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Fundamentals of Physics Extended, 8th Edition
by
Halliday, David, University of Pittsburgh ; Resnick, Robert, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Walker, Jearl, Cleveland State University
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Publishing Date: 2007/03/09
eText ISBN-10
0-470-37265-6
eText ISBN-13
978-0-470-37265-4
Print ISBN-10
0-471-75801-9
Print ISBN-13
978-0-471-75801-3
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Fundamentals of Physics Extended, 8th Edition
by
Halliday, David, University of Pittsburgh ; Resnick, Robert, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Walker, Jearl, Cleveland State University
eTextbook $100.50
(360 day subscription)
Compare Online & Downloadable
Copyright, vi
Preface, xvii
1. Measurement, 1
2. Motion Along a Straigh...
3. Vector, 38
4. Motion in Two and Thre...
5. Force and Motion — I, ...
6. Force and Motion — II,...
7. Kinetic Energy and Wor...
8. Potential Energy and C...
9. Center of Mass and Lin...
10. Rotation, 241
11. Rolling, Torque, and ...
12. Equilibrium and Elast...
13. Gravitation, 330
14. Fluids, 359
15. Oscillations, 386
16. Waves—I, 413
17. Waves—II, 445
18. Temperature, Heat, an...
19. The Kinetic Theory of...
20. Entropy and the Secon...
21. Electric Charge, 561
22. Electric Fields, 580
23. Gauss’ Law, 605
24. Electric Potential, 6...
25. Capacitance, 656
26. Current and Resistanc...
27. Circuits, 705
28. Magnetic Fields, 735
29. Magnetic Fields Due t...
30. Induction and Inducta...
31. Electromagnetic Oscil...
32. Maxwell’s Equations; ...
33. Electromagnetic Waves...
34. Images, 924
35. Interference, 958
36. Diffraction, 990
37. Relativity, 1022
38. Photons and Matter Wa...
39. More About Matter Wav...
40. All About Atoms, 1112
41. Conduction of Electri...
42. Nuclear Physics, 1165
43. Energy from the Nucle...
44. Quarks, Leptons, and ...
Appendices, A-1
Answers to Checkpoints an...
Index, I-1
Table of Contents
Copyright, vi
Preface, xvii
1. Measurement, 1
How can the ground become fluid and sallow up buildings?, 1
1-1. What Is Physics?, 2
1-2. Measuring Things, 2
1-3. The International System of Units, 2
1-4. Changing Units, 3
1-5. Length, 4
1-6. Time, 5
1-7. Mass, 7
Review & Summary, 8
Problems, 8
2. Motion Along a Straight Line, 13
How can a woodpecker survive the severe impacts of its beak on a tree?, 13
2-1. What Is Physics?, 14
2-2. Motion, 14
2-3. Position and Displacement, 14
2-4. Average Velocity and Average Speed, 15
2-5. Instantaneous Velocity and Speed, 17
2-6. Acceleration, 19
2-7. Constant Acceleration: A Special Case, 21
2-8. Another Look at Constant Acceleration, 24
2-9. Free-Fall Acceleration, 24
2-10. Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis, 27
Review & Summary, 28
Questions, 29
Problems, 30
3. Vector, 38
How does an ant know the way home with no guiding clues on the desert plains?, 38
3-1. What Is Physics?, 39
3-2. Vectors and Scalars, 39
3-3. Adding Vectors Geometrically, 39
3-4. Components of Vectors, 40
3-5. Unit Vectors, 44
3-6. Adding Vectors by Components, 45
3-7. Vectors and the Laws of Physics, 48
3-8. Multiplying Vectors, 48
Review & Summary, 52
Questions, 52
Problems, 53
4. Motion in Two and Three Dimensions, 58
How does an outfielder know where to run to catch a high fly ball?, 58
4-1. What Is Physics?, 59
4-2. Position and Displacement, 59
4-3. Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity, 61
4-4. Average Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration, 63
4-5. Projectile Motion, 65
4-6. Projectile Motion Analyzed, 66
4-7. Uniform Circular Motion, 70
4-8. Relative Motion in One Dimension, 72
4-9. Relative Motion in Two Dimensions, 73
Review & Summary, 75
Questions, 76
Problems, 77
5. Force and Motion — I, 87
What is the fear factor in riding the last car on a roller coaster?, 87
5-1. What Is Physics?, 88
5-2. Newtonian Mechanics, 88
