Tabs for Contents, notes, highlights

Hide Contents, Notes, and Highlights

Search TermsShow Hide

« Back to eTextbook

Copyright, ii
Preface, v
Philosophy, v
Organization, v
Themes and Key Features, vi
Holistic Care, vi
Critical Thinking, vi
Validating Practice, vi
Tools for Care, vi
Teaching Ancillaries and Other Related Products, vii
Instructor's Resouse Disk, vii
Electronic Study Guide, vii
DavisPlus Website, viii
Clinical Pocket Companion to Maternal-Child Nursing, viii
Acknowledgments, ix
Contributors, xi
Reviewers, xv
Special Features, xxxi
Unit One: Foundations in Maternal, Family, and Child Care, 1
Chapter 1: Traditional and Community Nursing Care for Women, Families, and Children, 3
Introduction, 4
Traditional Nursing Care, 4
Historical Perspective, 4
Health–wellness Continuum, 5
Changing Demands And Demographics, 7
Professional Nursing Roles, 7
Contemporary Nursing Care, 8
Current Health Care Settings, 8
Family-Centered Care, 10
Combining Modern Technology With The Caring Touch, 11
Professional Nursing Roles, 13
The Caring Art and Science of Nursing, 13
Theories That Frame Caring As The Core Of Nursing, 14
Essential Characteristics Of Caring, 14
Professional Nursing Roles, 15
Evidence-Based Practice, 18
The Nursing Process, 19
Chapter 2: Contemporary Issues in Women’s, Families’, and Children’s Health Care, 25
Introduction, 26
Framework: The Public Health Intervention Model, 26
How The Intervention Wheel Works, 27
Healthy People 2010: A Blueprint for Action, 28
Overview of Selected Societal Trends, 29
Aging Population With More Chronic Illnesses, 29
Increased Racial And Ethnic Diversity, 29
Disparities In Health Care, 30
Childbirth Trends, 30
Patterns Of Physical Fitness, 30
The Intersection Of Race, Class, And Health, 31
The Current Health Status of the Nation, 31
Infants And Young Children, 31
Families, 33
Women, 33
Politics, Socioeconomics, and Culture: Contemporary Influences and Trends, 34
Political Influences And Trends, 34
Socioeconomic Influences And Trends, 35
Personal And Cultural Influences And Trends, 37
Health Care for the Nation, 38
Delivery Systems, 39
Challenges For Nurses In Contemporary Society, 39
Contemporary Issues And Nursing Roles, 41
Chapter 3: The Evolving Family, 46
Introduction, 47
The Evolving Family, 47
Viewing The Family In A Nursing Context, 47
The Healthy People 2010 National Initiative, 47
Families Today, 47
The Changing Family As Reflected In The Media, 48
Stressors On Families Today, 49
Family Theories and Models, 50
Family Systems Theory, 51
Family Developmental Stages And Theory, 52
Structural–Functional Theory, 53
Communication Theory, 53
Group Theory, 54
Bowen’s Family Systems Theory, 54
Nursing Theories, 54
Family Assessment, 55
The Nursing Role In Family Assessment, 55
Tools To Facilitate The Family Assessment, 56
Components Of The Family Assessment, 58
Assessment Of Roles And Relationships, 59
Assessment Of The Family Developmental Stage, 59
Assessment Of Family Rituals, 60
Assessment For Triangulation, 60
Assessment For The Presence Of Dyads And Other Subsystems, 60
Family-Centered Care, 61
Nursing Diagnosis: Altered Family Processes, 61
Families with Special Needs, 62
Hospitalization, 62
Chronic Mental Illness, 62
Substance Abuse, 63
Sexual Or Physical Abuse, 64
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, 64
Chronic Physical Illness, 65
Death Of A Family Member, 65
Family Cultural Characteristics, 66
Acculturation And Assimilation, 66
Identity, 66
Connectedness, 67
Communication Patterns, 67
Socioeconomic Class, 67
Holistic Nursing Encompasses A Culturally Sensitive Family Approach, 67
Chapter 4: Caring for Women, Families, and Children in Contemporary Society, 71
Introduction, 72
Health Promotion Screening, 73
Health Screening Schedule, 73
Infant and Child Health, 73
Nutritional Guidance, 73
Dental Care, 76
Sleep And Rest, 76
