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Fundamentals of Physics Extended, 8th Edition

by Halliday, David, University of Pittsburgh; Resnick, Robert, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Walker, Jearl, Cleveland State University

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Copyright, vi
Brief Contents, vii
Contents, ix
Preface, xvii
Acknowledgments, xxi
1. Measurement, 1
How can the ground become fluid and sallow up buildings?, 1
1-1. What Is Physics?, 2
1-2. Measuring Things, 2
1-3. The International System of Units, 2
1-4. Changing Units, 3
1-5. Length, 4
1-6. Time, 5
1-7. Mass, 7
Review & Summary, 8
Problems, 8
2. Motion Along a Straight Line, 13
How can a woodpecker survive the severe impacts of its beak on a tree?, 13
2-1. What Is Physics?, 14
2-2. Motion, 14
2-3. Position and Displacement, 14
2-4. Average Velocity and Average Speed, 15
2-5. Instantaneous Velocity and Speed, 17
2-6. Acceleration, 19
2-7. Constant Acceleration: A Special Case, 21
2-8. Another Look at Constant Acceleration, 24
2-9. Free-Fall Acceleration, 24
2-10. Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis, 27
Review & Summary, 28
Questions, 29
Problems, 30
3. Vector, 38
How does an ant know the way home with no guiding clues on the desert plains?, 38
3-1. What Is Physics?, 39
3-2. Vectors and Scalars, 39
3-3. Adding Vectors Geometrically, 39
3-4. Components of Vectors, 40
3-5. Unit Vectors, 44
3-6. Adding Vectors by Components, 45
3-7. Vectors and the Laws of Physics, 48
3-8. Multiplying Vectors, 48
Review & Summary, 52
Questions, 52
Problems, 53
4. Motion in Two and Three Dimensions, 58
How does an outfielder know where to run to catch a high fly ball?, 58
4-1. What Is Physics?, 59
4-2. Position and Displacement, 59
4-3. Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity, 61
4-4. Average Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration, 63
4-5. Projectile Motion, 65
4-6. Projectile Motion Analyzed, 66
4-7. Uniform Circular Motion, 70
4-8. Relative Motion in One Dimension, 72
4-9. Relative Motion in Two Dimensions, 73
Review & Summary, 75
Questions, 76
Problems, 77
5. Force and Motion — I, 87
What is the fear factor in riding the last car on a roller coaster?, 87
5-1. What Is Physics?, 88
5-2. Newtonian Mechanics, 88
5-3. Newton’s First Law, 88
5-4. Force, 89
5-5. Mass, 90
5-6. Newton’s Second Law, 91
5-7. Some Particular Forces, 94
5-8. Newton’s Third Law, 99
5-9. Applying Newton’s Laws, 99
Review & Summary, 105
Questions, 106
Problems, 108
6. Force and Motion — II, 116
How did the ancient Egyptians move the huge blocks into place to build the Great Pyramid?, 116
6-1. What Is Physics?, 117
6-2. Friction, 117
6-3. Properties of Friction, 118
6-4. The Drag Force and Terminal Speed, 122
6-5. Uniform Circular Motion, 124
Review & Summary, 129
Questions, 130
Problems, 131
7. Kinetic Energy and Work, 140
What property of a funny car determines the winning time in a drag race?, 140
7-1. What Is Physics?, 141
7-2. What Is Energy?, 141
7-3. Kinetic Energy, 141
7-4. Work, 142
7-5. Work and Kinetic Energy, 143
7-6. Work Done by the Gravitational Force, 146
7-7. Work Done by a Spring Force, 149
7-8. Work Done by a General Variable Force, 152
7-9. Power, 155
Review & Summary, 157
Questions, 158
Problems, 159
8. Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy, 166
