GO TO
Cognition, 6th Edition
by
Matlin, Margaret W., SUNY Geneseo
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Publishing Date: 2004/08/03
eText ISBN-10
0-470-26433-0
eText ISBN-13
978-0-470-26433-1
Print ISBN-10
0-471-45007-3
Print ISBN-13
978-0-471-45007-8
« Back to My CourseSmart
Cognition, 6th Edition
by
Matlin, Margaret W., SUNY Geneseo
eTextbook $73.50
(180 day subscription)
Compare Online & Downloadable
Copyright, ii
Preface, v
Chapter 1. An Introductio...
Chapter 2. Perceptual Pro...
Chapter 3. Perceptual Pro...
Chapter 4. Working Memory...
Chapter 5. Long-Term Memo...
Chapter 6. Memory Strateg...
Chapter 7. Mental Imagery...
Chapter 8. General Knowle...
Chapter 9. Language I: In...
Chapter 10. Language II: ...
Chapter 11. Problem Solvi...
Chapter 12. Deductive Rea...
Chapter 13. Cognitive Dev...
Glossary, 495
References, 510
Credits, 579
Name Index, 580
Subject Index, 593
Table of Contents
Copyright, ii
Preface, v
Chapter 1. An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology, 1
Introduction, 2
A Brief History of Cognitive Psychology, 3
The Origins of Cognitive Psychology, 4
Wilhelm Wundt, 4
Early Memory Researchers, 4
William James, 5
Behaviorism, 6
The Gestalt Approach, 6
Frederick C. Bartlett, 7
The Emergence of Modern Cognitive Psychology, 7
Factors Contributing to the Rise of Cognitive Psychology, 8
The Information-Processing Approach, 10
Current Issues in Cognitive Psychology, 13
Cognitive Neuroscience, 14
Brain Lesions, 14
Positron Emission Tomography, 14
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 15
Event-Related Potential, 16
Single-Cell Recording Technique, 16
Artificial Intelligence, 17
The Computer Metaphor, 17
Pure AI, 18
Computer Simulation, 18
The Parallel Distributed Processing Approach, 19
The Development of the PDP Approach, 19
Basic Characteristics of the PDP Approach, 20
Reactions to the PDP Approach, 21
Cognitive Science, 21
An Overview of Your Textbook, 22
Preview of the Chapters, 22
Themes in the Book, 24
How to Use Your Book, 26
Chapter Outline, 26
Chapter Preview, 26
Opening Paragraph, 26
Applications, 26
New Terms, 27
“In Depth” Features, 27
Section Summaries, 27
End-of-Chapter Review, 27
Recommended Readings, 27
Glossary, 28
Chapter Review Questions, 28
New Terms, 29
Recommended Readings, 29
Chapter 2. Perceptual Processes I: Visual and Auditory Recognition, 31
Introduction, 32
Background on Visual Object Recognition, 33
The Visual System, 34
Organization in Visual Perception, 36
Theories of Visual Object Recognition, 38
Template-Matching Theory, 38
Feature-Analysis Theory, 40
The Recognition-by-Components Theory, 42
Top-Down Processing and Visual Object Recognition, 44
The Distinction Between Bottom-Up Processing and Top-Down Processing, 45
Top-Down Processing and Reading, 46
Overactive Top-Down Processing and Occasional Errors in Word Recognition, 49
Overactive Top-Down Processing and Occasional Errors in Object Recognition, 49
Face Perception, 53
Recognizing Faces Versus Recognizing Other Objects, 53
Neuroscience Research on Face Recognition, 54
Speech Perception, 58
Characteristics of Speech Perception, 58
Variability in Phoneme Pronunciation, 59
Context and Speech Perception, 59
Word Boundaries, 61
Visual Cues as an Aid to Speech Perception, 61
Theories of Speech Perception, 62
The Special Mechanism Approach, 62
The General Mechanism Approaches, 63
Chapter Review Questions, 64
New Terms, 65
Recommended Readings, 66
Chapter 3. Perceptual Processes II: Attention and Consciousness, 67
Introduction, 68
Three Kinds of Attention Processes, 70
Divided Attention, 70
Research on Divided Attention, 70
Divided Attention and Practice, 71
Dichotic Listening, 72
The Stroop Effect, 73
Other Visual Selective-Attention Effects, 76
Saccadic Eye Movements, 78
Explanations for Attention, 81
Neuroscience Research on Attention, 81
The Posterior Attention Network, 83
The Anterior Attention Network, 83
Using the Event-Related Potential Technique to Explore Attention, 84
Theories of Attention, 85
Early Theories of Attention, 85
Automatic Versus Controlled Processing, 86
Feature-Integration Theory, 87
Consciousness, 90
Consciousness About Our Higher Mental Processes, 91
Thought Suppression, 92
Blindsight, 93
Chapter Review Questions, 94
New Terms, 95
Recommended Readings, 96
Chapter 4. Working Memory, 97
Introduction, 98
The Classic Research on Working Memory (Short-Term Memory), 100
George Miller’s “Magical Number Seven”, 101
