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Copyright, ii
Preface, iii
Acknowledgments, viii
Contents, ix
Prologue: Introduction to the Study of Chemistry, 1
A. The Mystery of Fire, 1
B. The Scientific Method, 3
C. The Study of Chemistry and Using This Textbook, 6
Chapter One. Measurements in Chemistry, 15
Section A THE NUMBERS USED IN CHEMISTRY, 16
1-1. The Numerical Value of a Measurement, 16
1-2. Significant Figures and Mathematical Operations, 18
Making It Real, 21
1-3. Expressing Large and Small Numbers: Scientific Notation, 21
Learning Check A, 23
Section B THE MEASUREMENTS USED IN CHEMISTRY, 24
1-4. Measurement of Mass, Length, and Volume, 24
Making It Real, 26
1-5. Conversion of Units by the Factor-Label Method, 29
1-6. Measurement of Temperature, 34
Learning Check B, 37
Chapter Review, 37
Chapter Two. Matter, Changes, and Energy, 45
Section A THE TYPES OF MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES, 46
2-1. Types of Matter: Elements and Compounds, 46
2-2. Physical Properties of Matter, 48
2-3. A Physical Property: Density, 49
2-4. Chemical Properties of Matter, 52
Learning Check A, 54
Section B THE COMPOSITION OF MIXTURES, 54
2-5. Mixtures of Elements and Compounds, 54
Learning Check B, 58
Section C ENERGY AND MATTER, 58
2-6. Energy Changes in Chemical and Physical Processes, 58
Making It Real, 59
2-7. Temperature Change and Specific Heat, 61
Learning Check C, 64
Chapter Review, 64
Chapter Three. Elements, Compounds, and Their Composition, 71
Section A ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS AND THEIR COMPOSITION, 72
3-1. Names and Symbols of the Elements, 72
Making It Real, 73
3-2. Composition of an Element and Atomic Theory, 74
3-3. Elements and Compounds Composed of Molecules, and Their Formulas, 75
3-4. Electrical Nature of Matter: Compounds Composed of Ions, 77
Learning Check A, 80
Section B THE ATOM AND ITS COMPOSITION, 81
3-5. Composition of the Atom, 81
3-6. Atomic Number, Mass Number, and Atomic Mass, 83
Making It Real, 85
Learning Check B, 86
Chapter Review, 86
Chapter Four. The Periodic Table and Chemical Nomenclature, 93
Section A RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE, 94
4-1. Grouping the Elements: Metals and Nonmetals, Noble Metals and Active Metals, 94
4-2. The Periodic Table, 95
4-3. Periods and Groups in the Periodic Table, 96
4-4. Putting the Periodic Table to Use, 97
Making It Real, 98
Learning Check A, 99
Section B THE FORMULAS AND NAMES OF COMPOUNDS, 100
4-5. Naming and Writing Formulas of Metal–Nonmetal Binary Compounds, 100
4-6. Naming and Writing Formulas of Compounds with Polyatomic Ions, 104
4-7. Naming Nonmetal–Nonmetal Binary Compounds, 107
Making It Real, 108
4-8. Naming Acids, 108
Learning Check B, 110
Chapter Review, 111
CUMULATIVE REVIEW CHAPTERS 2–4*, 117
Chapter Five. Modern Atomic Theory, 119
Section A THE ENERGY OF THE ELECTRON IN THE ATOM, 120
5-1. The Emission Spectra of the Elements, 120
Making It Real, 122
5-2. A Model for the Electrons in the Atom, 123
5-3. Modern Atomic Theory: A Closer Look at Energy Levels, 125
Learning Check A, 130
Section B THE DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRONS IN ATOMS, 130
5-4. Electron Configurations of the Elements, 130
5-5. Orbital Diagrams of the Elements (Optional), 134
Learning Check B, 136
Section C PERIODIC PROPERTIES, 137
5-6. Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table, 137
5-7. Periodic Trends, 139
Making It Real, 142
Learning Check C, 144
Chapter Review, 144
Chapter Six. The Chemical Bond, 151
Section A CHEMICAL BONDS AND THE NATURE OF IONIC COMPOUNDS, 152
6-1. Bond Formation and Representative Elements, 152
6-2. Formation of Ions, 153
6-3. Formulas of Binary Ionic Compounds, 155
Learning Check A, 158