Why can a large landslide move almost 30 times as far across a valley as a small landslide?, 166
8-1. What Is Physics?, 167
8-2. Work and Potential Energy, 167
8-3. Path Independence of Conservative Forces, 168
8-4. Determining Potential Energy Values, 170
8-5. Conservation of Mechanical Energy, 173
8-6. Reading a Potential Energy Curve, 175
8-7. Work Done on a System by an External Force, 179
8-8. Conservation of Energy, 182
Review & Summary, 186
Questions, 187
Problems, 189
9. Center of Mass and Linear Momentum, 201
How can a male bighorn sheep survive the severe head collision with which it gains dominance?, 201
9-1. What Is Physics?, 202
9-2. The Center of Mass, 202
9-3. Newton’s Second Law for a System of Particles, 206
9-4. Linear Momentum, 209
9-5. The Linear Momentum of a System of Particles, 210
9-6. Collision and Impulse, 210
9-7. Conservation of Linear Momentum, 214
9-8. Momentum and Kinetic Energy in Collisions, 217
9-9. Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension, 218
9-10. Elastic Collisions in One Dimension, 221
9-11. Collisions in Two Dimensions, 224
9-12. Systems with Varying Mass: A Rocket, 224
Review & Summary, 226
Questions, 228
Problems, 229
10. Rotation, 241
How can a small snapping shrimp snap its claw so firmly that the sound stuns its prey?, 241
10-1. What Is Physics?, 242
10-2. The Rotational Variables, 242
10-3. Are Angular Quantities Vectors?, 246
10-4. Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration, 247
10-5. Relating the Linear and Angular Variables, 249
10-6. Kinetic Energy of Rotation, 252
10-7. Calculating the Rotational Inertia, 253
10-8. Torque, 256
10-9. Newton’s Second Law for Rotation, 257
10-10. Work and Rotational Kinetic Energy, 260
Review & Summary, 263
Questions, 265
Problems, 266
11. Rolling, Torque, and Angular Momentum, 275
What is the magic behind the onset of a ballet dancer’s midair rotation during a tour jeté?, 275
11-1. What Is Physics?, 276
11-2. Rolling as Translation and Rotation Combined, 276
11-3. The Kinetic Energy of Rolling, 277
11-4. The Forces of Rolling, 278
11-5. The Yo-Yo, 281
11-6. Torque Revisited, 281
11-7. Angular Momentum, 283
11-8. Newton’s Second Law in Angular Form, 285
11-9. The Angular Momentum of a System of Particles, 287
11-10. The Angular Momentum of a Rigid Body Rotating About a Fixed Axis, 287
11-11. Conservation of Angular Momentum, 290
11-12. Precession of a Gyroscope, 293
Review & Summary, 295
Questions, 296
Problems, 297
12. Equilibrium and Elasticity, 305
Why is even the slight tilt of the leaning tower in Pisa dangerous?, 305
12-1. What Is Physics?, 306
12-2. Equilibrium, 306
12-3. The Requirements of Equilibrium, 307
12-4. The Center of Gravity, 308
12-5. Some Examples of Static Equilibrium, 310
12-6. Indeterminate Structures, 314
12-7. Elasticity, 315
Review & Summary, 319
Questions, 319
Problems, 321
13. Gravitation, 330
What “monster” lurks at the center of our Milky Way Galaxy?, 330
13-1. What Is Physics?, 331
13-2. Newton’s Law of Gravitation, 331
13-3. Gravitation and the Principle of Superposition, 333
13-4. Gravitation Near Earth’s Surface, 335
13-5. Gravitation Inside Earth, 337
13-6. Gravitation Potential Energy, 338
13-7. Planets and Satellites: Kepler’s Laws, 342
13-8. Satellites: Orbits and Energy, 345
13-9. Einstein and Gravitation, 347
Review & Summary, 349
Questions, 350
Problems, 351
14. Fluids, 359
How does a surfer surf?, 359