5-3. Newton’s First Law, 88
5-4. Force, 89
5-5. Mass, 90
5-6. Newton’s Second Law, 91
5-7. Some Particular Forces, 94
5-8. Newton’s Third Law, 99
5-9. Applying Newton’s Laws, 99
Review & Summary, 105
Questions, 106
Problems, 108
6. Force and Motion — II, 116
How did the ancient Egyptians move the huge blocks into place to build the Great Pyramid?, 116
6-1. What Is Physics?, 117
6-2. Friction, 117
6-3. Properties of Friction, 118
6-4. The Drag Force and Terminal Speed, 122
6-5. Uniform Circular Motion, 124
Review & Summary, 129
Questions, 130
Problems, 131
7. Kinetic Energy and Work, 140
What property of a funny car determines the winning time in a drag race?, 140
7-1. What Is Physics?, 141
7-2. What Is Energy?, 141
7-3. Kinetic Energy, 141
7-4. Work, 142
7-5. Work and Kinetic Energy, 143
7-6. Work Done by the Gravitational Force, 146
7-7. Work Done by a Spring Force, 149
7-8. Work Done by a General Variable Force, 152
7-9. Power, 155
Review & Summary, 157
Questions, 158
Problems, 159
8. Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy, 166
Why can a large landslide move almost 30 times as far across a valley as a small landslide?, 166
8-1. What Is Physics?, 167
8-2. Work and Potential Energy, 167
8-3. Path Independence of Conservative Forces, 168
8-4. Determining Potential Energy Values, 170
8-5. Conservation of Mechanical Energy, 173
8-6. Reading a Potential Energy Curve, 175
8-7. Work Done on a System by an External Force, 179
8-8. Conservation of Energy, 182
Review & Summary, 186
Questions, 187
Problems, 189
9. Center of Mass and Linear Momentum, 201
How can a male bighorn sheep survive the severe head collision with which it gains dominance?, 201
9-1. What Is Physics?, 202
9-2. The Center of Mass, 202
9-3. Newton’s Second Law for a System of Particles, 206
9-4. Linear Momentum, 209
9-5. The Linear Momentum of a System of Particles, 210
9-6. Collision and Impulse, 210
9-7. Conservation of Linear Momentum, 214
9-8. Momentum and Kinetic Energy in Collisions, 217
9-9. Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension, 218
9-10. Elastic Collisions in One Dimension, 221
9-11. Collisions in Two Dimensions, 224
9-12. Systems with Varying Mass: A Rocket, 224
Review & Summary, 226
Questions, 228
Problems, 229
10. Rotation, 241
How can a small snapping shrimp snap its claw so firmly that the sound stuns its prey?, 241
10-1. What Is Physics?, 242
10-2. The Rotational Variables, 242
10-3. Are Angular Quantities Vectors?, 246
10-4. Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration, 247
10-5. Relating the Linear and Angular Variables, 249
10-6. Kinetic Energy of Rotation, 252
10-7. Calculating the Rotational Inertia, 253
10-8. Torque, 256
10-9. Newton’s Second Law for Rotation, 257
10-10. Work and Rotational Kinetic Energy, 260
Review & Summary, 263
Questions, 265
Problems, 266
11. Rolling, Torque, and Angular Momentum, 275
What is the magic behind the onset of a ballet dancer’s midair rotation during a tour jeté?, 275
11-1. What Is Physics?, 276
11-2. Rolling as Translation and Rotation Combined, 276
11-3. The Kinetic Energy of Rolling, 277
11-4. The Forces of Rolling, 278
11-5. The Yo-Yo, 281
11-6. Torque Revisited, 281
11-7. Angular Momentum, 283
11-8. Newton’s Second Law in Angular Form, 285
11-9. The Angular Momentum of a System of Particles, 287
11-10. The Angular Momentum of a Rigid Body Rotating About a Fixed Axis, 287
11-11. Conservation of Angular Momentum, 290
11-12. Precession of a Gyroscope, 293
Review & Summary, 295
Questions, 296
Problems, 297
12. Equilibrium and Elasticity, 305
Why is even the slight tilt of the leaning tower in Pisa dangerous?, 305
12-1. What Is Physics?, 306
12-2. Equilibrium, 306
12-3. The Requirements of Equilibrium, 307
12-4. The Center of Gravity, 308
12-5. Some Examples of Static Equilibrium, 310
12-6. Indeterminate Structures, 314
12-7. Elasticity, 315
Review & Summary, 319
Questions, 319