Section B CHEMICAL BONDS AND THE NATURE OF MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS, 158
6-4. The Covalent Bond, 158
Making It Real, 161
6-5. Writing Lewis Structures, 162
6-6. Resonance Structures, 167
Learning Check B, 168
Section C THE DISTRIBUTION OF CHARGE IN CHEMICAL BONDS, 169
6-7. Electronegativity and Polarity of Bonds, 169
6-8. Geometry of Simple Molecules, 172
6-9. Polarity of Molecules, 174
Making It Real, 175
Learning Check C, 177
Chapter Review, 177
CUMULATIVE REVIEW CHAPTERS 5 AND 6, 184
Chapter Seven. Chemical Reactions, 186
Section A THE REPRESENTATION OF CHEMICAL CHANGES AND SOME TYPES OF CHANGES, 187
7-1. Chemical Equations, 187
7-2. Combustion, Combination, and Decomposition Reactions, 192
Making It Real, 194
Learning Check A, 194
Section B THE ROLE OF IONS IN WATER AND SOME WAYS THE IONS INTERACT, 195
7-3. The Formation of Ions in Water, 195
7-4. Single-Replacement Reactions, 196
7-5. Double-Replacement Reactions—Precipitation, 198
Making It Real, 199
7-6. Double-Replacement Reactions—Neutralization, 203
Learning Check B, 204
Chapter Review, 205
Chapter Eight. Quantitative Relationships in Chemistry, 211
Section A THE MEASUREMENT OF MASSES OF ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS, 212
8-1. Relative Masses of Elements, 212
8-2. The Mole and the Molar Mass of Elements, 215
8-3. The Molar Mass of Compounds, 219
Learning Check A, 222
Section B THE COMPONENT ELEMENTS OF COMPOUNDS, 223
8-4. The Composition of Compounds, 223
8-5. Empirical and Molecular Formulas, 226
Learning Check B, 229
Section C MASS AND ENERGY CHANGES IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS, 230
8-6. Stoichiometry, 230
8-7. Limiting Reactant, 234
Making It Real, 235
8-8. Percent Yield, 237
8-9. Heat Energy in Chemical Reactions, 239
Making It Real, 240
Learning Check C, 241
Chapter Review, 242
CUMULATIVE REVIEW CHAPTERS 7 AND 8, 253
Chapter Nine. The Gaseous State, 255
Section A THE NATURE OF THE GASEOUS STATE AND THE EFFECTS OF CHANGING CONDITIONS, 256
9-1. The Nature of Gases and the Kinetic Molecular Theory, 256
9-2. The Pressure of a Gas, 259
9-3. Boyle’s Law, 260
9-4. Charles’s Law and Gay-Lussac’s Law, 263
Making It Real, 265
9-5. Avogadro’s Law, 269
Learning Check A, 271
Section B RELATIONSHIPS AMONG QUANTITIES OF GASES, CONDITIONS, AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS, 271
9-6. The Ideal Gas Law, 271
9-7. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures, 274
Making It Real, 276
9-8. The Molar Volume and Density of a Gas, 277
9-9. Stoichiometry Involving Gases, 279
Learning Check B, 282
Chapter Review, 282
Chapter Ten. The Solid and Liquid States, 291
Section A THE PROPERTIES OF CONDENSED STATES AND THE FORCES INVOLVED, 292
10-1. Properties of the Solid and Liquid States, 292
10-2. Intermolecular Forces and Physical State, 294
10-3. The Solid State: Melting Point, 298
Making It Real, 302
Learning Check A, 303
Section B THE LIQUID STATE AND CHANGES IN STATE, 303
10-4. The Liquid State: Surface Tension and Viscosity, 303
10-5. Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point, 304
Making It Real, 308
10-6. Energy and Changes in State, 309
10-7. Heating Curve of Water, 313
Learning Check B, 315
Chapter Review, 315
Chapter Eleven. Aqueous Solutions, 322
Section A SOLUTIONS AND THE QUANTITIES INVOLVED, 323
11-1. The Nature of Aqueous Solutions, 323
Making It Real, 326
11-2. Solubility and Temperature, 326
11-3. Concentration: Percent by Mass, 328
11-4. Concentration: Molarity, 330
11-5. Dilution of Concentrated Solutions, 332
11-6. Stoichiometry Involving Solutions, 334
Learning Check A, 336
Section B THE EFFECTS OF THE PRESENCE OF SOLUTES ON WATER, 337
11-7. Physical Properties of Solutions, 337
Making It Real, 343
Learning Check B, 344
Chapter Review, 344
CUMULATIVE REVIEW CHAPTERS 9–11, 351