Safety, 78
Play, 79
Immunizations, 80
Sexuality, 80
Adolescent Health, 80
Nutrition, 82
Sleep And Rest, 84
Safety, 84
Health Promotion, 87
Menstrual Disorders, 91
Young Adulthood Health, 92
Safety, 92
Health Promotion, 93
Middle Adulthood Health, 95
Health Promotion Screening, 96
The Climacteric, Menopause, Perimenopause, And Postmenopause, 99
Gynecological Disorders, 101
Older Adulthood Health, 102
Health Promotion, 102
Common Health Problems In Women, 103
Prostate Cancer Screening, 105
Mental And Emotional Health, 106
Unit Two: The Process of Human Reproduction, 111
Chapter 5: Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology, 113
Introduction, 114
Sexual Differentiation in the Embryo, 114
Male Gender, 114
Female Gender, 114
Female Reproductive System, 115
External Structures (Pudendum Muliebre), 115
Pelvic Floor, 116
Internal Structures, 116
Accessory Organs, 118
Uterine Anatomy, 119
Corpus, 119
Isthmus, 119
Cervix, 119
Uterine Support Structures, 120
Vagina, 121
Ureters, Bladder, and Urethra, 121
Bony Pelvis, 121
True/False Pelves, 121
Pelvic Diameters and Planes, 122
Pelvic Types, 123
Breasts, 123
Parts Of The Breast, 124
The Interplay of Hormones and Reproduction, 124
Hormones Released By The Hypothalamus, 124
Hormones Released By The Pituitary Gland, 124
Hormones Released By The Gonads, 125
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, Prostaglandins, And Relaxin, 126
Sexual Maturation, 127
Puberty, 127
Female Secondary Sexual Characteristics, 127
The Menstrual Cycle and Reproduction, 128
Uterine (Endometrial) Cycle, 128
Menstrual Phase, 128
Proliferative Phase, 128
Secretory Phase, 128
Ischemic Phase, 129
Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Ovarian Cycle, 129
Hypothalamic–Pituitary Component, 129
Ovarian Component, 129
Follicular Phase, 129
Luteal Phase, 129
Body Changes Related to the Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation, 129
Natural Cessation of Menses, 130
Climacteric Phase, 130
Perimenopausal Phase, 130
Menopause, 130
Postmenopausal Phase, 130
Male Reproductive System, 131
External Structures, 131
Internal Structures, 132
Characteristics of Semen and Sperm, 132
Male Hormonal Influences, 134
Testosterone, 134
Fertility, 134
Age-Related Development of the Male Reproductive System, 134
Chapter 6: Human Sexuality and Fertility, 137
Introduction, 138
Sexuality and Reproductive Health Care, 138
The Human Sexual Response, 138
Exploring Dimensions Of Sexuality, 139
A Nursing Framework for Promoting Women’s Sexual and Reproductive Health, 139
Assessment, 139
Nursing Diagnoses For Patients Seeking Contraceptive Care, 140
Planning And Implementation Of Care, 140
Evaluation, 142
Toward Achieving the National Goals for Reproductive Life Planning, 142
Providing Contraceptive Care: Methods of Contraception, 143
Medication-Free Contraception, 143
Coitus Interruptus, 143
Lactational Amenorrhea Method (Breastfeeding), 143
Abstinence, 144
Barrier Methods, 144
Hormonal Methods, 147
Injectable Hormonal Contraceptive Methods, 150
Subdermal Hormonal Implant, 151
Intrauterine Devices, 151
Sterilization, 152
Clinical Termination of Pregnancy, 153
Nursing Care Related To Elective Pregnancy Termination, 153
Surgical Termination Of Pregnancy, 153
Medical Termination Of Pregnancy, 154
The Nurse’s Role in Infertility Care, 154
The Initial Assessment, 154
Later Methods Of Assessment, 155
Treatment Options for Infertility, 156
Medications, 156
Surgical Options, 157
Therapeutic Insemination, 157
Advanced Reproductive Technologies, 158
Infertility, ART, and Potential Effects on the Couple’s Relationship, 159
Lifestyle Choices And Infertility, 159
Additional Options For The Infertile Couple, 159
Chapter 7: Conception and Development of the Embryo and Fetus, 164
Introduction, 165
Basic Concepts of Inheritance, 165
The Human Genome Project, 165
Chromosomes, Dna, And Genes, 165