Other Early Research on Short-Term-Memory Capacity, 101
The Brown/Peterson & Peterson Technique, 102
The Recency Effect, 103
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s Model, 104
Other Factors Affecting Working Memory’s Capacity, 105
Pronunciation Time, 105
Semantic Similarity of the Items in Working Memory, 106
The Working-Memory Approach, 109
Evidence for Components with Independent Capacities, 111
Phonological Loop, 112
Other Research on the Phonological Loop, 112
Other Uses for the Phonological Loop, 112
Neuroscience Research on the Phonological Loop, 114
Visuospatial Sketchpad, 114
Visual Coding in Working Memory, 115
Other Uses for the Visuospatial Sketchpad, 116
Neuroscience Research on the Visuospatial Sketchpad, 117
Central Executive, 117
Characteristics of the Central Executive, 117
The Central Executive and Daydreaming, 118
Neuroscience Research on the Central Executive, 119
Episodic Buffer, 119
Working Memory and Verbal Fluency, 120
Working Memory and Other Cognitive Skills, 123
Working Memory and Memory Experts, 123
Chapter Review Questions, 125
New Terms, 126
Recommended Readings, 126
Chapter 5. Long-Term Memory, 127
Introduction, 128
Encoding in Long-Term Memory, 130
Levels of Processing, 131
Levels of Processing and Memory for Verbal Material, 131
Levels of Processing and the Self-Reference Effect, 132
Levels of Processing and Memory for Faces, 135
The Effects of Context: Encoding Specificity, 135
Research on Encoding Specificity, 136
Levels of Processing and Encoding Specificity, 138
Memory for Items Differing in Emotion, 140
Mood Congruence, 142
Mood-Dependent Memory, 143
Retrieval in Long-Term Memory, 144
Explicit Versus Implicit Memory Tasks, 145
Definitions and Examples, 146
Research with Normal Adults, 147
Individuals with Amnesia, 148
Expertise, 149
The Context-Specific Nature of Expertise, 149
How Do Experts and Novices Differ?, 150
Professional Actors, 150
Own-Race Bias, 151
Autobiographical Memory, 152
Flashbulb Memories, 153
The Classic Research, 154
The Recent Research, 155
Schemas and Autobiographical Memory, 157
Source Monitoring, 158
Eyewitness Testimony, 159
The Misinformation Effect, 160
Factors Affecting the Accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony, 162
The Recovered Memory/False Memory Controversy, 164
Chapter Review Questions, 167
New Terms, 169
Recommended Readings, 169
Chapter 6. Memory Strategies and Metacognition, 171
Introduction, 172
Memory Strategies, 173
Suggestions from Previous Chapters: A Review, 173
Levels of Processing, 173
Encoding Specificity, 174
Overconfidence, 174
Divided Attention, 175
Practice, 175
Total Time Hypothesis, 175
Distribution of Practice Effect, 177
Mnemonics Using Imagery, 178
The Keyword Method, 178
The Method of Loci, 180
Mnemonics Using Organization, 181
Chunking, 182
Hierarchy Technique, 182
First-Letter Technique, 183
Narrative Technique, 183
A Comprehensive Approach to Memory Improvement, 184
Improving Prospective Memory, 185
Comparing Prospective and Retrospective Memory, 186
Naturalistic Research on Prospective Memory, 186
Absentmindedness, 186
Suggestions for Improving Prospective Memory, 187
Metacognition, 190
Metamemory and the Prediction of Memory Performance, 191
Metamemory on an Item-by-Item Basis, 192
Metamemory on a Total-Score Basis, 194
Metamemory About Factors Affecting Memory, 195
Allocating Time When the Task Is Easy, 196
Allocating Time When the Task Is Difficult, 197
Conclusions About the Regulation of Study Strategies, 198
The Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon, 198
Brown and McNeill’s Classic Research, 198
Later Research on the Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon, 200
Feeling of Knowing, 200
Metacomprehension, 201
Metacomprehension Accuracy, 201
Improving Metacomprehension, 202
Chapter Review Questions, 204
New Terms, 205
Recommended Readings, 206
Chapter 7. Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps, 207
Introduction, 208
The Characteristics of Mental Images, 210
Imagery and Rotation, 212
Shepard and Metzler’s Research, 212
Recent Research on Mental Rotation, 213
Imagery and Size, 214
Kosslyn’s Research, 215
Recent Research on Imagery and Size, 215
Imagery and Shape, 216
Imagery and Interference, 218
Visual Images and Visual Perception, 218
Motor Movement and Motor Images, 219
Imagery and Ambiguous Figures, 221
Imagery and Other Vision-Like Processes, 223