14-1. What Is Physics?, 360
14-2. What Is a Fluid?, 360
14-3. Density and Pressure, 360
14-4. Fluids at Rest, 362
14-5. Measuring Pressure, 365
14-6. Pascal’s Principle, 366
14-7. Archimedes’ Principle, 367
14-8. Ideal Fluids in Motion, 370
14-9. The Equation of Continuity, 371
14-10. Bernoulli’s Equation, 373
Review & Summary, 377
Questions, 378
Problems, 379
15. Oscillations, 386
How can you stop the natural but annoying oscillations of a tall building in a wind?, 386
15-1. What Is Physics?, 387
15-2. Simple Harmonic Motion, 387
15-3. The Force Law for Simple Harmonic Motion, 390
15-4. Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion, 392
15-5. An Angular Simple Harmonic Oscillator, 394
15-6. Pendulums, 395
15-7. Simple Harmonic Motion and Uniform Circular Motion, 399
15-8. Damped Simple Harmonic Motion, 400
15-9. Forced Oscillations and Resonance, 402
Review & Summary, 403
Questions, 403
Problems, 405
16. Waves—I, 413
What causes the sometimes dangerous oscillations of footbridges and mosh pits?, 413
16-1. What Is Physics?, 414
16-2. Types of Waves, 414
16-3. Transverse and Longitudinal Waves, 414
16-4. Wavelength and Frequency, 416
16-5. The Speed of a Traveling Wave, 418
16-6. Wave Speed on a Stretched String, 421
16-7. Energy and Power of a Wave Traveling Along a String, 423
16-8. The Wave Equation, 425
16-9. The Principle of Superposition for Waves, 426
16-10. Interference of Waves, 427
16-11. Phasors, 429
16-12. Standing Waves, 431
16-13. Standing Waves and Resonance, 433
Review & Summary, 436
Questions, 436
Problems, 438
17. Waves—II, 445
What causes the musical echo from the stairs at an ancient Mayan pyramid?, 445
17-1. What Is Physics?, 446
17-2. Sound Waves, 446
17-3. The Speed of Sound, 446
17-4. Traveling Sound Waves, 449
17-5. Interference, 451
17-6. Intensity and Sound Level, 453
17-7. Sources of Musical Sound, 457
17-8. Beats, 459
17-9. The Doppler Effect, 460
17-10. Supersonic Speeds, Shock Waves, 464
Review & Summary, 465
Questions, 466
Problems, 467
18. Temperature, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics, 476
How can a beetle detect a forest fire at a large distance without seeing or smelling it?, 476
18-1. What Is Physics?, 477
18-2. Temperature, 477
18-3. The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, 477
18-4. Measuring Temperature, 478
18-5. The Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales, 478
18-6. Thermal Expansion, 482
18-7. Temperature and Heat, 484
18-8. The Absorption of Heat by Solids and Liquids, 485
18-9. A Closer Look at Heat and Work, 488
18-10. The First Law of Thermodynamics, 490
18-11. Some Special Cases of the First Law of Thermodynamics, 491
18-12. Heat Transfer Mechanisms, 493
Review & Summary, 497
Questions, 498
Problems, 500
19. The Kinetic Theory of Gases, 507
What causes the fog that appears when a carbonated drink is opened?, 507
19-1. What Is Physics?, 508
19-2. Avogadro’s Number, 508
19-3. Ideal Gases, 509
19-4. Pressure, Temperature, and RMS Speed, 512
19-5. Translational Kinetic Energy, 514
19-6. Mean Free Path, 515
19-7. The Distribution of Molecular Speeds, 517
19-8. The Molar Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas, 520
19-9. Degrees of Freedom and Molar Specific Heats, 523
19-10. A Hint of Quantum Theory, 525
19-11. The Adiabatic Expansion of an Ideal Gas, 526
Review & Summary, 529
Questions, 530
