 90
8. Analysis of a Differential Fluid Element in Laminar Flow, 92
8.1. Fully Developed Laminar Flow in a Circular Conduit of Constant Cross Section, 92
8.2. Laminar Flow of a Newtonian Fluid Down an Inclined-Plane Surface, 95
8.3. Closure, 97
9. Differential Equations of Fluid Flow, 99
9.1. The Differential Continuity Equation, 99
9.2. Navier-Stokes Equations, 101
9.3. Bernoulli’s Equation, 110
9.4. Closure, 111
10. Inviscid Fluid Flow, 113
10.1. Fluid Rotation at a Point, 113
10.2. The Stream Function, 114
10.3. Inviscid, Irrotational Flow about an Infinite Cylinder, 116
10.4. Irrotational Flow, the Velocity Potential, 117
10.5. Total Head in Irrotational Flow, 119
10.6. Utilization of Potential Flow, 119
10.7. Potential Flow Analysis—Simple Plane Flow Cases, 120
10.8. Potential Flow Analysis—Superposition, 121
10.9. Closure, 123
11. Dimensional Analysis and Similitude, 125
11.1. Dimensions, 125
11.2. Dimensional Analysis of Governing Differential Equations, 126
11.3. The Buckingham Method, 128
11.4. Geometric, Kinematic, and Dynamic Similarity, 131
11.5. Model Theory, 132
11.6. Closure, 134
12. Viscous Flow, 137
12.1. Reynolds’s Experiment, 137
12.2. Drag, 138
12.3. The Boundary-Layer Concept, 144
12.4. The Boundary-Layer Equations, 145
12.5. Blasius’s Solution for the Laminar Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate, 146
12.6. Flow with a Pressure Gradient, 150
12.7. von Kármán Momentum Integral Analysis, 152
12.8. Description of Turbulence, 155
12.9. Turbulent Shearing Stresses, 157
12.10. The Mixing-Length Hypothesis, 158
12.11. Velocity Distribution from the Mixing-Length Theory, 160
12.12. The Universal Velocity Distribution, 161
12.13. Further Empirical Relations for Turbulent Flow, 162
12.14. The Turbulent Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate, 163
12.15. Factors Affecting the Transition From Laminar to Turbulent Flow, 165
12.16. Closure, 165
13. Flow in Closed Conduits, 168
13.1. Dimensional Analysis of Conduit Flow, 168
13.2. Friction Factors for Fully Developed Laminar, Turbulent,and Transition Flow in Circular Conduits, 170
13.3. Friction Factor and Head-Loss Determination for Pipe Flow, 173
13.4. Pipe-Flow Analysis, 176
13.5. Friction Factors for Flow in the Entrance to a Circular Conduit, 179
13.6. Closure, 182
14. Fluid Machinery, 185
14.1. Centrifugal Pumps, 186
14.2. Scaling Laws for Pumps and Fans, 194
14.3. Axial and Mixed Flow Pump Configurations, 197
14.4. Turbines, 197
14.5. Closure, 197
15. Fundamentals of Heat Transfer, 201
15.1. Conduction, 201
15.2. Thermal Conductivity, 202
15.3. Convection, 207
15.4. Radiation, 209
15.5. Combined Mechanisms of Heat Transfer, 209
15.6. Closure, 213
16. Differential Equations of Heat Transfer, 217
16.1. The General Differential Equation for Energy Transfer, 217
16.2. Special Forms of the Differential Energy Equation, 220
16.3. Commonly Encountered Boundary Conditions, 221
16.4. Closure, 222
17. Steady-State Conduction, 224
17.1. One-Dimensional Conduction, 224
17.2. One-Dimensional Conduction with Internal Generation of Energy, 230
17.3. Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces, 233
17.4. Two- and Three-Dimensional Systems, 240
17.5. Closure, 246
18. Unsteady-State Conduction, 252
18.1. Analytical Solutions, 252
18.2. Temperature-Time Charts for Simple Geometric Shapes, 261
18.3. Numerical Methods for Transient Conduction Analysis, 263
18.4. An Integral Method for One-Dimensional Unsteady Conduction, 266
18.5. Closure, 270
19. Convective Heat Transfer, 274
19.1. Fundamental Considerations in Convective Heat Transfer, 274
19.2. Significant Parameters in Convective Heat Transfer, 275
19.3. Dimensional Analysis of Convective Energy Transfer, 276
19.4. Exact Analysis of the Laminar Boundary Layer, 279
19.5. Approximate Integral Analysis of the Thermal Boundary Layer, 283
19.6. Energy- and Momentum-Transfer Analogies, 285
19.7. Turbulent Flow Considerations, 287
19.8. Closure, 293
20. Convective Heat-Transfer Correlations, 297
20.1. Natural Convection, 297
20.2. Forced Convection for Internal Flow, 305
20.3. Forced Convection for External Flow, 311
20.4. Closure, 318
21. Boiling and Condensation, 323
21.1. Boiling, 323
21.2. Condensation, 328
21.3. Closure, 334
22. Heat-Transfer Equipment, 336
22.1. Types of Heat Exchangers, 336
22.2. Single-Pass Heat-Exchanger Analysis: The Log-Mean Temperature Difference, 339