Inheritance of Disease, 167
Multifactorial Inheritance, 167
Unifactorial Inheritance, 167
Cellular Division, 169
The Process of Fertilization, 170
The Process of Implantation and Placental Development, 171
Development of the Embryo and Fetus, 172
The Yolk Sac, 172
Origin And Function Of The Umbilical Cord, 173
The Fetal Circulatory System, 173
Fetal Membranes And Amniotic Fluid, 174
Human Growth and Development, 175
Pre-Embryonic Period, 175
Embryonic Period, 175
The Fetal Period, 176
Factors that May Adversely Affect Embryonic and Fetal Development, 178
Chromosomes And Teratogens, 178
Torch Infections, 181
The Nurse’s Role in Prenatal Evaluation, 182
Heredity and Genetics, 183
Maternal Age and Chromosomes, 184
Multifetal Pregnancy, 185
The Nurse’s Role in Minimizing Threats to the Developing Embryo and Fetus, 186
Unit Three: The Prenatal Journey, 191
Chapter 8: Physiological and Psychosocial Changes During Pregnancy, 193
Introduction, 194
Physiological Preparation for Pregnancy, 194
Hormonal Influences, 194
Reproductive System, 195
Integumentary System, 197
Neurological System, 197
Cardiovascular System, 198
Respiratory System, 201
Gastrointestinal System, 202
Urinary System, 202
Endocrine System, 203
Musculoskeletal System, 204
Nursing Assessment And Health Education, 205
Psychosocial Adaptations During Pregnancy, 205
Developmental And Family Changes, 205
Maternal Tasks And Role Transition, 207
Paternal Adaptation To Pregnancy, 209
Adaptation Of Siblings And Grandparents, 210
Maternal Adaptation During Absence Of A Significant Other, 210
Cultural Influences And Psychosocial Adaptations, 210
Hazards Of High-Tech Management On Maternal Adaptation, 211
Societal And Cultural Influences On Family Adaptation, 211
Factors That Interfere With Psychosocial Adaptations During Pregnancy, 211
Nursing Assessment Of Psychosocial Changes And Prenatal Health Education, 211
Chapter 9: The Prenatal Assessment, 215
Introduction, 216
A Time of Wonder and Growth…and Ambivalence, 216
Concerns over Self-Preservation, 216
Navigating the Health Care System, 217
CAREing for the Patient, 217
Diminishing Stress and Improving Pregnancy Outcomes, 218
Choosing a Pregnancy Care Provider, 219
The First Prenatal Visit, 220
The Comprehensive Health History, 220
The Obstetric History, 225
Establishing the Estimated Date of Birth, 226
The Pregnancy Classification System, 227
Pregnancy Testing, 228
The Medical History, 229
The Gynecological History, 231
Screening and Diagnostic Tests During Pregnancy, 231
Sexually Transmitted Infections, 232
Cervical Cancer, 233
The Prenatal Physical Examination, 233
Preparing The Patient, 233
Performing The General Assessment, 233
Performing The General Physical Examination, 234
The Focused Obstetric Examination, 236
Subsequent Prenatal Examinations, 242
Assessing Special Populations, 243
The Adolescent, 243
The Pregnant Woman Older Than Age 35, 249
Chapter 10: Promoting a Healthy Pregnancy, 256
Introduction, 257
Planning for Pregnancy, 258
Preconception Counseling: A Tool To Help Promote A Positive Pregnancy Outcome, 258
The Healthy Body, 259
The Healthy Mind, 263
Nutrition and Weight Gain, 264
Important Nutritional Elements, 265
Weight Gain During Pregnancy, 267
Planning Daily Food Intake, 268
Factors Affecting Nutrition During Pregnancy, 270
Exercise, Work, and Rest During Pregnancy, 271
Exercise And Travel, 271
Work, 272
Rest, 273
Medications, 274
Safe Versus Teratogenic Medications, 274
FDA Classification System For Medications Used During Pregnancy, 275
Common Discomforts During Pregnancy, 276
Nausea, 276
Vomiting, 276
Ptyalism, 277
Fatigue, 277
Nasal Congestion, 277
Upper And Lower Backache, 277
Leukorrhea, 277
Urinary Frequency, 277
Dyspepsia, 277
Flatulence, 278
Constipation, 278
Dental Problems, 278
Leg Cramps, 278
Dependent Edema, 278
Varicosities, 278
Dyspareunia, 278
