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Copyright, iv
About the Authors, v
Preface, xiv
1. Understanding Earth: A Dynamic and Evolving Planet, 2
1.1. Introduction, 4
1.2. Geology in Our Everyday Lives, 6
1.3. Global Geologic and Environmental Issues Facing Humankind, 8
1.4. Origin of the Universe and Solar System, and Earth’s Place in Them, 10
1.5. Earth as a Dynamic and Evolving Planet, 13
1.6. Geology and the Formulation of Theories, 16
1.7. Plate Tectonic Theory, 17
1.8. The Rock Cycle, 19
1.9. Geologic Time and Uniformitarianism, 21
REVIEW WORKBOOK, 25
GEOLOGY IN UNEXPECTED PLACES: A Bit of Egypt in Central Park, New York City, and London, England, 28
GEOLOGY IN FOCUS: The Kyoto Protocol—An Update, 29
GEOLOGY AT WORK: Forensic Geology and Palynology, 30
GEOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: Global Warming and Climate Change, and How They Affect You, 31
2. Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory, 32
2.1. Introduction, 34
2.2. Continental Drift, 34
2.3. Evidence for Continental Drift, 36
2.4. Paleomagnetism and Polar Wandering, 40
2.5. Magnetic Reversals and Seafloor Spreading, 41
2.6. Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory, 46
2.7. The Three Types of Plate Boundaries, 47
2.8. Hot Spots: An Intraplate Feature, 57
2.9. Plate Movement and Motion, 58
2.10. The Driving Mechanism of Plate Tectonics, 59
2.11. Plate Tectonics and the Distribution of Natural Resources, 60
REVIEW WORKBOOK, 62
GEOLOGY IN FOCUS: Oil, Plate Tectonics, and Politics, 66
GEOLOGY IN UNEXPECTED PLACES: A Man’s Home Is His Castle, 67
GEOLOGY AND CULTURAL CONNECTIONS: The Struggle toward Scientific Progress, 68
GEOLOGY AT WORK: The Geologic Exploration of Mars, 69
3. Minerals—The Building Blocks of Rocks, 70
3.1. Introduction, 72
3.2. Matter, Atoms, Elements, and Bonding, 73
3.3. Explore the World of Minerals, 77
3.4. Mineral Groups Recognized by Geologists, 80
3.5. Mineral Identification, 85
3.6. The Significance of Rock-Forming Minerals, 90
3.7. The Origin of Minerals, 91
3.8. Natural Resources and Reserves, 92
REVIEW WORKBOOK, 94
GEOLOGY IN FOCUS: Mineral Crystals, 96
GEOLOGY IN UNEXPECTED PLACES: The Queen’s Jewels, 97
GEOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: Welcome to the Wonderful World of Micas, 98
GEOLOGY AT WORK: Terry S. Mollo: Sculpture Out of Stone, 99
4. Igneous Rocks and Intrusive Igneous Activity, 100
4.1. Introduction, 102
4.2. The Properties and Behavior of Magma and Lava, 103
4.3. Igneous Rocks—Their Characteristics and Classification, 115
4.4. Plutons—Their Characteristics and Origins, 122
REVIEW WORKBOOK, 125
GEOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: Of Mineral Water and Meteorites, 128
GEOLOGY IN FOCUS: Some Remarkable Volcanic Necks, 129
GEOLOGY IN UNEXPECTED PLACES: Little Rock, Big Story, 130
GEOLOGY AND CULTURAL CONNECTIONS: Hell Helped Early Earth Science, 131
5. Volcanoes and Volcanism, 132
5.1. Introduction, 134
5.2. Volcanism and Volcanoes, 136
5.3. Types of Volcanoes, 141
5.4. Other Volcanic Landforms, 149
5.5. The Distribution of Volcanoes, 151