Problems, 321
13. Gravitation, 330
What “monster” lurks at the center of our Milky Way Galaxy?, 330
13-1. What Is Physics?, 331
13-2. Newton’s Law of Gravitation, 331
13-3. Gravitation and the Principle of Superposition, 333
13-4. Gravitation Near Earth’s Surface, 335
13-5. Gravitation Inside Earth, 337
13-6. Gravitation Potential Energy, 338
13-7. Planets and Satellites: Kepler’s Laws, 342
13-8. Satellites: Orbits and Energy, 345
13-9. Einstein and Gravitation, 347
Review & Summary, 349
Questions, 350
Problems, 351
14. Fluids, 359
How does a surfer surf?, 359
14-1. What Is Physics?, 360
14-2. What Is a Fluid?, 360
14-3. Density and Pressure, 360
14-4. Fluids at Rest, 362
14-5. Measuring Pressure, 365
14-6. Pascal’s Principle, 366
14-7. Archimedes’ Principle, 367
14-8. Ideal Fluids in Motion, 370
14-9. The Equation of Continuity, 371
14-10. Bernoulli’s Equation, 373
Review & Summary, 377
Questions, 378
Problems, 379
15. Oscillations, 386
How can you stop the natural but annoying oscillations of a tall building in a wind?, 386
15-1. What Is Physics?, 387
15-2. Simple Harmonic Motion, 387
15-3. The Force Law for Simple Harmonic Motion, 390
15-4. Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion, 392
15-5. An Angular Simple Harmonic Oscillator, 394
15-6. Pendulums, 395
15-7. Simple Harmonic Motion and Uniform Circular Motion, 399
15-8. Damped Simple Harmonic Motion, 400
15-9. Forced Oscillations and Resonance, 402
Review & Summary, 403
Questions, 403
Problems, 405
16. Waves—I, 413
What causes the sometimes dangerous oscillations of footbridges and mosh pits?, 413
16-1. What Is Physics?, 414
16-2. Types of Waves, 414
16-3. Transverse and Longitudinal Waves, 414
16-4. Wavelength and Frequency, 416
16-5. The Speed of a Traveling Wave, 418
16-6. Wave Speed on a Stretched String, 421
16-7. Energy and Power of a Wave Traveling Along a String, 423
16-8. The Wave Equation, 425
16-9. The Principle of Superposition for Waves, 426
16-10. Interference of Waves, 427
16-11. Phasors, 429
16-12. Standing Waves, 431
16-13. Standing Waves and Resonance, 433
Review & Summary, 436
Questions, 436
Problems, 438
17. Waves—II, 445
What causes the musical echo from the stairs at an ancient Mayan pyramid?, 445
17-1. What Is Physics?, 446
17-2. Sound Waves, 446
17-3. The Speed of Sound, 446
17-4. Traveling Sound Waves, 449
17-5. Interference, 451
17-6. Intensity and Sound Level, 453
17-7. Sources of Musical Sound, 457
17-8. Beats, 459
17-9. The Doppler Effect, 460
17-10. Supersonic Speeds, Shock Waves, 464
Review & Summary, 465
Questions, 466
Problems, 467
18. Temperature, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics, 476
How can a beetle detect a forest fire at a large distance without seeing or smelling it?, 476
18-1. What Is Physics?, 477
18-2. Temperature, 477
18-3. The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, 477
18-4. Measuring Temperature, 478
18-5. The Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales, 478
18-6. Thermal Expansion, 482
18-7. Temperature and Heat, 484
18-8. The Absorption of Heat by Solids and Liquids, 485
18-9. A Closer Look at Heat and Work, 488
18-10. The First Law of Thermodynamics, 490
18-11. Some Special Cases of the First Law of Thermodynamics, 491
18-12. Heat Transfer Mechanisms, 493
Review & Summary, 497
Questions, 498
Problems, 500
19. The Kinetic Theory of Gases, 507
What causes the fog that appears when a carbonated drink is opened?, 507
19-1. What Is Physics?, 508
19-2. Avogadro’s Number, 508
19-3. Ideal Gases, 509
19-4. Pressure, Temperature, and RMS Speed, 512
19-5. Translational Kinetic Energy, 514
19-6. Mean Free Path, 515
19-7. The Distribution of Molecular Speeds, 517
19-8. The Molar Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas, 520
19-9. Degrees of Freedom and Molar Specific Heats, 523
19-10. A Hint of Quantum Theory, 525
19-11. The Adiabatic Expansion of an Ideal Gas, 526