Nocturia, 279
Insomnia, 279
Round Ligament Pain, 279
Hyperventilation And Shortness Of Breath, 279
Numbness And Tingling In The Fingers, 279
Supine Hypotensive Syndrome, 279
Recognizing Signs and Symptoms of Danger, 279
First Trimester, 279
Second Trimester, 280
Third Trimester, 280
Using a Pregnancy Map to Guide Prenatal Visits, 281
Childbirth Education to Promote a Positive Childbearing Experience, 281
Methods Of Childbirth Preparation, 281
Finding Information On Childbirth Education, 286
Creating A Birth Plan, 286
Chapter 11: Caring for the Woman Experiencing Complications During Pregnancy, 291
Introduction, 292
Early Pregnancy Complications, 292
Perinatal Loss, 292
Ectopic Pregnancy, 293
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease, 294
Spontaneous Abortion, 295
Incompetent Cervix, 296
Hyperemesis Gravidarum, 297
Hemorrhagic Disorders, 297
Obstetric Causes of Vaginal Bleeding, 298
Placenta Previa, 298
Placental Abruption, 299
Preterm Labor, 300
Incidence, 300
Etiology And Risk Factors, 300
Morbidity And Mortality, 301
Diagnosis, 301
Biochemical Markers, 301
Management, 301
Premature Rupture of the Membranes, 303
Pathophysiology, 303
Diagnosis, 303
Management, 303
Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy, 304
Classifications And Definitions, 304
Preeclampsia, 305
Pathophysiology, 305
Risk Factors For Preeclampsia/Eclampsia, 306
Maternal And Fetal Morbidity And Mortality, 306
Management Of Preeclampsia/Eclampsia, 307
Nursing Assessments, 309
Identifying Hypertension, 310
Significance Of Proteinuria, 310
Assessing Edema, 310
Central Nervous System Alterations, 310
Eclampsia, 311
HELLP Syndrome, 312
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy, 313
Nursing Care, 313
Multiple Gestation, 313
Incidence, 313
Associated Complications, 313
Maternal And Fetal Morbidity And Mortality, 314
Diagnosis, 314
Management, 314
Nursing Implications, 314
Infections, 315
Urinary Tract Infection, 315
TORCH Infections, 316
Sexually Transmitted Infections, 316
Tuberculosis, 323
Inflammatory Disease and Pregnancy, 323
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, 323
Hemoglobinopathies of Pregnancy, 324
Sickle Cell Disease, 325
Thalassemia, 325
Rh°(D) Isoimmunization, 326
Pathophysiology, 326
Management, 328
ABO, 328
Respiratory Complications, 328
Pneumonia, 328
Asthma, 329
Cystic Fibrosis, 329
Cardiovascular Disease, 330
Management, 331
Nursing Implications For The Pregnant Cardiac Patient, 332
Mitral Valve Prolapse, 332
Peripartum Cardiomyopathy, 332
Diabetes in Pregnancy, 333
Definition And Classification Of Diabetes Mellitus, 333
Risk Factors For Gestational Diabetes, 333
Pathophysiology, 333
Maternal And Perinatal Morbidity And Mortality, 334
Screening And Diagnosis, 335
Management, 335
The Thyroid Gland and Pregnancy, 335
Hyperthyroidism, 335
Hypothyroidism, 337
Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism, 337
Pathophysiology, 338
Incidence And Risk Factors, 338
Psychiatric Complications During Pregnancy, 338
Consulting With The Pregnant Psychiatric Patient, 338
Depression, 339
Management, 339
Substance Abuse in Pregnancy, 339
Substance Addiction, 339
Antepartum Fetal Assessment, 340
Chorionic Villus Sampling, 340
Percutaneous Umbilical Blood Sampling, 340
Amniocentesis, 340
Additional Invasive Tests, 341
Ultrasonography, 341
Kick Counts, 341
Doppler Ultrasound Blood Flow Studies (Umbilical Velocimetry), 341
Fetal Biophysical Profile, 342
Nonstress Test, 342
Acoustic Stimulation/vibroacoustic Stimulation, 342
Contraction Stress Test, 342
Electronic Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring, 343
Special Conditions and Circumstances that May Complicate Pregnancy, 343
The Pregnant Woman Who Requires Antenatal Bedrest, 343
Adolescent Pregnant Patient, 344
Advanced Age Pregnant Patient, 344
The Pregnant Patient Who Has Suffered Trauma, 344