Revisiting the Imagery Controversy, 224
The Analog Viewpoint, 224
The Propositional Viewpoint, 224
Cognitive Neuroscience Research on Mental Imagery, 226
Visual Imagery, 227
Auditory and Motor Imagery, 228
Cognitive Maps, 229
Background Information About Cognitive Maps, 229
Cognitive Maps and Distance, 232
Number of Intervening Cities, 232
Semantic Categories, 233
Landmarks Versus Nonlandmarks as Destinations, 233
Cognitive Maps and Shape, 234
Angles, 234
Curves, 234
Cognitive Maps and Relative Position, 235
The Rotation Heuristic, 235
The Alignment Heuristic, 236
Franklin and Tversky’s Research, 239
The Spatial Framework Model, 240
Further Research on Mental Models, 241
Chapter Review Questions, 243
New Terms, 244
Recommended Readings, 244
Chapter 8. General Knowledge, 245
Introduction, 246
The Structure of Semantic Memory, 248
Background on Semantic Memory, 248
The Feature Comparison Model, 249
Structural Components of the Feature Comparison Model, 249
Research on the Feature Comparison Model, 251
Conclusions About the Feature Comparison Model, 252
The Prototype Approach, 252
Characteristics of Prototypes, 253
Levels of Categorization, 256
Conclusions About the Prototype Approach, 258
The Exemplar Approach, 259
A Representative Study on the Exemplar Approach, 260
Comparing the Exemplar Approach with Other Approaches, 261
Network Models, 262
The Collins and Loftus Network Model, 262
Anderson’s ACT Theory, 263
The Parallel Distributed Processing Approach, 267
Schemas and Scripts, 274
Background on Schemas and Scripts, 274
Schemas and Memory Selection, 276
Enhanced Memory for Schema-Consistent Material, 276
Enhanced Memory for Schema-Inconsistent Material, 278
The Current Status of Schemas and Memory Selection, 279
Schemas and Boundary Extension, 282
Schemas and Memory Abstraction, 282
The Constructive Approach, 283
The Pragmatic Approach, 283
The Current Status of Schemas and Memory Abstraction, 285
The Classic Research on Inferences, 285
Research on Inferences Based on Gender Stereotypes, 286
Implications for Persuasion, 288
Schemas and Integration in Memory, 290
Integration and Delayed Recall, 290
Integration and Limited Memory Capacity, 290
Conclusions About Schemas, 290
Chapter Review Questions, 292
New Terms, 293
Recommended Readings, 294
Chapter 9. Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension, 295
Introduction, 296
The Nature of Language, 298
A Caution: Psycholinguistics Is English-Centered, 298
Background on the Structure of Language, 299
A Brief History of Psycholinguistics, 300
Chomsky’s Transformational Grammar, 300
Reactions to Chomsky’s Theory, 302
Psycholinguistic Theories Emphasizing Meaning, 302
Factors Affecting Comprehension, 303
Negatives, 304
The Passive Voice, 304
Nested Structures, 305
Ambiguity, 305
Individuals with Aphasia, 307
Hemispheric Specialization, 309
Neuroimaging Research with Normal Individuals, 310
Basic Reading Processes, 313
Comparing Written and Spoken Language, 313
Discovering the Meaning of an Unfamiliar Word, 315
Reading and Working Memory, 316
The Role of Sound in Word Recognition, 316
Research on the Dual-Route Hypothesis, 317
Implications for Teaching Reading to Children, 319
Understanding Discourse, 320
Forming a Coherent Representation of the Text, 321
Inferences in Reading, 322
The Constructionist View of Inferences, 323
Factors That Encourage Inferences, 325
Higher-Level Inferences, 325
Artificial Intelligence and Reading, 326
The FRUMP Project, 326
Subsequent Projects, 327
Chapter Review Questions, 328
New Terms, 329
Recommended Readings, 330
Chapter 10. Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism, 331
Introduction, 332
Speaking, 333
Producing a Word, 333
Producing a Sentence, 335
Speech Errors, 336
Types of Slip-of-the-Tongue Errors, 336
Producing Discourse, 338
The Social Context of Speech, 339
Common Ground, 340
Directives, 342
Writing, 344
A Cognitive Model of Writing, 345
Planning the Writing Assignment, 346
Sentence Generation During Writing, 346
The Revision Phase of Writing, 347
Writing in Real-World Settings, 348
Psychologists’ Professional Writing Style, 348
Writing on the Job, 348
Writing About Emotional Problems, 349
Bilingualism and Second-Language Acquisition, 350
Background on Bilingualism, 350
Advantages of Bilingualism, 352
Phonology, 355
Vocabulary, 355
Grammar, 355
Chapter Review Questions, 358
New Terms, 359
Recommended Readings, 359
Chapter 11. Problem Solving and Creativity, 361