Review & Summary, 529
Questions, 530
Problems, 531
20. Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics, 536
What is the connection between a rubber band’s stretch and the direction of time?, 536
20-1. What Is Physics?, 537
20-2. Irreversible Processes and Entropy, 537
20-3. Change in Entropy, 538
20-4. The Second Law of Thermodynamics, 542
20-5. Entropy in the Real World: Engines, 543
20-6. Entropy in the Real World: Refrigerators, 548
20-7. The Efficiencies of Real Engines, 549
20-8. A Statistical View of Entropy, 550
Review & Summary, 554
Questions, 555
Problems, 555
21. Electric Charge, 561
How can a video monitor in a surgical room increase the risk of bacterial contamination?, 561
21-1. What Is Physics?, 562
21-2. Electric Charge, 562
21-3. Conductors and Insulators, 563
21-4. Coulomb’s Law, 565
21-5. Charge Is Quantized, 571
21-6. Charge Is Conserved, 572
Review & Summary, 573
Questions, 573
Problems, 575
22. Electric Fields, 580
How does a bee use electrostatics to collect and then distribute pollen grains?, 580
22-1. What Is Physics?, 581
22-2. The Electric Field, 581
22-3. Electric Field Lines, 582
22-4. The Electric Field Due to a Point Charge, 583
22-5. The Electric Field Due to an Electric Dipole, 585
22-6. The Electric Field Due to a Line of Charge, 586
22-7. The Electric Field Due to a Charged Disk, 590
22-8. A Point Charge in an Electric Field, 591
22-9. A Dipole in an Electric Field, 594
Review & Summary, 596
Questions, 597
Problems, 598
23. Gauss’ Law, 605
How can lightning harm you even if it does not strike you?, 605
23-1. What Is Physics?, 606
23-2. Flux, 606
23-3. Flux of an Electric Field, 607
23-4. Gauss’ Law, 609
23-5. Gauss’ Law and Coulomb’s Law, 611
23-6. A Charged Isolated Conductor, 612
23-7. Applying Gauss’ Law: Cylindrical Symmetry, 615
23-8. Applying Gauss’ Law: Planar Symmetry, 616
23-9. Applying Gauss’ Law: Spherical Symmetry, 618
Review & Summary, 620
Questions, 620
Problems, 621
24. Electric Potential, 628
What danger does a sweater pose to a computer?, 628
24-1. What Is Physics?, 629
24-2. Electric Potential Energy, 629
24-3. Electric Potential, 630
24-4. Equipotential Surfaces, 632
24-5. Calculating the Potential from the Field, 633
24-6. Potential Due to a Point Charge, 635
24-7. Potential Due to a Group of Point Charges, 636
24-8. Potential Due to an Electric Dipole, 637
24-9. Potential Due to a Continuous Charge Distribution, 638
24-10. Calculating the Field from the Potential, 640
24-11. Electric Potential Energy of a System of Point Charges, 641
24-12. Potential of a Charged Isolated Conductor, 644
Review & Summary, 645
Questions, 646
Problems, 647
25. Capacitance, 656
How can a spark set up an explosion in airborne powder?, 656
25-1. What Is Physics?, 657
25-2. Capacitance, 657
25-3. Calculating the Capacitance, 659
25-4. Capacitors in Parallel and in Series, 662
25-5. Energy Stored in an Electric Field, 666
25-6. Capacitor with a Dielectric, 670
25-7. Dielectrics: An Atomic View, 672
25-8. Dielectrics and Gauss’ Law, 672
Review & Summary, 675
Questions, 675
Problems, 676
26. Current and Resistance, 682
What precautions should you take if caught outdoors during a lightning storm?, 682
26-1. What Is Physics?, 683
26-2. Electric Current, 683
26-3. Current Density, 685
26-4. Resistance and Resistivity, 688
26-5. Ohm’s Law, 692
26-6. A Microscopic View of Ohm’s Law, 693
26-7. Power in Electric Circuits, 695
26-8. Semiconductors, 696
26-9. Superconductors, 697
Review & Summary, 698
Questions, 699
Problems, 700
27. Circuits, 705
How can a pit crew avoid a fire while fueling a charged race car?, 705
27-1. What Is Physics?, 706
27-2. “Pumping” Charges, 706
27-3. Work, Energy, and Emf, 707
27-4. Calculating the Current in a Single-Loop Circuit, 708
27-5. Other Single-Loop Circuits, 710
27-6. Potential Difference Between Two Points, 711
27-7. Multiloop Circuits, 714
27-8. The Ammeter and the Voltmeter, 720
27-9.