Problems, 531
20. Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics, 536
What is the connection between a rubber band’s stretch and the direction of time?, 536
20-1. What Is Physics?, 537
20-2. Irreversible Processes and Entropy, 537
20-3. Change in Entropy, 538
20-4. The Second Law of Thermodynamics, 542
20-5. Entropy in the Real World: Engines, 543
20-6. Entropy in the Real World: Refrigerators, 548
20-7. The Efficiencies of Real Engines, 549
20-8. A Statistical View of Entropy, 550
Review & Summary, 554
Questions, 555
Problems, 555
21. Electric Charge, 561
How can a video monitor in a surgical room increase the risk of bacterial contamination?, 561
21-1. What Is Physics?, 562
21-2. Electric Charge, 562
21-3. Conductors and Insulators, 563
21-4. Coulomb’s Law, 565
21-5. Charge Is Quantized, 571
21-6. Charge Is Conserved, 572
Review & Summary, 573
Questions, 573
Problems, 575
22. Electric Fields, 580
How does a bee use electrostatics to collect and then distribute pollen grains?, 580
22-1. What Is Physics?, 581
22-2. The Electric Field, 581
22-3. Electric Field Lines, 582
22-4. The Electric Field Due to a Point Charge, 583
22-5. The Electric Field Due to an Electric Dipole, 585
22-6. The Electric Field Due to a Line of Charge, 586
22-7. The Electric Field Due to a Charged Disk, 590
22-8. A Point Charge in an Electric Field, 591
22-9. A Dipole in an Electric Field, 594
Review & Summary, 596
Questions, 597
Problems, 598
23. Gauss’ Law, 605
How can lightning harm you even if it does not strike you?, 605
23-1. What Is Physics?, 606
23-2. Flux, 606
23-3. Flux of an Electric Field, 607
23-4. Gauss’ Law, 609
23-5. Gauss’ Law and Coulomb’s Law, 611
23-6. A Charged Isolated Conductor, 612
23-7. Applying Gauss’ Law: Cylindrical Symmetry, 615
23-8. Applying Gauss’ Law: Planar Symmetry, 616
23-9. Applying Gauss’ Law: Spherical Symmetry, 618
Review & Summary, 620
Questions, 620
Problems, 621
24. Electric Potential, 628
What danger does a sweater pose to a computer?, 628
24-1. What Is Physics?, 629
24-2. Electric Potential Energy, 629
24-3. Electric Potential, 630
24-4. Equipotential Surfaces, 632
24-5. Calculating the Potential from the Field, 633
24-6. Potential Due to a Point Charge, 635
24-7. Potential Due to a Group of Point Charges, 636
24-8. Potential Due to an Electric Dipole, 637
24-9. Potential Due to a Continuous Charge Distribution, 638
24-10. Calculating the Field from the Potential, 640
24-11. Electric Potential Energy of a System of Point Charges, 641
24-12. Potential of a Charged Isolated Conductor, 644
Review & Summary, 645
Questions, 646
Problems, 647
25. Capacitance, 656
How can a spark set up an explosion in airborne powder?, 656
25-1. What Is Physics?, 657
25-2. Capacitance, 657
25-3. Calculating the Capacitance, 659
25-4. Capacitors in Parallel and in Series, 662
25-5. Energy Stored in an Electric Field, 666
25-6. Capacitor with a Dielectric, 670
25-7. Dielectrics: An Atomic View, 672
25-8. Dielectrics and Gauss’ Law, 672
Review & Summary, 675
Questions, 675
Problems, 676
26. Current and Resistance, 682
What precautions should you take if caught outdoors during a lightning storm?, 682
26-1. What Is Physics?, 683
26-2. Electric Current, 683
26-3. Current Density, 685
26-4. Resistance and Resistivity, 688
26-5. Ohm’s Law, 692
26-6. A Microscopic View of Ohm’s Law, 693
26-7. Power in Electric Circuits, 695
