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Copyright, ii
About the Authors, viii
Preface, ix
To the Student, xxvii
MCAT Test Preparation Guide, xxx
Part 1. Mechanics, 1
Chapter 1. Introduction, 1
1.1. Standards of Length, Mass, and Time, 1
1.2. The Building Blocks of Matter, 4
1.3. Dimensional Analysis, 5
1.4. Uncertainty in Measurement and Significant Figures, 7
1.5. Conversion of Units, 9
1.6. Estimates and Order-of-Magnitude Calculations, 11
1.7. Coordinate Systems, 13
1.8. Trigonometry, 14
1.9. Problem-Solving Strategy, 16
Summary, 18
Chapter 2. Motion in One Dimension, 24
2.1. Displacement, 25
2.2. Velocity, 26
2.3. Acceleration, 31
2.4. Motion Diagrams, 34
2.5. One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration, 35
2.6. Freely Falling Objects, 42
Summary, 47
Chapter 3. Vectors and Two-Dimensional Motion, 54
3.1. Vectors and Their Properties, 54
3.2. Components of a Vector, 57
3.3. Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration in Two Dimensions, 60
3.4. Motion in Two Dimensions, 62
3.5. Relative Velocity, 70
Summary, 74
Chapter 4. The Laws of Motion, 83
4.1. Forces, 83
4.2. Newton’s First Law, 85
4.3. Newton’s Second Law, 86
4.4. Newton’s Third Law, 92
4.5. Applications of Newton’s Laws, 94
4.6. Forces of Friction, 101
Summary, 108
Chapter 5. Energy, 119
5.1. Work, 119
5.2. Kinetic Energy and the Work–Energy Theorem, 124
5.3. Gravitational Potential Energy, 127
5.4. Spring Potential Energy, 135
5.5. Systems and Energy Conservation, 141
5.6. Power, 143
5.7. Work Done by a Varying Force, 147
Summary, 150
Chapter 6. Momentum and Collisions, 161
6.1. Momentum and Impulse, 161
6.2. Conservation of Momentum, 166
6.3. Collisions, 169
6.4. Glancing Collisions, 176
6.5. Rocket Propulsion, 178
Summary, 181
Chapter 7. Rotational Motion and the Law of Gravity, 190
7.1. Angular Speed and Angular Acceleration, 190
7.2. Rotational Motion Under Constant Angular Acceleration, 194
7.3. Relations Between Angular and Linear Quantities, 196
7.4. Centripetal Acceleration, 199
7.5. Newtonian Gravitation, 207
7.6. Kepler’s Laws, 215
Summary, 218
Chapter 8. Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational Dynamics, 228
8.1. Torque, 228
8.2. Torque and the Two Conditions for Equilibrium, 232
8.3. The Center of Gravity, 234
8.4. Examples of Objects in Equilibrium, 236
8.5. Relationship Between Torque and Angular Acceleration, 239
8.6. Rotational Kinetic Energy, 246
8.7. Angular Momentum, 249
Summary, 254
Chapter 9. Solids and Fluids, 268
9.1. States of Matter, 268
9.2. The Deformation of Solids, 270
9.3. Density and Pressure, 276
9.4. Variation of Pressure with Depth, 279
9.5. Pressure Measurements, 283
9.6. Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’ Principle, 284
9.7. Fluids in Motion, 290
9.8. Other Applications of Fluid Dynamics, 296
9.9. Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscous Fluid Flow, 299
9.10. Transport Phenomena, 307
Summary, 311
Part 2. Thermodynamics, 322
Chapter 10. Thermal Physics, 322
10.1. Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, 322
10.2. Thermometers and Temperature Scales, 324
10.3. Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids, 328
10.4. Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas, 335
10.5. The Kinetic Theory of Gases, 340
Summary, 345
Chapter 11. Energy in Thermal Processes, 352
11.1. Heat and Internal Energy, 352
11.2. Specific Heat, 355
11.3. Calorimetry, 357
11.4. Latent Heat and Phase Change, 359
11.5. Energy Transfer, 366
11.6. Global Warming and Greenhouse Gases, 375
Summary, 377
Chapter 12. The Laws of Thermodynamics, 385
12.1. Work in Thermodynamic Processes, 385
12.2. The First Law of Thermodynamics, 388
12.3. Thermal Processes, 390
12.4. Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics, 399
12.5. Entropy, 408
12.6. Human Metabolism, 413
Summary, 416
Part 3. Vibrations and Waves, 425