RC
Circuits, 720
Review & Summary, 724
Questions, 725
Problems, 726
28. Magnetic Fields, 735
What causes an aurora and why is it so thin?, 735
28-1. What Is Physics?, 736
28-2. What Produces a Magnetic Field?, 736
28-3. The Definition of B, 736
28-4. Crossed Fields: Discovery of the Electron, 740
28-5. Crossed Fields: The Hall Effect, 741
28-6. A Circulating Charged Particle, 743
28-7. Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons, 748
28-8. Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire, 750
28-9. Torque on a Current Loop, 752
28-10. The Magnetic Dipole Moment, 754
Review & Summary, 755
Questions, 756
Problems, 757
29. Magnetic Fields Due to Currents, 764
How can the human brain produce a detectable magnetic field without any magnetic material?, 764
29-1. What Is Physics?, 765
29-2. Calculating the Magnetic Field Due to a Current, 765
29-3. Force Between Two Parallel Currents, 771
29-4. Ampere’s Law, 772
29-5. Solenoids and Toroids, 776
29-6. A Current-Carrying Coil as a Magnetic Dipole, 778
Review & Summary, 780
Questions, 781
Problems, 782
30. Induction and Inductance, 791
How can magnetic induction melt metal in a foundry?, 791
30-1. What Is Physics?, 792
30-2. Two Experiments, 792
30-3. Faraday’s Law of Induction, 793
30-4. Lenz’s Law, 795
30-5. Induction and Energy Transfers, 798
30-6. Induced Electric Fields, 801
30-7. Inductors and Inductance, 805
30-8. Self-Induction, 806
30-9.
RL
Circuits, 807
30-10. Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field, 810
30-11. Energy Density of a Magnetic Field, 812
30-12. Mutual Induction, 814
Review & Summary, 816
Questions, 816
Problems, 818
31. Electromagnetic Oscillations and Alternating Current, 826
How did a solar eruption knock out the powergrid system of Quebec?, 826
31-1. What Is Physics?, 827
31-2.
LC
Oscillations, Qualitatively, 827
31-3. The Electrical–Mechanical Analogy, 830
31-4.