Introduction, 362
Understanding the Problem, 364
Paying Attention to Important Information, 364
Methods of Representing the Problem, 365
Symbols, 366
Matrices, 367
Diagrams, 368
Visual Images, 368
Situated Cognition: The Importance of Context, 369
Problem-Solving Strategies, 371
The Hill-Climbing Heuristic, 372
The Means-Ends Heuristic, 373
Research on the Means-Ends Heuristic, 374
Computer Simulation, 375
The Analogy Approach, 376
The Structure of the Analogy Approach, 376
Factors Encouraging Appropriate Use of Analogies, 377
Factors That Influence Problem Solving, 378
Expertise, 378
Knowledge Base, 379
Memory, 379
Representation, 379
Problem-Solving Strategies, 379
Speed and Accuracy, 379
Metacognitive Skills, 381
Mental Set, 381
Functional Fixedness, 382
The Nature of Stereotype Threat, 384
Research with Asian-American Females, 384
Research with European American Women, 385
Potential Explanations, 385
Insight Versus Noninsight Problems, 387
The Nature of Insight, 387
Metacognition During Problem Solving, 388
Creativity, 390
Definitions, 391
Approaches to Creativity, 391
Divergent Production, 391
Investment Theory of Creativity, 392
Task Motivation and Creativity, 393
The Relationship Between Intrinsic Motivation and Creativity, 393
The Relationship Between Extrinsic Motivation and Creativity, 394
Incubation and Creativity, 395
Chapter Review Questions, 396
New Terms, 397
Recommended Readings, 398
Chapter 12. Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making, 401
Introduction, 402
Deductive Reasoning, 403
An Overview of Conditional Reasoning, 404
Difficulties with Negative Information, 408
Difficulties with Abstract Reasoning Problems, 408
The Belief-Bias Effect, 409
The Confirmation Bias, 410
The Standard Wason Selection Task, 410
Variations on the Wason Selection Task, 411
Failing to Transfer Knowledge to a New Task, 412
Decision Making, 413
The Representativeness Heuristic, 414
Sample Size and Representativeness, 416
Base Rate and Representativeness, 418
The Conjunction Fallacy and Representativeness, 420
The Availability Heuristic, 422
Recency and Availability, 424
Familiarity and Availability, 424
Illusory Correlation and Availability, 426
The Simulation Heuristic and Availability, 428
The Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic, 429
Research on the Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic, 431
Applications of the Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic, 432
Estimating Confidence Intervals, 432
The Framing Effect, 434
Background Information and the Framing Effect, 434
The Wording of a Question and the Framing Effect, 436
General Studies on Overconfidence, 438
Overconfidence in Political Decision Making, 439
Students’ Overconfidence About Completing Projects on Time, 440
Reasons for Overconfidence, 441
The Hindsight Bias, 443
Research About the Hindsight Bias, 443
Explanations for the Hindsight Bias, 445
Two Perspectives on Decision Making: The Optimists Versus the Pessimists, 445
Chapter Review Questions, 447
New Terms, 448
Recommended Readings, 449
Chapter 13. Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan, 451
Introduction, 452
The Lifespan Development of Memory, 454
Memory in Infants, 454
Recognizing Mother, 455
Conjugate Reinforcement with a Mobile, 455
Memory in Children, 459
Children’s Working Memory, 459
Children’s Long-Term Memory, 459
Children’s Memory Strategies, 464
Working Memory in Elderly People, 468
Long-Term Memory in Elderly People, 468
Explanations for Age Differences in Memory, 470
The Lifespan Development of Metacognition, 474
Metacognition in Children, 474
Children’s Metamemory: How Memory Works, 474
Children’s Metamemory: Realizing the Necessity of Effort, 474
Children’s Metamemory: Accuracy of Predictions, 476
Children’s Metamemory: The Relationship Between Metamemory and Memory Performance, 476
Children’s Metacomprehension, 478
Metacognition in Elderly People, 478
The Development of Language, 480
Language in Infants, 481
Speech Perception in Infancy, 481
Language Comprehension in Infancy, 482
Language Production in Infancy, 484
Adults’ Language to Infants, 484
Language in Children, 485
Words, 485
Morphology, 487
Syntax, 488
Pragmatics, 489
Chapter Review Questions, 491
One Last Task, 492
New Terms, 492
Recommended Readings, 492
Glossary, 495
References, 510
Credits, 579
Name Index, 580
Subject Index, 593
Please use the Print button in the CourseSmart Reader header.