Chapter 13. Vibrations and Waves, 425
13.1. Hooke’s Law, 425
13.2. Elastic Potential Energy, 428
13.3. Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion with Uniform Circular Motion, 432
13.4. Position, Velocity, and Acceleration as a Function of Time, 436
13.5. Motion of a Pendulum, 439
13.6. Damped Oscillations, 442
13.7. Waves, 443
13.8. Frequency, Amplitude, and Wavelength, 445
13.9. The Speed of Waves on Strings, 447
13.10. Interference of Waves, 448
13.11. Reflection of Waves, 449
Summary, 450
Chapter 14. Sound, 459
14.1. Producing a Sound Wave, 459
14.2. Characteristics of Sound Waves, 460
14.3. The Speed of Sound, 461
14.4. Energy and Intensity of Sound Waves, 463
14.5. Spherical and Plane Waves, 466
14.6. The Doppler Effect, 468
14.7. Interference of Sound Waves, 473
14.8. Standing Waves, 475
14.9. Forced Vibrations and Resonance, 479
14.10. Standing Waves in Air Columns, 480
14.11. Beats, 484
14.12. Quality of Sound, 486
14.13. The Ear, 487
Summary, 489
Part 4. Electricity and Magnetism, 497
Chapter 15. Electric Forces and Electric Fields, 497
15.1. Properties of Electric Charges, 497
15.2. Insulators and Conductors, 499
15.3. Coulomb’s Law, 500
15.4. The Electric Field, 505
15.5. Electric Field Lines, 510
15.6. Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium, 513
15.7. The Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment, 515
15.8. The Van de Graaff Generator, 516
15.9. Electric Flux and Gauss’s Law, 517
Summary, 523
Chapter 16. Electrical Energy and Capacitance, 531
16.1. Potential Difference and Electric Potential, 531
16.2. Electric Potential and Potential Energy Due to Point Charges, 538
16.3. Potentials and Charged Conductors, 542
16.4. Equipotential Surfaces, 543
16.5. Applications, 544
16.6. Capacitance, 546
16.7. The Parallel-Plate Capacitor, 547
16.8. Combinations of Capacitors, 549
16.9. Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor, 555
16.10. Capacitors with Dielectrics, 557
Summary, 562
Chapter 17. Current and Resistance, 570
17.1. Electric Current, 570
17.2. A Microscopic View: Current and Drift Speed, 572
17.3. Current and Voltage Measurements in Circuits, 574
17.4. Resistance, Resistivity, and Ohm’s Law, 575
17.5. Temperature Variation of Resistance, 579
17.6. Electrical Energy and Power, 580
17.7. Superconductors, 584
17.8. Electrical Activity in the Heart, 585
Summary, 588
Chapter 18. Direct-Current Circuits, 594
18.1. Sources of emf, 594
18.2. Resistors in Series, 595
18.3. Resistors in Parallel, 598
18.4. Kirchhoff’s Rules and Complex DC Circuits, 603
18.5. RC Circuits, 607
18.6. Household Circuits, 611
18.7. Electrical Safety, 612
18.8. Conduction of Electrical Signals by Neurons, 613
Summary, 615
Chapter 19. Magnetism, 626
19.1. Magnets, 626
19.2. Earth’s Magnetic Field, 628
19.3. Magnetic Fields, 630
19.4. Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor, 633
19.5. Torque on a Current Loop and Electric Motors, 636
19.6. Motion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field, 639
19.7. Magnetic Field of a Long, Straight Wire and Ampère’s Law, 642
19.8. Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors, 645
19.9. Magnetic Fields of Current Loops and Solenoids, 646
19.10. Magnetic Domains, 650
Summary, 652
Chapter 20. Induced Voltages and Inductance, 663
20.1. Induced emf and Magnetic Flux, 663
20.2. Faraday’s Law of Induction, 666
20.3. Motional emf, 670
20.4. Lenz’s Law Revisited (The Minus Sign in Faraday’s Law), 674
20.5. Generators, 676
20.6. Self-Inductance, 680
20.7. RL Circuits, 683
20.8. Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field, 686
Summary, 687
Chapter 21. Alternating-Current Circuits and Electromagnetic Waves, 696
21.1. Resistors in an AC Circuit, 696
21.2. Capacitors in an AC Circuit, 699
21.3. Inductors in an AC Circuit, 701
21.4. The RLC Series Circuit, 702
21.5. Power in an AC Circuit, 707