5.6. North America’s Active Volcanoes, 152
5.7. Plate Tectonics, Volcanoes, and Plutons, 153
5.8. Volcanic Hazards, Volcano Monitoring, and Forecasting Eruptions, 156
REVIEW WORKBOOK, 160
GEOLOGY IN FOCUS: The Bronze Age Eruption of Santorini, 164
GEOLOGY IN UNEXPECTED PLACES: Oldoinyo Lengai Volcano, 165
GEOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: Do Volcanic Gases Cause Ozone Depletion?, 166
GEOLOGY AT WORK: Volcano Observatories and Volcano Monitoring, 167
6. Weathering, Erosion, and Soil, 168
6.1. Introduction, 170
6.2. Alteration of Minerals and Rocks, 171
6.3. Mechanical Weathering—Disaggregation of Earth Materials, 171
6.4. Chemical Weathering—Decomposition of Earth Materials, 175
6.5. Soil and Its Origin, 181
6.6. Expansive Soils and Soil Degradation, 188
6.7. Weathering and Natural Resources, 191
REVIEW WORKBOOK, 192
GEOLOGY IN FOCUS: The Dust Bowl, 194
GEOLOGY IN UNEXPECTED PLACES: Gravestones and Geology, 195
GEOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: Industrialization and Acid Rain, 196
GEOLOGY AND CULTURAL CONNECTIONS: The Agricultural Revolution, 197
7. Sediment and Sedimentary Rocks, 198
7.1. Introduction, 200
7.2. Sediment Sources, Transport, and Deposition, 201
7.3. Lithification: Converting Sediment into Sedimentary Rock, 203
7.4. The Types of Sedimentary Rocks, 204
7.5. Sedimentary Facies, 210
7.6. Read the Story Told by Sedimentary Rocks, 212
7.7. Important Resources in Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks, 219
REVIEW WORKBOOK, 222
GEOLOGY IN FOCUS: Fossils and Fossilization, 226
GEOLOGY IN UNEXPECTED PLACES: Sandstone Lion, 227
GEOLOGY AT WORK: Exploring for Oil and Natural Gas, Susan M. Landon, 228
GEOLOGY AND CULTURAL CONNECTIONS: Deep Time, 229
8. Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks, 230
8.1. Introduction, 232
8.2. Equilibrium and the Causes of Metamorphism, 233
8.3. The Main Types of Metamorphism, 237
8.4. Classification of Metamorphic Rocks, 243
8.5. Metamorphic Zones and Facies, 248
8.6. Plate Tectonics and Metamorphism, 250
8.7. Metamorphism and Global Climate Change, 253
8.8. Some Economic Uses of Metamorphic Materials, 253
REVIEW WORKBOOK, 254
GEOLOGY IN UNEXPECTED PLACES: Starting Off with a Clean Slate, 258
GEOLOGY AT WORK: What Do Metamorphic Petrologists Do?, 258
GEOLOGY IN FOCUS: Asbestos: Good or Bad?, 259
9. Geologic Time: Concepts and Principles, 260
9.1. Introduction, 262
9.2. Early Concepts of Geologic Time and the Age of Earth, 263
9.3. James Hutton and the Recognition of Geologic Time, 264
9.4. Relative Dating Methods, 265
9.5. Correlating Rock Units, 278
9.6. Absolute Dating Methods, 281
9.7. Development of the Geologic Time Scale, 287
9.8. Geologic Time and Climate Change, 288
REVIEW WORKBOOK, 291
GEOLOGY IN FOCUS: Denver’s Weather—280 Million Years Ago!, 295
GEOLOGY IN UNEXPECTED PLACES: Time Marches On—The Great Wall of China, 296
GEOLOGY AT WORK: Geology in Hollywood, John R. Horner, 297
10. Earthquakes, 298
10.1. Introduction, 300
10.2. Elastic Rebound Theory, 301
10.3. Seismology, 303
10.4. The Frequency and Distribution of Earthquakes, 304