LC
Oscillations, Quantitatively, 831
31-5. Damped Oscillations in an
RLC
Circuit, 834
31-6. Alternating Current, 835
31-7. Forced Oscillations, 835
31-8. Three Simple Circuits, 837
31-9. The Series
RLC
Circuit, 842
31-10. Power in Alternating-Current Circuits, 846
31-11. Transformers, 849
Review & Summary, 853
Questions, 854
Problems, 855
32. Maxwell’s Equations; Magnetism of Matter, 861
How can a mural painting record the direction of Earth’s magnetic field?, 861
32-1. What Is Physics?, 862
32-2. Gauss’ Law for Magnetic Fields, 862
32-3. Induced Magnetic Fields, 864
32-4. Displacement Current, 866
32-5. Maxwell’s Equations, 868
32-6. Magnets, 869
32-7. Magnetism and Electrons, 870
32-8. Magnetic Materials, 874
32-9. Diamagnetism, 874
32-10. Paramagnetism, 876
32-11. Ferromagnetism, 877
Review & Summary, 881
Questions, 882
Problems, 883
33. Electromagnetic Waves, 889
What causes a sundog, the bright, colorful spot that can appear left or right of the Sun?, 889
33-1. What Is Physics?, 890
33-2. Maxwell’s Rainbow, 890
33-3. The Traveling Electromagnetic Wave, Qualitatively, 891
33-4. The Traveling Electromagnetic Wave, Quantitatively, 894
33-5. Energy Transport and the Poynting Vector, 897
33-6. Radiation Pressure, 899
33-7. Polarization, 901
33-8. Reflection and Refraction, 905
33-9. Total Internal Reflection, 910
33-10. Polarization by Reflection, 912
Review & Summary, 913
Questions, 914
Problems, 915
34. Images, 924
How can a fish see clearly in both air and water simultaneously?, 924
34-1. What Is Physics?, 925
34-2. Two Types of Image, 925
34-3. Plane Mirrors, 926
34-4. Spherical Mirrors, 928
34-5. Images from Spherical Mirrors, 930
34-6. Spherical Refracting Surfaces, 933
34-7. Thin Lenses, 936
34-8. Optical Instruments, 941
34-9. Three Proofs, 944
Review & Summary, 947
Questions, 948
Problems, 949
35. Interference, 958
How do color-shifting inks on paper currency shift colors?, 958
35-1. What Is Physics?, 959
35-2. Light as a Wave, 959
35-3. Diffraction, 963
35-4. Young’s Interference Experiment, 964
35-5. Coherence, 968
35-6. Intensity in Double-Slit Interference, 968
35-7. Interference from Thin Films, 972
35-8. Michelson’s Interferometer, 978
Review & Summary, 979
Questions, 979
Problems, 981
36. Diffraction, 990
What causes the arresting blue color of the facial skin of a mandrill baboon?, 990
36-1. What Is Physics?, 991
36-2. Diffraction and the Wave Theory of Light, 991
36-3. Diffraction by a Single Slit: Locating the Minima, 992
36-4. Intensity in Single-Slit Diffraction, Qualitatively, 995
36-5. Intensity in Single-Slit Diffraction, Quantitatively, 996
36-6. Diffraction by a Circular Aperture, 998
36-7. Diffraction by a Double Slit, 1002
36-8. Diffraction Gratings, 1004
36-9. Gratings: Dispersion and Resolving Power, 1008
36-10. Diffraction by Organized Layers, 1010
Review & Summary, 1012
Questions, 1013
Problems, 1014
37. Relativity, 1022
How can we determine what lurks at the center of the galaxy M87, 50 million light-years away?, 1022
37-1. What Is Physics?, 1023
37-2. The Postulates, 1023
37-3. Measuring an Event, 1024
37-4. The Relativity of Simultaneity, 1026
37-5. The Relativity of Time, 1027
37-6. The Relativity of Length, 1032
37-7. The Lorentz Transformation, 1034
37-8. Some Consequences of the Lorentz Equations, 1036
37-9. The Relativity of Velocities, 1038
37-10. Doppler Effect for Light, 1039
37-11. A New Look at Momentum, 1043
37-12. A New Look at Energy, 1043
Review & Summary, 1048
Questions, 1049
Problems, 1050
38. Photons and Matter Waves, 1057
How can molecules be moved one by one and then imaged?, 1057
38-1. What Is Physics?, 1058
38-2. The Photon, the Quantum of Light, 1058
38-3. The Photoelectric Effect, 1060
38-4. Photons Have Momentum, 1063
38-5. Light as a Probability Wave, 1066
38-6. Electrons and Matter Waves, 1068
38-7. Schrödinger’s Equation, 1071
