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Basic Concepts of Chemistry, 7th Edition
by
Malone, Leo J., Saint Louis Univ.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Publishing Date: 2003/03/07
eText ISBN-10
0-470-26622-8
eText ISBN-13
978-0-470-26622-9
Print ISBN-10
0-471-21522-8
Print ISBN-13
978-0-471-21522-6
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Basic Concepts of Chemistry, 7th Edition
by
Malone, Leo J., Saint Louis Univ.
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Copyright, ii
Preface, iii
Unit 1. THE FOUNDATIONS O...
Unit 2. THE COMPOSITION O...
Unit 3. THE STRUCTURE OF ...
Unit 4. CHEMICAL CHANGES ...
Unit 5. THE STATES OF PUR...
Unit 6. TYPES OF CHEMICAL...
Unit 7. SPECIAL TOPICS, 4...
Foreword to the appendixe...
Photo Credits, PC-1
Index, I-1
Table of Contents
Copyright, ii
Preface, iii
Unit 1. THE FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMISTRY, 1
Prologue: Introduction to the Study of Chemistry, 1
A. The Mystery of Fire, 1
B. The Scientific Method, 3
C. The Study of Chemistry and Using This Textbook, 6
Chapter One. Measurements in Chemistry, 15
Section A. THE NUMBERS USED IN CHEMISTRY, 16
1-1. The Numerical Value of a Measurement, 16
1-2. Significant Figures and Mathematical Operations, 18
Making It Real, 21
1-3. Expressing Large and Small Numbers: Scientific Notation, 21
Learning Check A, 23
Section B. THE MEASUREMENTS USED IN CHEMISTRY, 24
1-4. Measurement of Mass, Length, and Volume, 24
Making It Real, 26
1-5. Conversion of Units by the Factor-Label Method, 29
1-6. Measurement of Temperature, 34
Learning Check B, 37
Chapter Review, 37
Unit 2. THE COMPOSITION OF MATTER, 45
Chapter Two. Matter, Changes, and Energy, 45
Section A. THE TYPES OF MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES, 46
2-1. Types of Matter: Elements and Compounds, 46
2-2. Physical Properties of Matter, 48
2-3. A Physical Property: Density, 49
2-4. Chemical Properties of Matter, 52
Learning Check A, 54
Section B. THE COMPOSITION OF MIXTURES, 54
2-5. Mixtures of Elements and Compounds, 54
Learning Check B, 58
Section C. ENERGY AND MATTER, 58
2-6. Energy Changes in Chemical and Physical Processes, 58
Making It Real, 59
2-7. Temperature Change and Specific Heat, 61
Learning Check C, 64
Chapter Review, 64
Chapter Three. Elements, Compounds, and Their Composition, 71
Section A. ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS AND THEIR COMPOSITION, 72
3-1. Names and Symbols of the Elements, 72
Making It Real, 73
3-2. Composition of an Element and Atomic Theory, 74
3-3. Elements and Compounds Composed of Molecules, and Their Formulas, 75
3-4. Electrical Nature of Matter: Compounds Composed of Ions, 77
Learning Check A, 80
Section B. THE ATOM AND ITS COMPOSITION, 81
3-5. Composition of the Atom, 81
3-6. Atomic Number, Mass Number, and Atomic Mass, 83
Making It Real, 85
Learning Check B, 86
Chapter Review, 86
Chapter Four. The Periodic Table and Chemical Nomenclature, 93
Section A. RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE, 94
4-1. Grouping the Elements: Metals and Nonmetals, Noble Metals and Active Metals, 94
4-2. The Periodic Table, 95
4-3. Periods and Groups in the Periodic Table, 96
4-4. Putting the Periodic Table to Use, 97
Making It Real, 98
Learning Check A, 99
Section B. THE FORMULAS AND NAMES OF COMPOUNDS, 100
4-5. Naming and Writing Formulas of Metal–Nonmetal Binary Compounds, 100
4-6. Naming and Writing Formulas of Compounds with Polyatomic Ions, 104
4-7. Naming Nonmetal–Nonmetal Binary Compounds, 107
Making It Real, 108
4-8. Naming Acids, 108
Learning Check B, 110
Chapter Review, 111
CUMULATIVE REVIEW CHAPTERS 2–4*, 117
Unit 3. THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER, 119
Chapter Five. Modern Atomic Theory, 119
Section A. THE ENERGY OF THE ELECTRON IN THE ATOM, 120
5-1. The Emission Spectra of the Elements, 120
Making It Real, 122
5-2. A Model for the Electrons in the Atom, 123
5-3. Modern Atomic Theory: A Closer Look at Energy Levels, 125
Learning Check A, 130
Section B. THE DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRONS IN ATOMS, 130
5-4. Electron Configurations of the Elements, 130