Surgery During Pregnancy, 345
Cancer During Pregnancy, 345
Obesity, 345
The Patient With A Disability, 346
Intimate Partner Violence During Pregnancy, 346
Unit Four: The Birth Experience, 353
Chapter 12: The Process of Labor and Birth, 355
Introduction, 356
Theories Concerning Labor Onset, 356
The Process of Labor and Birth, 356
Powers, 357
Passageway, 359
Passenger, 359
Passageway + Passenger, 364
Psychosocial Influences, 366
Signs and Symptoms of Impending Labor, 366
Lightening, 366
Braxton-Hicks Contractions, 366
Cervical Changes, 367
Bloody Show, 367
Rupture Of The Membranes, 367
Energy Spurt, 367
Weight Loss, 367
Gastrointestinal Disturbances, 367
Distinguishing True Labor from False Labor, 367
Childbirth Settings and Labor Support, 369
Routine Hospital and Birth Center Admission Procedures, 369
Establishing A Positive Relationship, 370
Collecting Admission Data, 370
Initial Admission Assessments, 370
The Focused Assessment, 370
The Psychosocial Assessment, 371
The Cultural Assessment, 371
Laboratory Tests, 371
Documentation of Admission, 371
First Stage of Labor, 372
Latent Phase, 372
Active Phase, 372
Transition Phase, 372
Nursing Care During The First Stage Of Labor, 372
Labor Support, 374
Presence, 374
Promotion Of Comfort, 374
Anticipatory Guidance, 376
Caring For The Birth Partner, 376
Ensuring Culture-Centered Care, 376
Assessment of the Fetus During Labor and Birth, 377
Fetal Position, 377
Assessment Of The Fetal Heart Rate, 378
Variability, 381
Accelerations, 382
Decelerations, 382
Interpretation Of FHR Tracings, 384
Nursing Interventions And Diagnoses, 384
Second Stage of Labor, 385
Promoting Effective Pushing, 385
Achieving A Position Of Comfort, 386
Preparation For The Birth, 386
Episiotomy, 386
Birth, 387
The Cardinal Movements, 387
Clamping The Umbilical Cord, 388
Possible Nursing Diagnoses for the Intrapartal Patient, 389
Third and Fourth Stages of Labor, 389
Third Stage of Labor, 389
Nursing Care Of The Mother During The Third Stage Of Labor, 391
Immediate Nursing Care of the Newborn, 392
The Apgar Scoring System, 392
Identification Of The Newborn, 393
Fourth Stage of Labor, 393
Nursing Care During The Fourth Stage Of Labor, 393
Chapter 13: Promoting Patient Comfort During Labor and Birth, 399
Introduction, 400
The Physiology of Pain During Labor and Birth, 400
Defining Pain, 400
Physical Causes Of Pain Related To Labor And Birth, 401
Pain Perception And Expression, 401
Factors That Affect Maternal Pain Response, 402
The Effects Of Prepared Childbirth On Pain Pathways, 403
Benefits Of Comfort And Support On Pain Perception, 404
Providing Comfort and Pain Relief, 404
Nonpharmacological Pain Relief Measures, 405
Pharmacological Pain Relief Measures, 410
Sedatives And Antiemetics, 411
Differentiating Analgesia From Anesthesia, 412
Systemic Analgesia, 413
Nerve Block Analgesia And Anesthesia, 415
General Anesthesia, 421
Nursing Care for the Patient Receiving Interventions to Promote Comfort During Labor and Birth, 422
Nursing Assessment And Diagnoses, 422
Chapter 14: Caring for the Woman Experiencing Complications During Labor and Birth, 427
Introduction, 428
Dystocia, 429
Dysfunctional Labor Patterns, 429
Hypertonic Labor, 429
Hypotonic Labor, 430
Precipitate Labor And Birth, 431
Pelvic Structure Alterations, 432
Trial Of Labor, 432
Obstetric Interventions, 432
Amnioinfusion, 432
Amniotomy, 432
Pharmacological Induction of Labor, 433
Indications For Induction, 433
Nursing Considerations, 436
Instrumentation Assistance Of Birth, 437
Maternal Conditions that Complicate Childbirth, 439
Hypertensive Disorders, 439
Diabetes, 440
Preterm Labor And Birth, 441
Complications of Labor and Birth Associated with the Fetus, 442
Fetal Malpresentation, 442
Version, 443
Shoulder Dystocia, 444
Cephalopelvic Disproportion, 445
Multiple Gestation, 445
Non-Reassuring FHR Patterns, 446