26-8. Semiconductors, 696
26-9. Superconductors, 697
Review & Summary, 698
Questions, 699
Problems, 700
27. Circuits, 705
How can a pit crew avoid a fire while fueling a charged race car?, 705
27-1. What Is Physics?, 706
27-2. “Pumping” Charges, 706
27-3. Work, Energy, and Emf, 707
27-4. Calculating the Current in a Single-Loop Circuit, 708
27-5. Other Single-Loop Circuits, 710
27-6. Potential Difference Between Two Points, 711
27-7. Multiloop Circuits, 714
27-8. The Ammeter and the Voltmeter, 720
27-9. RC Circuits, 720
Review & Summary, 724
Questions, 725
Problems, 726
28. Magnetic Fields, 735
What causes an aurora and why is it so thin?, 735
28-1. What Is Physics?, 736
28-2. What Produces a Magnetic Field?, 736
28-3. The Definition of B, 736
28-4. Crossed Fields: Discovery of the Electron, 740
28-5. Crossed Fields: The Hall Effect, 741
28-6. A Circulating Charged Particle, 743
28-7. Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons, 748
28-8. Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire, 750
28-9. Torque on a Current Loop, 752
28-10. The Magnetic Dipole Moment, 754
Review & Summary, 755
Questions, 756
Problems, 757
29. Magnetic Fields Due to Currents, 764
How can the human brain produce a detectable magnetic field without any magnetic material?, 764
29-1. What Is Physics?, 765
29-2. Calculating the Magnetic Field Due to a Current, 765
29-3. Force Between Two Parallel Currents, 771
29-4. Ampere’s Law, 772
29-5. Solenoids and Toroids, 776
29-6. A Current-Carrying Coil as a Magnetic Dipole, 778
Review & Summary, 780
Questions, 781
Problems, 782
30. Induction and Inductance, 791
How can magnetic induction melt metal in a foundry?, 791
30-1. What Is Physics?, 792
30-2. Two Experiments, 792
30-3. Faraday’s Law of Induction, 793
30-4. Lenz’s Law, 795
30-5. Induction and Energy Transfers, 798
30-6. Induced Electric Fields, 801
30-7. Inductors and Inductance, 805
30-8. Self-Induction, 806
30-9. RL Circuits, 807
30-10. Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field, 810
30-11. Energy Density of a Magnetic Field, 812
30-12. Mutual Induction, 814
Review & Summary, 816
Questions, 816
Problems, 818
31. Electromagnetic Oscillations and Alternating Current, 826
How did a solar eruption knock out the powergrid system of Quebec?, 826
31-1. What Is Physics?, 827
31-2. LC Oscillations, Qualitatively, 827
31-3. The Electrical–Mechanical Analogy, 830
31-4. LC Oscillations, Quantitatively, 831
31-5. Damped Oscillations in an RLC Circuit, 834
31-6. Alternating Current, 835
31-7. Forced Oscillations, 835
31-8. Three Simple Circuits, 837
31-9. The Series RLC Circuit, 842
31-10. Power in Alternating-Current Circuits, 846
31-11. Transformers, 849
Review & Summary, 853
Questions, 854
Problems, 855
32. Maxwell’s Equations; Magnetism of Matter, 861
How can a mural painting record the direction of Earth’s magnetic field?, 861
32-1. What Is Physics?, 862
32-2. Gauss’ Law for Magnetic Fields, 862
32-3. Induced Magnetic Fields, 864
32-4. Displacement Current, 866
32-5. Maxwell’s Equations, 868
32-6. Magnets, 869
32-7. Magnetism and Electrons, 870
32-8. Magnetic Materials, 874
32-9. Diamagnetism, 874
32-10. Paramagnetism, 876
32-11. Ferromagnetism, 877
Review & Summary, 881
Questions, 882
Problems, 883
33. Electromagnetic Waves, 889
What causes a sundog, the bright, colorful spot that can appear left or right of the Sun?, 889