Chapter Twelve. Acids, Bases, and Salts, 354
Section A ACIDS, BASES, AND THE FORMATION OF SALTS, 355
12-1. Properties of Acids and Bases, 355
12-2. Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases, 357
12-3. Strengths of Acids and Bases, 360
12-4. Neutralization and Salts, 363
Learning Check A, 366
Section B THE MEASUREMENT OF ACID STRENGTH, 366
12-5. Equilibrium of Water, 366
12-6. The pH Scale, 368
Learning Check B, 372
Section C SALTS AND OXIDES AS ACIDS AND BASES, 373
12-7. The Effect of Salts on pH—Hydrolysis, 373
12-8. Control of pH—Buffer Solutions, 375
Making It Real, 377
12-9. Oxides as Acids and Bases, 378
Making It Real, 379
Learning Check C, 380
Chapter Review, 380
Chapter Thirteen. Oxidation–Reduction Reactions, 388
Section A REDOX REACTIONS—THE EXCHANGE OF ELECTRONS, 389
13-1. The Nature of Oxidation and Reduction, 389
Making It Real, 391
13-2. Oxidation States, 391
13-3. Balancing Redox Equations: Oxidation State Method, 395
13-4. Balancing Redox Equations: Ion-Electron Method, 397
Learning Check A, 401
Section B SPONTANEOUS AND NONSPONTANEOUS REDOX REACTIONS, 402
13-5. Predicting Spontaneous Redox Reactions, 402
13-6. Voltaic Cells, 406
Making It Real, 410
13-7. Electrolytic Cells, 411
Learning Check B, 413
Chapter Review, 413
Chapter Fourteen. Reaction Rates and Equilibrium, 420
Section A COLLISIONS OF MOLECULES AND REACTIONS AT EQUILIBRIUM, 421
14-1. How Reactions Take Place, 421
14-2. Rates of Chemical Reactions, 424
14-3. Reactions at Equilibrium, 429
14-4. Equilibrium and Le Châtelier’s Principle, 431
Making It Real, 433
Learning Check A, 434
Section B THE QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF REACTIONS AT EQUILIBRIUM, 435
14-5. Point of Equilibrium and Law of Mass Action, 435
14-6. Equilibria of Weak Acids and Weak Bases in Water, 438
Making It Real, 444
14-7. Solubility Equilibria, 445
Learning Check B, 449
Chapter Review, 449
CUMULATIVE REVIEW CHAPTERS 12–14, 456
Chapter Fifteen. Nuclear Chemistry, 458
Section A NATURALLY OCCURRING RADIOACTIVITY, 459
15-1. Radioactivity, 459
15-2. Rates of Decay of Radioactive Isotopes, 462
15-3. Effects of Radiation, 463
15-4. Detecting Radiation, 465
Learning Check A, 467
Section B INDUCED NUCLEAR CHANGES AND THEIR USES, 467
15-5. Nuclear Reactions, 467
15-6. Uses of Radioactivity, 469
Making It Real, 470
15-7. Nuclear Fission, 472
15-8. Nuclear Fusion, 476
Learning Check B, 478
Chapter Review, 478
Chapter Sixteen. Organic Chemistry, 483
Section A HYDROCARBONS, 484
16-1. Bonding in Organic Compounds, 484
16-2. Alkanes, 488
16-3. Alkenes, 493
Making It Real, 496
16-4. Alkynes, 496
16-5. Aromatic Compounds, 497
Learning Check A, 498
Section B OTHER CLASSES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, 499
16-6. Organic Functional Groups, 499
16-7. Alcohols, 499
16-8. Ethers, 501
16-9. Aldehydes and Ketones, 501
16-10. Amines, 503
16-11. Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Amides, 504
Making It Real, 507
Learning Check B, 508
Chapter Review, 509
Chapter Seventeen. Biochemistry, 515
Section A THREE BASIC TYPES OF BIOCHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, 516
17-1. Lipids, 516
17-2. Carbohydrates, 521
17-3. Amino Acids and Proteins, 524
Making It Real, 528
Learning Check A, 530
Section B BIOCHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND LIFE FUNCTIONS, 530
17-4. Enzymes, 530
17-5. Nucleic Acids and Genetics, 532
Learning Check B, 537
Chapter Review, 537
Foreword to the appendixes, A-1
Appendix A Basic Mathematics, A-2
Appendix B Basic Algebra, B-1
Appendix C Scientific Notation, C-1
Appendix D Graphs, D-1
Appendix E Calculators, E-1
Appendix F Glossary, F-1
Appendix G Answers to Exercises, G-1
Photo Credits, PC-1
Index, I-1
Endpapers, EM-1

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