5-5. Orbital Diagrams of the Elements (Optional), 134
Learning Check B, 136
Section C. PERIODIC PROPERTIES, 137
5-6. Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table, 137
5-7. Periodic Trends, 139
Making It Real, 142
Learning Check C, 144
Chapter Review, 144
Chapter Six. The Chemical Bond, 151
Section A. CHEMICAL BONDS AND THE NATURE OF IONIC COMPOUNDS, 152
6-1. Bond Formation and Representative Elements, 152
6-2. Formation of Ions, 153
6-3. Formulas of Binary Ionic Compounds, 155
Learning Check A, 158
Section B. CHEMICAL BONDS AND THE NATURE OF MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS, 158
6-4. The Covalent Bond, 158
Making It Real, 161
6-5. Writing Lewis Structures, 162
6-6. Resonance Structures, 167
Learning Check B, 168
Section C. THE DISTRIBUTION OF CHARGE IN CHEMICAL BONDS, 169
6-7. Electronegativity and Polarity of Bonds, 169
6-8. Geometry of Simple Molecules, 172
6-9. Polarity of Molecules, 174
Making It Real, 175
Learning Check C, 177
Chapter Review, 177
CUMULATIVE REVIEW CHAPTERS 5 AND 6, 184
Unit 4. CHEMICAL CHANGES AND THE QUANTITIES INVOLVED, 186
Chapter Seven. Chemical Reactions, 186
Section A. THE REPRESENTATION OF CHEMICAL CHANGES AND SOME TYPES OF CHANGES, 187
7-1. Chemical Equations, 187
7-2. Combustion, Combination, and Decomposition Reactions, 192
Making It Real, 194
Learning Check A, 194
Section B. THE ROLE OF IONS IN WATER AND SOME WAYS THE IONS INTERACT, 195
7-3. The Formation of Ions in Water, 195
7-4. Single-Replacement Reactions, 196
7-5. Double-Replacement Reactions—Precipitation, 198
Making It Real, 199
7-6. Double-Replacement Reactions—Neutralization, 203
Learning Check B, 204
Chapter Review, 205
Chapter Eight. Quantitative Relationships in Chemistry, 211
Section A. THE MEASUREMENT OF MASSES OF ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS, 212
8-1. Relative Masses of Elements, 212
8-2. The Mole and the Molar Mass of Elements, 215
8-3. The Molar Mass of Compounds, 219
Learning Check A, 222
Section B. THE COMPONENT ELEMENTS OF COMPOUNDS, 223
8-4. The Composition of Compounds, 223
8-5. Empirical and Molecular Formulas, 226
Learning Check B, 229
Section C. MASS AND ENERGY CHANGES IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS, 230
8-6. Stoichiometry, 230
8-7. Limiting Reactant, 234
Making It Real, 235
8-8. Percent Yield, 237
8-9. Heat Energy in Chemical Reactions, 239
Making It Real, 240
Learning Check C, 241
Chapter Review, 242
CUMULATIVE REVIEW CHAPTERS 7 AND 8, 253
Unit 5. THE STATES OF PURE MATTER AND SOLUTIONS, 255
Chapter Nine. The Gaseous State, 255
Section A. THE NATURE OF THE GASEOUS STATE AND THE EFFECTS OF CHANGING CONDITIONS, 256
9-1. The Nature of Gases and the Kinetic Molecular Theory, 256
9-2. The Pressure of a Gas, 259
9-3. Boyle’s Law, 260
9-4. Charles’s Law and Gay-Lussac’s Law, 263
Making It Real, 265
9-5. Avogadro’s Law, 269
Learning Check A, 271
Section B. RELATIONSHIPS AMONG QUANTITIES OF GASES, CONDITIONS, AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS, 271
9-6. The Ideal Gas Law, 271
9-7. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures, 274
Making It Real, 276
9-8. The Molar Volume and Density of a Gas, 277
9-9. Stoichiometry Involving Gases, 279
Learning Check B, 282
Chapter Review, 282
Chapter Ten. The Solid and Liquid States, 291
Section A. THE PROPERTIES OF CONDENSED STATES AND THE FORCES INVOLVED, 292
10-1. Properties of the Solid and Liquid States, 292
10-2. Intermolecular Forces and Physical State, 294
10-3. The Solid State: Melting Point, 298
Making It Real, 302
Learning Check A, 303
Section B. THE LIQUID STATE AND CHANGES IN STATE, 303
10-4. The Liquid State: Surface Tension and Viscosity, 303
10-5. Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point, 304
Making It Real, 308
10-6. Energy and Changes in State, 309
10-7. Heating Curve of Water, 313
Learning Check B, 315
Chapter Review, 315
Chapter Eleven. Aqueous Solutions, 322
Section A. SOLUTIONS AND THE QUANTITIES INVOLVED, 323
11-1. The Nature of Aqueous Solutions, 323
Making It Real, 326
11-2. Solubility and Temperature, 326
11-3. Concentration: Percent by Mass, 328
11-4. Concentration: Molarity, 330
11-5. Dilution of Concentrated Solutions, 332