Amniotic Fluid Complications, 448
Oligohydramnios, 448
Hydramnios, 448
Meconium, 448
Nuchal Cord, 448
Complications Associated with the Placenta, 448
Placenta Previa, 448
Placental Abruption, 450
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation, 451
Rupture Of The Uterus, 451
Uterine Inversion, 453
Umbilical Cord Prolapse, 453
Variations Related To Umbilical Cord Insertion And The Placenta, 455
Amniotic Fluid Embolism, 456
Collaboration in Perinatal Emergencies, 456
Perinatal Fetal Loss, 457
Cultural Aspects Of Loss, 458
Cesarean Birth, 458
Definition And Incidence, 458
Indications, 458
Ethical Considerations Of Elective Cesarean Birth, 458
Surgical Procedures, 459
Nursing Care, 459
Surgical Care, 460
Postoperative Care, 460
Vaginal Birth After Cesarean, 460
Nursing Implications, 460
Research Findings And Implications, 461
Postterm Pregnancy/Prolonged Pregnancy, 461
Medical Management, 462
Nursing Implications, 462
Unit Five: Care of the New Family, 467
Chapter 15: Caring for the Postpartal Woman and Her Family, 469
Introduction, 470
Ensuring Safety for the Mother and Infant, 470
Early Maternal Assessment, 471
Vital Signs, 471
Fundus, Lochia, Perineum, 472
Hemorrhoids, 473
A Concise Postpartum Assessment Guide to Facilitate Nursing Care, 473
The BUBBLE-HE Mnemonic, 473
Maternal Physiological Adaptations and Continued Assessment of the Patient, 481
Hematological And Metabolic Systems, 481
Neurological System, 483
Renal System, Fluid, And Electrolytes, 483
Respiratory System, 483
Integumentary System, 483
Cardiovascular System, 483
Immune System, 484
Reproductive System, 484
Gastrointestinal System, 484
Musculoskeletal System, 485
Care for the Multicultural Family, 485
Enhancing Cultural Sensitivity, 485
Cultural Influences On The Puerperium, 485
Clinical Implications Of Culturally Appropriate Care, 486
Promoting Recovery and Self-Care in the Puerperium, 486
Activity And Rest, 486
Nourishment, 486
Elimination, 486
Perineal Care, 487
Discomfort Related To Afterpains, 487
Special Considerations For Women With Hiv/aids, 487
Care of the Postpartal Surgical Patient, 488
Permanent Sterilization (Tubal Ligation), 488
Care Of The Patient After A Cesarean Birth, 488
Care Of The Incisional Wound, 488
Recovery From Anesthesia, 488
Facilitating Infant Nourishment: Educating Parents to Make Informed Choices, 489
Enhancing Understanding Of The Process Of Lactation, 490
Assisting The Mother Who Chooses To Breastfeed: Strategies For Breastfeeding Success, 491
Evaluation Of Nourishment: Infant Weight Gain, 494
Positions For Breastfeeding, 494
Problems That Result In Ineffective Breastfeeding, 495
Collecting And Storing Breast Milk, 496
Infant Weaning, 497
Assisting The Mother Who Chooses To Formula-Feed Her Infant, 497
Promoting Family and Infant Bonding, 498
Facilitating The Transition To Parenthood, 498
Assuming The Mothering Role, 498
Bonding and Attachment, 499
Maternal, 499
Paternal, 500
Factors That May Interrupt The Bonding Process, 500
Adjustment Of Siblings To The Newborn, 501
Adjustment Of Grandparents To The Newborn, 501
Emotional and Physiological Adjustments During the Puerperium, 502
Emotional Events, 502
Physiological Responses To Emotional Events, 502
Postpartal Discharge Planning and Teaching, 503
Promoting Maternal Self Care, 503
Components Of Maternal Self-Assessment, 503
Planning For The Follow-Up Examination, 506
Patients with Special Needs During the Puerperium, 506
Care Of The Adolescent, 506
The Woman Who Is Placing Her Infant For Adoption, 507
The Older Woman, 507
Community Resources for the New Family, 507
Support Groups, 507
Home Visits, 507
Telephone Follow-Up, 507
Outpatient Clinics, 507
Chapter 16: Caring for the Woman Experiencing Complications During the Postpartal Period, 511
Introduction, 512
Postpartum Hemorrhage, 512
Incidence And Definition, 512
Early Versus Late Hemorrhage, 513