10.5. Seismic Waves, 307
10.6. Locating an Earthquake, 308
10.7. Measuring the Strength of an Earthquake, 311
10.8. The Destructive Effects of Earthquakes, 314
10.9. Earthquake Prediction, 323
10.10. Earthquake Control, 326
REVIEW WORKBOOK, 327
GEOLOGY IN FOCUS: Paleoseismology, 330
GEOLOGY IN FOCUS: Designing Earthquake-Resistant Structures, 331
GEOLOGY IN UNEXPECTED PLACES: It’s Not My Fault, 332
GEOLOGY AT WORK: Pacific Tsunami Warning System, 333
11. Earth’s Interior, 334
11.1. Introduction, 336
11.2. Earth’s Size, Density, and Internal Structure, 337
11.3. Earth’s Crust—Its Outermost Part, 342
11.4. Earth’s Mantle—The Layer Below the Crust, 343
11.5. The Core, 344
11.6. Earth’s Internal Heat, 346
11.7. Gravity and How Its Force Is Determined, 347
11.8. Floating Continents—The Principle of Isostasy, 349
11.9. Earth’s Magnetic Field, 352
REVIEW WORKBOOK, 354
GEOLOGY IN FOCUS: Planetary Alignments, Gravity, and Catastrophes, 356
GEOLOGY IN UNEXPECTED PLACES: Diamonds and Earth’s Interior, 357
12. The Seafloor, 358
12.1. Introduction, 360
12.2. Methods Used to Study the Seafloor, 360
12.3. Oceanic Crust—Its Structure and Composition, 364
12.4. The Continental Margins, 364
12.5. Features Found in the Deep-Ocean Basins, 369
12.6. Sediments on the Deep Seafloor, 375
12.7. Reefs—Rocks Made by Organisms, 376
12.8. Resources from the Oceans, 378
Reefs: Rocks Made by Organisms, 380
REVIEW WORKBOOK, 382
GEOLOGY IN FOCUS: Oceanic Circulation and Resources from the Sea, 385
GEOLOGY IN UNEXPECTED PLACES: Ancient Seafloor in San Francisco, 386
GEOLOGY AT WORK: The Future beneath the Sea, 387
13. Deformation, Mountain Building, and the Evolution of Continents, 388
13.1. Introduction, 390
13.2. Rock Deformation, 391
13.3. Folded Rock Layers, 394
13.4. Joints and Faults—Deformation by Fracturing, 398
13.5. Deformation and the Origin of Mountains, 404
13.6. The Formation and Evolution of Continents, 413
REVIEW WORKBOOK, 418
GEOLOGY IN UNEXPECTED PLACES: Ancient Ruins and Geology, 421
GEOLOGY IN FOCUS: Geologic Maps—Their Construction and Uses, 422
GEOLOGY AT WORK: Engineering and Geology, 423
14. Mass Wasting, 424
14.1. Introduction, 426
14.2. Factors That Influence Mass Wasting, 427
14.3. Types of Mass Wasting, 431
14.4. Recognizing and Minimizing the Effects of Mass Wasting, 446
REVIEW WORKBOOK, 451
GEOLOGY IN FOCUS: The Vaiont Dam Disaster, 453
GEOLOGY IN UNEXPECTED PLACES: New Hampshire Say Good-Bye to the “Old Man”, 454
GEOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: Southern California Landslides, 455
15. Running Water, 456
15.1. Introduction, 458
15.2. Water on Earth, 459
15.3. Running Water, 461
15.4. Running Water, Erosion, and Sediment Transport, 464
15.5. Deposition by Running Water, 467
15.6. Predicting and Controlling Floods, 474
15.7. Drainage Systems, 479
15.8. The Evolution of Valleys, 484
REVIEW WORKBOOK, 490
GEOLOGY IN FOCUS: The River Nile and the History of Egypt, 493
GEOLOGY AT WORK: Dams, Reservoirs, and Hydroelectric Power Plants, 494
GEOLOGY IN UNEXPECTED PLACES: Floating Burial Chambers and the Mississippi River Delta, 495