22.3. Crossflow and Shell-and-Tube Heat-Exchanger Analysis, 343
22.4. The Number-of-Transfer-Units (NTU) Method of Heat-Exchanger Analysis and Design, 347
22.5. Additional Considerations in Heat-Exchanger Design, 354
22.6. Closure, 356
23. Radiation Heat Transfer, 359
23.1. Nature of Radiation, 359
23.2. Thermal Radiation, 360
23.3. The Intensity of Radiation, 361
23.4. Planck’s Law of Radiation, 363
23.5. Stefan-Boltzmann Law, 365
23.6. Emissivity and Absorptivity of Solid Surfaces, 367
23.7. Radiant Heat Transfer Between Black Bodies, 370
23.8. Radiant Exchange in Black Enclosures, 379
23.9. Radiant Exchange in Reradiating Surfaces Present, 380
23.10. Radiant Heat Transfer Between Gray Surfaces, 381
23.11. Radiation from Gases, 388
23.12. The Radiation Heat-Transfer Coefficient, 392
23.13. Closure, 393
24. Fundamentals of Mass Transfer, 398
24.1. Molecular Mass Transfer, 399
24.2. The Diffusion Coefficient, 407
24.3. Convective Mass Transfer, 428
24.4. Closure, 429
25. Differential Equations of Mass Transfer, 433
25.1. The Differential Equation for Mass Transfer, 433
25.2. Special Forms of the Differential Mass-Transfer Equation, 436
25.3. Commonly Encountered Boundary Conditions, 438
25.4. Steps for Modeling Processes Involving Molecular Diffusion, 441
25.5. Closure, 448
26. Steady-State Molecular Diffusion, 452
26.1. One-Dimensional Mass Transfer Independent of Chemical Reaction, 452
26.2. One-Dimensional Systems Associated with Chemical Reaction, 463
26.3. Two- and Three-Dimensional Systems, 474
26.4. Simultaneous Momentum, Heat, and Mass Transfer, 479
26.5. Closure, 488
27. Unsteady-State Molecular Diffusion, 496
27.1. Unsteady-State Diffusion and Fick’s Second Law, 496
27.2. Transient Diffusion in a Semi-Infinite Medium, 497
27.3. Transient Diffusion in a Finite-Dimensional Medium Under Conditions of Negligible Surface Resistance, 500
27.4. Concentration-Time Charts for Simple Geometric Shapes, 509
27.5. Closure, 512
28. Convective Mass Transfer, 517
28.1. Fundamental Considerations in Convective Mass Transfer, 517
28.2. Significant Parameters in Convective Mass Transfer, 519
28.3. Dimensional Analysis of Convective Mass Transfer, 521
28.4. Exact Analysis of the Laminar Concentration Boundary Layer, 524
28.5. Approximate Analysis of the Concentration Boundary Layer, 531
28.6. Mass, Energy, and Momentum-Transfer Analogies, 533
28.7. Models for Convective Mass-Transfer Coefficients, 542
28.8. Closure, 545
29. Convective Mass Transfer Between Phases, 551
29.1. Equilibrium, 551
29.2. Two-Resistance Theory, 554
29.3. Closure, 563
30. Convective Mass-Transfer Correlations, 569
30.1. Mass Transfer to Plates, Spheres, and Cylinders, 569
30.2. Mass Transfer Involving Flow Through Pipes, 580
30.3. Mass Transfer in Wetted-Wall Columns, 581
30.4. Mass Transfer in Packed and Fluidized Beds, 584
30.5. Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer in Stirred Tanks, 585
30.6. Capacity Coefficients for Packed Towers, 587
30.7. Steps for Modeling Mass-Transfer Processes Involving Convection, 588
30.8. Closure, 595
31. Mass-Transfer Equipment, 603
31.1. Types of Mass-Transfer Equipment, 603
31.2. Gas-Liquid Mass-Transfer Operations in Well-Mixed Tanks, 605
31.3. Mass Balances for Continuous Contact Towers: Operating-Line Equations, 611
31.4. Enthalpy Balances for Continuous-Contact Towers, 620
31.5. Mass-Transfer Capacity Coefficients, 621
31.6. Continuous-Contact Equipment Analysis, 622
31.7. Closure, 636
Nomenclature, 641
APPENDIXES, 648
A. Transformations of the Operators ∇ and ∇² to Cylindrical Coordinates, 648
B. Summary of Differential Vector Operations in Various Coordinate Systems, 651
C. Symmetry of the Stress Tensor, 654
D. The Viscous Contribution to the Normal Stress, 655
E. The Navier–Stokes Equations for Constant ρ and μ in Cartesian, Cylindrical, and Spherical Coordinates, 657
F. Charts for Solution of Unsteady Transport Problems, 659
G. Properties of the Standard Atmosphere, 672
H. Physical Properties of Solids, 675
I. Physical Properties of Gases and Liquids, 678
J. Mass-Transfer Diffusion Coefficients in Binary Systems, 691
K. Lennard–Jones Constants, 694
L. The Error Function, 697
M. Standard Pipe Sizes, 698
N. Standard Tubing Gages, 700
Author Index, 703
Subject Index, 705

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