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Copyright, ii
Preface, vii
Chapter: Unit 1: Medical Terminology, 1
Exercise 1: Terms Describing Human Body Directions, 1
Exercise 2: Terms Designating Planes of the Body, 2
Exercise 3: Terms Designating Major Body Cavities and Regions, 2
Exercise 4: Prefixes Indicating Location, Direction, and Tendency, 7
Exercise 5: Prefixes Denoting Organs and Structures, 8
Exercise 6: Prefixes Denoting Number and Measurement, 9
Exercise 7: Suffixes Denoting Relation, Conditions, and Agents, 9
Exercise 8: Suffixes Used in Operative Terminology, 10
Exercise 9: Miscellaneous Suffixes, 10
SELF-TEST, 11
Case Studies, 14
Chapter: Unit 2: The Microscope, 17
Exercise 1: The Structure of the Compound Microscope, 17
Exercise 2: Functions of the Microscope Parts, 19
Exercise 3: Proper Care of the Microscope, 20
Exercise 4: Microscopic Observation of Prepared Slides, 20
Exercise 5: Microscopic Observation of a Human Hair, 21
SELF-TEST, 23
Case Study, 27
Chapter: Unit 3: Cells, 29
A. Cell Structure, 29
Exercise 1: Animal Cell Structure, 30
Exercise 2: Observation of Oral Mucosa Cells, 32
Exercise 3: Mitosis, 32
B. Cell Physiology, 34
Exercise 1: Diffusion, 34
Exercise 2: Osmosis, 35
Exercise 3: Dialysis, 36
Exercise 4: Hypertonic, Isotonic, and Hypotonic Solutions, 37
SELF-TEST, 39
Case Study, 43
Chapter: Unit 4: Tissues, 45
Exercise 1: Microscopic Identification of Tissue Types, 47
Exercise 2: Microscopic Identification of the Skin, 69
Exercise 3: Human Skin, 76
Exercise 4: Human Fingerprints, 76
SELF-TEST, 81
Case Study, 86
Chapter: Unit 5: The Skeletal System, 87
A. Skeletal Anatomy, 87
Exercise 1: Microscopic Examination of Osseous Tissue, 87
Exercise 2: Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone, 88
Exercise 3: Identification of Bones of the Human Skeleton, 89
Exercise 4: Identification of Bone Markings, 93
B. Identification of Joints, 134
Exercise 1: Synarthroses, 134
Exercise 2: Diarthroses, 136
SELF-TEST, 143
Case Study, 148
Chapter: Unit 6: The Muscular System, 149
A. Human Musculature, 149
Exercise 1: Microscopic Identification of Muscle Types and Myoneural Junctions, 149
Exercise 2: Identification of Muscles, 152
B. Cat Musculature, 176
Exercise 1: Skinning the Cat, 176
Exercise 2: Identification of Muscles, 178
C. The Physiology of Muscle Contraction, 210
Exercise 1: Chemistry of Muscle Contraction, 211
Exercise 2: Muscle Tone and Graded Muscle Contraction, 212
Exercise 3: Muscle Fatigue, 213
SELF-TEST, 215
Case Study, 219
Chapter: Unit 7: The Nervous System, 221
A. Nervous System Anatomy, 221
Exercise 1: Cytological Characteristics of Neurons, 223
Exercise 2: Microscopic Examination of Cerebrum and Cerebellum, 224
Exercise 3: The Spinal Cord, 227
Exercise 4: Examination of Meninges, 228
Exercise 5: Examination of a Brain, 229
Exercise 6: Examination of Cranial Nerves, 235
Exercise 7: Examination of Spinal Nerves, 235
B. Nervous System Physiology, 238
Exercise 1: Human Reflexes, 238
Exercise 2: Tests for Human Cranial Nerve Function, 240
Exercise 3: Tests for Human Cerebellar Functions, 243
SELF-TEST, 245
Case Study, 249
Chapter: Unit 8: The Special Senses, 251
A. The Eye and Vision, 251
Exercise 1: Anatomy of the Eyeball, 251
Exercise 2: Microscopic Examination of the Eye, 256
Exercise 3: Visual Acuity, 258
Exercise 4: Location of the Blind Spot, 259
Exercise 5: Tests for Color Blindness, 259
Exercise 6: Afterimages, 260
B. The Ear, Hearing, and Equilibrium, 261
Exercise 1: Anatomy of the Ear, 261
Exercise 2: Microscopic Examination of the Ear, 264
Exercise 3: Hearing Tests, 265
Exercise 4: Nystagmus, 266
C. Olfactory, Taste, and Cutaneous Receptors, 267
Exercise 1: Olfactory Discrimination, 267
Exercise 2: Taste, 268
Exercise 3: Cutaneous Receptors, 269
SELF-TEST, 273
Case Study, 277