Uterine Atony, 513
Trauma, 513
Tissue, 514
Thrombin, 514
Late Postpartum Hemorrhage, 514
Hypovolemic Shock, 514
Collaborative Management Of PPH, 515
Hematomas, 518
Definition, Incidence, And Risk Factors, 518
Signs And Symptoms, 518
Collaborative Management, 518
Puerperal (Postpartum) Infections, 520
Definition And Incidence, 520
Types Of Puerperal Infections, 520
Nursing Assessment, 520
Collaborative Management, 520
Thrombophlebitis and Thrombosis, 527
Definition, Incidence, And Risk Factors, 527
Pathophysiology, 527
Signs And Symptoms, 527
Diagnostic Tests, 528
Collaborative Management, 528
Pulmonary Embolus, 530
Postpartum Psychosocial Complications, 530
Postpartum Blues, 530
Postpartum Depression, 530
Postpartum Psychosis, 532
Summarizing Postpartum Psychosocial Nursing Care, 534
Postpartum Nursing for Vulnerable Populations, 534
Victims Of Abuse, 535
Undocumented Immigrants And Minority Health Care, 536
Homelessness And Limited Access To Care, 537
Postpartum Care Of Vulnerable Populations, 537
Chapter 17: Physiological Transition of the Newborn, 541
Introduction, 542
Adaptations of the Respiratory System, 542
Intrapulmonary Fluid, Fetal Breathing Movements, And Surfactant, 542
The First Breath, 543
Factors That May Interfere With Initiation And Maintenance Of Respirations, 544
Cardiopulmonary Transitions, 545
Cardiovascular Adaptation, 546
Changes After Placental Expulsion, 546
Assessing The Cardiovascular Transition, 547
Thermogenic Adaptation, 547
The Neutral Thermal Environment, 547
Factors Related To Cold Stress, 548
Physiological Adaptations For Heat Production, 548
Mechanisms For Neonatal Heat Loss, 548
Preventing Hyperthermia, 549
Hematopoietic Adaptation, 550
Blood Volume, 550
Blood Components, 550
Hepatic Adaptation, 551
Glycogen And Blood Glucose Maintenance, 551
Iron Storage, 552
Conjugation Of Bilirubin, 552
Coagulation Of Blood, 555
Gastrointestinal Adaptation, 555
Stomach And Digestive Enzymes, 555
Intestinal Peristalsis, 555
Genitourinary Adaptation, 555
Kidney Function, 555
Immunological Adaptation, 557
Psychosocial Adaptation, 557
Early Stages Of Activity, 557
Newborn Behavioral States, 558
Sleep States, 558
Alert States, 558
Chapter 18: Caring for the Normal Newborn, 563
Introduction, 564
The Immediate Neonatal Assessment, 564
Identification, 566
Infection And Injury Prevention, 567
The Later Neonatal Assessment, 569
Body Positioning, 569
Skin Color, 570
Body Size, 571
Level Of Reactivity, 571
Obtaining Measurements And Determining The Gestational Age, 571
Conducting and Documenting the Neonatal Physical Assessment, 574
Assessment Of The Neonate: A Systems Approach, 574
Enhancing the Neonate’s Transition to Extrauterine Life, 593
Temperature Assessment, 593
Bathing The Newborn, 593
Nail Care And Umbilical Cord Care, 594
Clothing, 594
Diapering, 594
Fostering Attachment, 595
Circumcision, 596
Ensuring Optimal Nutrition, 597
Discharge Planning for the Infant and Family, 598
Child Care, 598
Newborn Metabolic Screening Tests, 599
Chapter 19: Caring for the Newborn at Risk, 603
Introduction, 604
The High-Risk Newborn, 605
Classification Of High-Risk Newborns, 605
Small-For-Gestational-Age Infants, 606
Conditions Affecting The SGA Newborn, 607
Large-For-Gestational–Age Infants, 610
Conditions Affecting The LGA Newborn, 611
The Premature Newborn, 614
Physical Assessment Of The Premature Newborn, 614
Conditions Affecting The Premature Newborn, 614
The Postterm Newborn, 621
Conditions Affecting The Postterm Newborn, 621
Additional Conditions Affecting the High-Risk Newborn, 622
Metabolic Conditions, 622
Neurological Conditions, 624
Gastrointestinal Conditions, 625
Abdominal Wall Defects, 626
Infections In The Newborn, 627
Developmental Delay, 628
Care of the High-Risk Newborn, 629
Blood Pressure, 629
Nutritional Care, 629
Developmental Care, 631