33-1. What Is Physics?, 890
33-2. Maxwell’s Rainbow, 890
33-3. The Traveling Electromagnetic Wave, Qualitatively, 891
33-4. The Traveling Electromagnetic Wave, Quantitatively, 894
33-5. Energy Transport and the Poynting Vector, 897
33-6. Radiation Pressure, 899
33-7. Polarization, 901
33-8. Reflection and Refraction, 905
33-9. Total Internal Reflection, 910
33-10. Polarization by Reflection, 912
Review & Summary, 913
Questions, 914
Problems, 915
34. Images, 924
How can a fish see clearly in both air and water simultaneously?, 924
34-1. What Is Physics?, 925
34-2. Two Types of Image, 925
34-3. Plane Mirrors, 926
34-4. Spherical Mirrors, 928
34-5. Images from Spherical Mirrors, 930
34-6. Spherical Refracting Surfaces, 933
34-7. Thin Lenses, 936
34-8. Optical Instruments, 941
34-9. Three Proofs, 944
Review & Summary, 947
Questions, 948
Problems, 949
35. Interference, 958
How do color-shifting inks on paper currency shift colors?, 958
35-1. What Is Physics?, 959
35-2. Light as a Wave, 959
35-3. Diffraction, 963
35-4. Young’s Interference Experiment, 964
35-5. Coherence, 968
35-6. Intensity in Double-Slit Interference, 968
35-7. Interference from Thin Films, 972
35-8. Michelson’s Interferometer, 978
Review & Summary, 979
Questions, 979
Problems, 981
36. Diffraction, 990
What causes the arresting blue color of the facial skin of a mandrill baboon?, 990
36-1. What Is Physics?, 991
36-2. Diffraction and the Wave Theory of Light, 991
36-3. Diffraction by a Single Slit: Locating the Minima, 992
36-4. Intensity in Single-Slit Diffraction, Qualitatively, 995
36-5. Intensity in Single-Slit Diffraction, Quantitatively, 996
36-6. Diffraction by a Circular Aperture, 998
36-7. Diffraction by a Double Slit, 1002
36-8. Diffraction Gratings, 1004
36-9. Gratings: Dispersion and Resolving Power, 1008
36-10. Diffraction by Organized Layers, 1010
Review & Summary, 1012
Questions, 1013
Problems, 1014
37. Relativity, 1022
How can we determine what lurks at the center of the galaxy M87, 50 million light-years away?, 1022
37-1. What Is Physics?, 1023
37-2. The Postulates, 1023
37-3. Measuring an Event, 1024
37-4. The Relativity of Simultaneity, 1026
37-5. The Relativity of Time, 1027
37-6. The Relativity of Length, 1032
37-7. The Lorentz Transformation, 1034
37-8. Some Consequences of the Lorentz Equations, 1036
37-9. The Relativity of Velocities, 1038
37-10. Doppler Effect for Light, 1039
37-11. A New Look at Momentum, 1043
37-12. A New Look at Energy, 1043
Review & Summary, 1048
Questions, 1049
Problems, 1050
38. Photons and Matter Waves, 1057
How can molecules be moved one by one and then imaged?, 1057
38-1. What Is Physics?, 1058
38-2. The Photon, the Quantum of Light, 1058
38-3. The Photoelectric Effect, 1060
38-4. Photons Have Momentum, 1063
38-5. Light as a Probability Wave, 1066
38-6. Electrons and Matter Waves, 1068
38-7. Schrödinger’s Equation, 1071
38-8. Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle, 1073
38-9. Barrier Tunneling, 1074
Review & Summary, 1077
Questions, 1077
Problems, 1078
39. More About Matter Waves, 1083
How can you corral an electron?, 1083
39-1. What Is Physics?, 1084
39-2. String Waves and Matter Waves, 1084
39-3. Energies of a Trapped Electron, 1085
39-4. Wave Functions of a Trapped Electron, 1089
39-5. An Electron in a Finite Well, 1092
39-6. More Electron Traps, 1094
39-7. Two- and Three-Dimensional Electron Traps, 1096