38-8. Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle, 1073
38-9. Barrier Tunneling, 1074
Review & Summary, 1077
Questions, 1077
Problems, 1078
39. More About Matter Waves, 1083
How can you corral an electron?, 1083
39-1. What Is Physics?, 1084
39-2. String Waves and Matter Waves, 1084
39-3. Energies of a Trapped Electron, 1085
39-4. Wave Functions of a Trapped Electron, 1089
39-5. An Electron in a Finite Well, 1092
39-6. More Electron Traps, 1094
39-7. Two- and Three-Dimensional Electron Traps, 1096
39-8. The Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom, 1097
39-9. Schrödinger’s Equation and the Hydrogen Atom, 1100
Review & Summary, 1106
Questions, 1107
Problems, 1108
40. All About Atoms, 1112
What is so different about light from a laser?, 1112
40-1. What Is Physics?, 1113
40-2. Some Properties of Atoms, 1113
40-3. Electron Spin, 1115
40-4. Angular Momenta and Magnetic Dipole Moments, 1116
40-5. The Stern–Gerlach Experiment, 1118
40-6. Magnetic Resonance, 1121
40-7. The Pauli Exclusion Principle, 1122
40-8. Multiple Electrons in Rectangular Traps, 1123
40-9. Building the Periodic Table, 1126
40-10. X Rays and the Ordering of the Elements, 1127
40-11. Lasers and Laser Light, 1131
40-12. How Lasers Work, 1132
Review & Summary, 1135
Questions, 1135
Problems, 1137
41. Conduction of Electricity in Solids, 1142
Why do rock guitarists shun transistor amplifiers for oldfashioned tube amplifiers?, 1142
41-1. What Is Physics?, 1143
41-2. The Electrical Properties of Solids, 1143
41-3. Energy Levels in a Crystalline Solid, 1144
41-4. Insulators, 1144
41-5. Metals, 1145
41-6. Semiconductors, 1150
41-7. Doped Semiconductors, 1151
41-8. The
p-n
Junction, 1154
41-9. The Junction Rectifier, 1156
41-10. The Light-Emitting Diode (LED), 1157
41-11. The Transistor, 1159
Review & Summary, 1160
Questions, 1161
Problems, 1162
42. Nuclear Physics, 1165
What causes the radiation danger to air crews flying the long “polar” routes?, 1165
42-1. What Is Physics?, 1166
42-2. Discovering the Nucleus, 1166
42-3. Some Nuclear Properties, 1167
42-4. Radioactive Decay, 1174
42-5. Alpha Decay, 1177
42-6. Beta Decay, 1179
42-7. Radioactive Dating, 1182
42-8. Measuring Radiation Dosage, 1183
42-9. Nuclear Models, 1184
Review & Summary, 1187
Questions, 1188
Problems, 1188
43. Energy from the Nucleus, 1195
What physics underlies the image that has horrified the world since World War II?, 1195
43-1. What Is Physics?, 1196
43-2. Nuclear Fission: The Basic Process, 1197
43-3. A Model for Nuclear Fission, 1199
43-4. The Nuclear Reactor, 1201
43-5. A Natural Nuclear Reactor, 1205
43-6. Thermonuclear Fusion: The Basic Process, 1207
43-7. Thermonuclear Fusion in the Sun and Other Stars, 1208
43-8. Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion, 1211
Review & Summary, 1213
Questions, 1213
Problems, 1214
44. Quarks, Leptons, and the Big Bang, 1218
How can a photograph of the early universe be taken?, 1218
44-1. What Is Physics?, 1219
44-2. Particles, Particles, Particles, 1219
44-3. An Interlude, 1223
44-4. The Leptons, 1226
44-5. The Hadrons, 1227
44-6. Still Another Conservation Law, 1229
44-7. The Eightfold Way, 1230
44-8. The Quark Model, 1231
44-9. The Basic Forces and Messenger Particles, 1234
44-10. A Pause for Reflection, 1236
44-11. The Universe Is Expanding, 1237
44-12. The Cosmic Background Radiation, 1238
44-13. Dark Matter, 1238
44-14. The Big Bang, 1239
44-15. A Summing Up, 1242
Review & Summary, 1242
Questions, 1243
Problems, 1243
Appendices, A-1
A. The International System of Units (SI), A-1
B. Some Fundamental Constants of Physics, A-3
C. Some Astronomical Data, A-4
D. Conversion Factors, A-5
E. Mathematical Formulas, A-9
F. Properties of the Elements, A-12
G. Periodic Table of the Elements, A-15
Answers to Checkpoints and Odd-Numbered Questions and Problems, AN-1
Index, I-1
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