21.6. Resonance in a Series RLC Circuit, 708
21.7. The Transformer, 710
21.8. Maxwell’s Predictions, 712
21.9. Hertz’s Confirmation of Maxwell’s Predictions, 713
21.10. Production of Electromagnetic Waves by an Antenna, 714
21.11. Properties of Electromagnetic Waves, 715
21.12. The Spectrum of Electromagnetic Waves, 720
21.13. The Doppler Effect for Electromagnetic Waves, 722
Summary, 723
Part 5. Light and Optics, 732
Chapter 22. Reflection and Refraction of Light, 732
22.1. The Nature of Light, 732
22.2. Reflection and Refraction, 733
22.3. The Law of Refraction, 737
22.4. Dispersion and Prisms, 742
22.5. The Rainbow, 745
22.6. Huygens’s Principle, 746
22.7. Total Internal Reflection, 748
Summary, 751
Chapter 23. Mirrors and Lenses, 759
23.1. Flat Mirrors, 759
23.2. Images Formed by Concave Mirrors, 762
23.3. Convex Mirrors and Sign Conventions, 764
23.4. Images Formed by Refraction, 769
23.5. Atmospheric Refraction, 772
23.6. Thin Lenses, 773
23.7. Lens and Mirror Aberrations, 781
Summary, 782
Chapter 24. Wave Optics, 790
24.1. Conditions for Interference, 790
24.2. Young’s Double-Slit Experiment, 791
24.3. Change of Phase Due to Reflection, 795
24.4. Interference in Thin Films, 796
24.5. Using Interference to Read CDs and DVDs, 800
24.6. Diffraction, 802
24.7. Single-Slit Diffraction, 803
24.8. The Diffraction Grating, 805
24.9. Polarization of Light Waves, 808
Summary, 815
Chapter 25. Optical Instruments, 823
25.1. The Camera, 823
25.2. The Eye, 824
25.3. The Simple Magnifier, 829
25.4. The Compound Microscope, 830
25.5. The Telescope, 832
25.6. Resolution of Single-Slit and Circular Apertures, 835
25.7. The Michelson Interferometer, 840
Summary, 841
Part 6. Modern Physics, 847
Chapter 26. Relativity, 847
26.1. Galilean Relativity, 847
26.2. The Speed of Light, 848
26.3. Einstein’s Principle of Relativity, 850
26.4. Consequences of Special Relativity, 851
26.5. Relativistic Momentum, 858
26.6. Relativistic Energy and the Equivalence of Mass and Energy, 859
26.7. General Relativity, 863
Summary, 865
Chapter 27. Quantum Physics, 870
27.1. Blackbody Radiation and Planck’s Hypothesis, 870
27.2. The Photoelectric Effect and the Particle Theory of Light, 872
27.3. X-Rays, 875
27.4. Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals, 876
27.5. The Compton Effect, 879
27.6. The Dual Nature of Light and Matter, 880
27.7. The Wave Function, 883
27.8. The Uncertainty Principle, 884
Summary, 886
Chapter 28. Atomic Physics, 891
28.1. Early Models of the Atom, 891
28.2. Atomic Spectra, 892
28.3. The Bohr Model, 894
28.4. Quantum Mechanics and the Hydrogen Atom, 899
28.5. The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table, 902
28.6. Characteristic X-Rays, 905
28.7. Atomic Transitions and Lasers, 906
Summary, 908
Chapter 29. Nuclear Physics, 913
29.1. Some Properties of Nuclei, 913
29.2. Binding Energy, 916
29.3. Radioactivity, 918
29.4. The Decay Processes, 921
29.5. Natural Radioactivity, 926
29.6. Nuclear Reactions, 927
29.7. Medical Applications of Radiation, 929
Summary, 931
Chapter 30. Nuclear Energy and Elementary Particles, 937
30.1. Nuclear Fission, 937
30.2. Nuclear Fusion, 941
30.3. Elementary Particles and the Fundamental Forces, 943
30.4. Positrons and Other Antiparticles, 944
30.5. Classification of Particles, 945
30.6. Conservation Laws, 947
30.7. The Eightfold Way, 949
30.8. Quarks and Color, 950
30.9. Electroweak Theory and the Standard Model, 952
30.10. The Cosmic Connection, 954
30.11. Problems and Perspectives, 955
Summary, 956
Appendix A. Mathematics Review, A-1
Appendix B. An Abbreviated Table of Isotopes, A-14
Appendix C. Some Useful Tables, A-19
Appendix D. SI Units, A-21
Appendix E. MCAT Skill Builder Study Guide, A-22
Answers to Quick Quizzes, Example Questions, Odd-Numbered Multiple-Choice Questions, Conceptual Questions, and Problems, A-52
Index, I-1

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