16. Groundwater, 496
16.1. Introduction, 498
16.2. Groundwater and the Hydrologic Cycle, 498
16.3. Porosity and Permeability, 498
16.4. The Water Table, 500
16.5. Groundwater Movement, 501
16.6. Springs, Water Wells, and Artesian Systems, 502
16.7. Groundwater Erosion and Deposition, 505
16.8. Modifications of the Groundwater System and Their Effects, 512
16.9. Hydrothermal Activity, 518
REVIEW WORKBOOK, 524
GEOLOGY IN FOCUS: Arsenic and Old Lace, 527
GEOLOGY IN UNEXPECTED PLACES: Water-Treatment Plants, 528
GEOLOGY AND CULTURAL CONNECTIONS: Dowsing, 529
17. Glaciers and Glaciation, 530
17.1. Introduction, 532
17.2. The Kinds of Glaciers, 533
17.3. Glaciers—Moving Bodies of Ice on Land, 534
17.4. The Glacial Budget—Accumulation and Wastage, 538
17.5. Erosion and Transport by Glaciers, 541
17.6. Deposits of Glaciers, 547
17.7. The Ice Age (The Pleistocene Epoch), 553
17.8. Causes of the Ice Age, 557
REVIEW WORKBOOK, 559
GEOLOGY IN UNEXPECTED PLACES: Evidence of Glaciation in New York City, 562
GEOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: A Visit to Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 563
GEOLOGY IN FOCUS: Glaciers and Global Warming, 564
GEOLOGY AND CULTURAL CONNECTIONS: The Ice Man, 565
18. The Work of Wind and Deserts, 566
18.1. Introduction, 568
18.2. Sediment Transport by Wind, 569
18.3. Wind Erosion, 570
18.4. Wind Deposits, 574
18.5. Air-Pressure Belts and Global Wind Patterns, 580
18.6. The Distribution of Deserts, 581
18.7. Characteristics of Deserts, 582
18.8. Desert Landforms, 587
REVIEW WORKBOOK, 591
GEOLOGY IN FOCUS: Radioactive Waste Disposal—Safe or Sorry?, 593
GEOLOGY IN UNEXPECTED PLACES: Spiral Jetty, 594
GEOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: Windmills and Wind Power, 595
19. Shorelines and Shoreline Processes, 596
19.1. Introduction, 598
19.2. Shoreline Processes, 599
19.3. Shoreline Erosion, 606
19.4. Deposition along Shorelines, 608
19.5. The Nearshore Sediment Budget, 615
19.6. The Classification of Coasts, 617
19.7. Storm Waves and Coastal Flooding, 618
19.8. Managing Coastal Areas as Sea Level Rises, 620
REVIEW WORKBOOK, 623
GEOLOGY IN UNEXPECTED PLACES: Rising Sea Level and the Fate of Venice, Italy, 626
GEOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: Giant Killer Waves, 627
GEOLOGY AT WORK: Erosion and the Cape Hatteras Lighthouse, 628
GEOLOGY IN FOCUS: Energy from the Oceans, 629
20. Geology and Humanity, 630
20.1. Introduction, 632
20.2. Geology and History, 633
20.3. Humans as Geologic Agents, 637
20.4. Climate Change, 639
REVIEW WORKBOOK, 644
GEOLOGY IN FOCUS: Atomic Testing and the Earth System, 646
GEOLOGY AT WORK: Environmental Geology, 647
GEOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: Organic Farming, 648
GEOLOGY IN UNEXPECTED PLACES: Mines and Flooding, 649
Appendix A. English—Metric Conversion Chart, 651
Appendix B. Periodic Table of the Elements, 652
Appendix C. Mineral Identification Tables, 654
Appendix D. Topographic Maps, 657
Answers, 661
Glossary, 666
Index, 677

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