11-6. Stoichiometry Involving Solutions, 334
Learning Check A, 336
Section B. THE EFFECTS OF THE PRESENCE OF SOLUTES ON WATER, 337
11-7. Physical Properties of Solutions, 337
Making It Real, 343
Learning Check B, 344
Chapter Review, 344
CUMULATIVE REVIEW CHAPTERS 9–11, 351
Unit 6. TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND HOW THEY OCCUR, 354
Chapter Twelve. Acids, Bases, and Salts, 354
Section A. ACIDS, BASES, AND THE FORMATION OF SALTS, 355
12-1. Properties of Acids and Bases, 355
12-2. Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases, 357
12-3. Strengths of Acids and Bases, 360
12-4. Neutralization and Salts, 363
Learning Check A, 366
Section B. THE MEASUREMENT OF ACID STRENGTH, 366
12-5. Equilibrium of Water, 366
12-6. The pH Scale, 368
Learning Check B, 372
Section C. SALTS AND OXIDES AS ACIDS AND BASES, 373
12-7. The Effect of Salts on pH—Hydrolysis, 373
12-8. Control of pH—Buffer Solutions, 375
Making It Real, 377
12-9. Oxides as Acids and Bases, 378
Making It Real, 379
Learning Check C, 380
Chapter Review, 380
Chapter Thirteen. Oxidation–Reduction Reactions, 388
Section A. REDOX REACTIONS—THE EXCHANGE OF ELECTRONS, 389
13-1. The Nature of Oxidation and Reduction, 389
Making It Real, 391
13-2. Oxidation States, 391
13-3. Balancing Redox Equations: Oxidation State Method, 395
13-4. Balancing Redox Equations: Ion-Election Method, 397
Learning Check A, 401
Section B. SPONTANEOUS AND NONSPONTANEOUS REDOX REACTIONS, 402
13-5. Predicting Spontaneous Redox Reactions, 402
13-6. Voltaic Cells, 406
Making It Real, 410
13-7. Electrolytic Cells, 411
Learning Check B, 413
Chapter Review, 413
Chapter Fourteen. Reaction Rates and Equilibrium, 420
Section A. COLLISIONS OF MOLECULES AND REACTIONS AT EQUILIBRIUM, 421
14-1. How Reactions Take Place, 421
14-2. Rates of Chemical Reactions, 424
14-3. Reactions at Equilibrium, 429
14-4. Equilibrium and Le Châtelier’s Principle, 431
Making It Real, 433
Learning Check A, 434
Section B. THE QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF REACTIONS AT EQUILIBRIUM, 435
14-5. Point of Equilibrium and Law of Mass Action, 435
14-6. Equilibria of Weak Acids and Weak Bases in Water, 438
Making It Real, 444
14-7. Solubility Equilibria, 445
Learning Check B, 449
Chapter Review, 449
CUMULATIVE REVIEW CHAPTERS 12–14, 456
Unit 7. SPECIAL TOPICS, 458
Chapter Fifteen. Nuclear Chemistry, 458
Section A. NATURALLY OCCURRING RADIOACTIVITY, 459
15-1. Radioactivity, 459
15-2. Rates of Decay of Radioactive Isotopes, 462
15-3. Effects of Radiation, 463
15-4. Detecting Radiation, 465
Learning Check A, 467
Section B. INDUCED NUCLEAR CHANGES AND THEIR USES, 467
15-5. Nuclear Reactions, 467
15-6. Uses of Radioactivity, 469
Making It Real, 470
15-7. Nuclear Fission, 472
15-8. Nuclear Fusion, 476
Learning Check B, 478
Chapter Review, 478
Chapter Sixteen. Organic Chemistry (WEB), 483
Section A. HYDROCARBONS, 484
16-1. Bonding in Organic Compounds, 484
16-2. Alkanes, 488
16-3. Alkenes, 493
Making It Real, 496
16-4. Alkynes, 496
16-5. Aromatic Compounds, 497
Learning Check A, 498
Section B. OTHER CLASSES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, 499
16-6. Organic Functional Groups, 499
16-7. Alcohols, 499
16-8. Ethers, 501
16-9. Aldehydes and Ketones, 501
16-10. Amines, 503
16-11. Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Amides, 504
Making It Real, 507
Learning Check B, 508
Chapter Review, 509
Chapter Seventeen. Biochemistry (WEB), 515
Section A. THREE BASIC TYPES OF BIOCHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, 516
17-1. Lipids, 516
17-2. Carbohydrates, 521
17-3. Amino Acids and Proteins, 524
Making It Real, 528
Learning Check A, 530
Section B. BIOCHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND LIFE FUNCTIONS, 530
17-4. Enzymes, 530
17-5. Nucleic Acids and Genetics, 532
Learning Check B, 537
Chapter Review, 537
Foreword to the appendixes, A-1
Appendix A. Basic Mathematics, A-2
Appendix B. Basic Algebra, A-11
Appendix C. Scientific Notation, A-21
Appendix D. Graphs, A-29
Appendix E. Calculators, A-34
Appendix F. Glossary, A-40
Appendix G. Answers to Exercises, A-49
Photo Credits, PC-1
Index, I-1
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