Chapter: Unit 9: The Endocrine System, 279
A. The Endocrine Glands, 279
Exercise 1: Anatomy of Endocrine Glands, 280
Exercise 2: Microscopic Study of the Endocrine Glands, 284
B. Endocrine System Physiology, 290
Exercise 1: Determination of Blood Glucose Level Using an Electronic Blood Glucose Monitor, 290
Exercise 2: Insulin Shock in Fish, 292
SELF-TEST, 295
Case Study, 298
Chapter: Unit 10: The Blood, Lymphatic, and Cardiovascular Systems, 299
A. Anatomy of the Blood, Lymphatic System, Blood Vessels, and Heart, 299
Exercise 1: Microscopic Examination of Blood, 300
Exercise 2: The Lymphatic System, 305
Exercise 3: Microscopic Examination of an Artery, Vein, Capillary, and Nerve, 311
Exercise 4: The Human Heart, 315
Exercise 5: Dissection of the Sheep Heart, 320
Exercise 6: Dissection of the Cat Heart, 322
Exercise 7: Dissection of the Cat Circulatory System with Reference to the Human, 324
Exercise 8: Human Fetal Circulation, 338
B. Human Blood Physiology, 340
Exercise 1: Determination of ABO and Rh Blood Types, 340
Exercise 2: Hemoglobin Estimation, 342
Exercise 3: Pulse Determination, 343
Exercise 4: Blood Pressure Determination, 345
C. Cardiac Muscle Physiology, 348
Exercise 1: The Human Electrocardiogram, 348
SELF-TEST, 351
Case Studies, 356
Chapter: Unit 11: The Respiratory System, 359
A. Respiratory System Anatomy, 359
Exercise 1: Examination of Prepared Slides of the Lung and Trachea, 360
Exercise 2: Anatomy of Human Respiratory Organs, 362
Exercise 3: Thoracic Cavity Structures, 369
Exercise 4: Cat Respiratory Organs, 369
B. Respiratory Measurement, 371
Exercise 1: Spirometric Measurement and Calculation of Standard Respiratory Volumes, 371
Exercise 2: Determination of Respiratory Variations, 374
SELF-TEST, 375
Case Study, 379
Chapter: Unit 12: The Digestive System, 381
A. Digestive Anatomy, 381
Exercise 1: Human Digestive Anatomy, 381
Exercise 2: Cat Digestive Anatomy, 387
Exercise 3: Microscopic Examination of Digestive Tissue, 392
B. Digestive Chemistry, 413
Exercise 1: Tests for Properties of Proteins, 413
Exercise 2: Tests for Properties of Carbohydrates, 415
Exercise 3: Tests for Properties of Fats, 418
Exercise 4: Nutrition, 423
SELF-TEST, 427
Case Studies, 430
Chapter: Unit 13: The Urinary System, 433
A. Urinary System Anatomy, 433
Exercise 1: Microscopic Examination of Renal Tissue, 433
Exercise 2: Gross Anatomy of a Kidney, 436
Exercise 3: Anatomical Features of the Human Urinary System, 438
Exercise 4: Anatomical Features of the Male and Female Cat Urinary Systems, 441
B. Urinary System Physiology, 444
Exercise 1: Formation of Urine, 444
Exercise 2: Routine Urinalysis, 447
Exercise 3: Urine Screening Tests, 451
SELF-TEST, 455
Case Study, 459
Chapter: Unit 14: Acid-Base Balance, 461
A. The Measurement of pH, 461
Exercise 1: Measuring the pH of Common Solutions, 461
Exercise 2: Determining the pH of Biological Solutions, 465
B. The Regulation of pH, 466
Exercise 1: Buffer Systems, 466
Exercise 2: Maintaining Acid-Base Balance in the Body, 468
Exercise 3: Disorders of Acid-Base Balance: Acidosis and Alkalosis, 469
SELF-TEST, 473
Case Study, 476
Chapter: Unit 15: The Reproductive System, 477
A. Reproductive System Anatomy, 477
Exercise 1: Human Reproductive Organs, 477
Exercise 2: Cat Reproductive Organs, 483
Exercise 3: Observation of Pregnant Pig Uterus and Bull Testicle, 486
Exercise 4: Microscopic Study of an Ovary and Uterus, 486
Exercise 5: Microscopic Study of a Testis and Penis, 492
B. Reproductive System Physiology, 497
Exercise 1: The Female Sexual Cycle, 497
Exercise 2: Urinary hCG as an Indicator of Pregnancy, 499
Exercise 3: Prenatal Development, 499
SELF-TEST, 505
Case Study, 510
Glossary/Index, 511
Measurement Appendix, 529
Solution Appendix, 529
Photo Credits, 531

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