39-8. The Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom, 1097
39-9. Schrödinger’s Equation and the Hydrogen Atom, 1100
Review & Summary, 1106
Questions, 1107
Problems, 1108
40. All About Atoms, 1112
What is so different about light from a laser?, 1112
40-1. What Is Physics?, 1113
40-2. Some Properties of Atoms, 1113
40-3. Electron Spin, 1115
40-4. Angular Momenta and Magnetic Dipole Moments, 1116
40-5. The Stern–Gerlach Experiment, 1118
40-6. Magnetic Resonance, 1121
40-7. The Pauli Exclusion Principle, 1122
40-8. Multiple Electrons in Rectangular Traps, 1123
40-9. Building the Periodic Table, 1126
40-10. X Rays and the Ordering of the Elements, 1127
40-11. Lasers and Laser Light, 1131
40-12. How Lasers Work, 1132
Review & Summary, 1135
Questions, 1135
Problems, 1137
41. Conduction of Electricity in Solids, 1142
Why do rock guitarists shun transistor amplifiers for oldfashioned tube amplifiers?, 1142
41-1. What Is Physics?, 1143
41-2. The Electrical Properties of Solids, 1143
41-3. Energy Levels in a Crystalline Solid, 1144
41-4. Insulators, 1144
41-5. Metals, 1145
41-6. Semiconductors, 1150
41-7. Doped Semiconductors, 1151
41-8. The p-n Junction, 1154
41-9. The Junction Rectifier, 1156
41-10. The Light-Emitting Diode (LED), 1157
41-11. The Transistor, 1159
Review & Summary, 1160
Questions, 1161
Problems, 1162
42. Nuclear Physics, 1165
What causes the radiation danger to air crews flying the long “polar” routes?, 1165
42-1. What Is Physics?, 1166
42-2. Discovering the Nucleus, 1166
42-3. Some Nuclear Properties, 1167
42-4. Radioactive Decay, 1174
42-5. Alpha Decay, 1177
42-6. Beta Decay, 1179
42-7. Radioactive Dating, 1182
42-8. Measuring Radiation Dosage, 1183
42-9. Nuclear Models, 1184
Review & Summary, 1187
Questions, 1188
Problems, 1188
43. Energy from the Nucleus, 1195
What physics underlies the image that has horrified the world since World War II?, 1195
43-1. What Is Physics?, 1196
43-2. Nuclear Fission: The Basic Process, 1197
43-3. A Model for Nuclear Fission, 1199
43-4. The Nuclear Reactor, 1201
43-5. A Natural Nuclear Reactor, 1205
43-6. Thermonuclear Fusion: The Basic Process, 1207
43-7. Thermonuclear Fusion in the Sun and Other Stars, 1208
43-8. Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion, 1211
Review & Summary, 1213
Questions, 1213
Problems, 1214
44. Quarks, Leptons, and the Big Bang, 1218
How can a photograph of the early universe be taken?, 1218
44-1. What Is Physics?, 1219
44-2. Particles, Particles, Particles, 1219
44-3. An Interlude, 1223
44-4. The Leptons, 1226
44-5. The Hadrons, 1227
44-6. Still Another Conservation Law, 1229
44-7. The Eightfold Way, 1230
44-8. The Quark Model, 1231
44-9. The Basic Forces and Messenger Particles, 1234
44-10. A Pause for Reflection, 1236
44-11. The Universe Is Expanding, 1237
44-12. The Cosmic Background Radiation, 1238
44-13. Dark Matter, 1238
44-14. The Big Bang, 1239
44-15. A Summing Up, 1242
Review & Summary, 1242
Questions, 1243
Problems, 1243
Appendices, A-1
A. The International System of Units (SI), A-1
B. Some Fundamental Constants of Physics, A-3
C. Some Astronomical Data, A-4
D. Conversion Factors, A-5
E. Mathematical Formulas, A-9
F. Properties of the Elements, A-12
G. Periodic Table of the Elements, A-15
Answers to Checkpoints and Odd-Numbered Questions and Problems, AN-1
Index, I-1

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