The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, 632
Classification Of The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, 633
Transporting The Preterm Newborn, 633
Discharge Planning, 634
Unit Six: Caring for the Child and Family, 639
Chapter 20: Caring for the Developing Child, 641
Introduction, 642
Influences on Growth and Development, 642
Principles of Childhood Growth and Development, 642
Growth and Development Theories, 643
Psychosocial Development Theories, 643
Attachment Theories, 645
Learning Theories, 645
Cognitive Theories, 646
Intelligence Theories, 647
Moral Development Theories, 647
Spiritual Development Theories, 650
Family Development Theories, 651
Temperament, 651
Newborn and Infant, 652
Reflexes And Neurological Development, 652
Sensory Development, 652
Physical Development, 653
Cognitive Development, 653
Language, 654
Psychosocial Development, 654
Discipline, 655
Toddler (1 to 3 years), 655
Physical Development, 655
Cognitive Development, 655
Language Development, 656
Psychosocial Development, 656
Moral Development, 656
Discipline, 656
Temper Tantrums, 656
Early Childhood (Preschooler) (3 to 6 years), 657
Physical Development, 657
Cognitive Development, 657
Language, 657
Psychosocial Development, 658
Moral Development, 658
Discipline, 658
School-Age Child (6 to 12 years), 658
Physical Development, 658
Cognitive Development, 659
Language Development, 659
Psychosocial Development, 659
Moral Development, 659
Discipline, 660
Adolescence (12 to 19 years), 660
Physical Development, 660
Cognitive Development, 660
Language, 660
Psychosocial Development, 660
Moral Development, 660
Discipline, 660
Chapter 21: Caring for the Child in the Hospital and in the Community, 664
Introduction, 665
Gathering the Child’s Health History, 665
Establishing A Relationship With The Patient And The Family, 665
Asking Questions, 666
Comprehensive Health History, 666
Health Assessment, 672
Anthropometric Measurements, 672
Vital Signs, 673
Physical Assessment, 673
Routine Health Screening, 681
General Care Measures for the Child in the Hospital or Clinic Setting, 682
Bathing, 682
Feeding, 683
Rest, 683
Safety Measures, 683
Infection Control Measures, 684
Fever-Reducing Measures, 684
Emotional And Spiritual Support, 685
Common Procedures for the Child in the Hospital or Clinic Setting, 685
Explaining Procedures, 685
Informed Consent, 687
Intravenous Lines, 687
Measuring Intake And Output, 688
X-Ray Exams, 688
Specimen Collection, 688
Restraining The Child, 691
The Child in Pain, 692
Pain Assessment And Management, 692
The Child with Disabilities, 694
Emotional Concerns, 694
Developmental Concerns, 696
Physical Concerns, 696
Caregiver Fatigue, 696
Resiliency, 696
Chapter 22: Caring for the Family Across Care Settings, 701
Introduction, 702
Across Care Settings, 702
Primary Health Care Provider Or Clinic Setting, 703
The Hospitalized Child, 704
Twenty-Four-Hour Observation Unit, 709
Ambulatory Surgery Center, 709
Critical Care Unit, 709
Emergency Department, 710
Community Settings, 710
Clinics, 711
Specialty Camps, 711
Churches, Synagogues, Mosques, 711
Care In School Settings, 712
Unit Seven: Ongoing Care of the Child in the Hospital and in the Community, 715
Caring for the Child with a Psychosocial or Cognitive Condition, 717
Introduction, 718
Developmental Psychopathology, 718
Vulnerability and Resilience, 719
Culture, Diversity, and Health Disparities, 719
Barriers to Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 720
Psychopathology in Children, 720
Anxiety, 720
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, 722
Mood Disorders, 722
Depression, 723
Bipolar Disorder, 723
Suicide, 725
Schizophrenia, 726
Autism Spectrum Disorders, 728
Psychosocial and Cognitive Disorders, 729
Reactive Attachment Disorder, 729
Failure To Thrive, 730
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, 731
Oppositional Defiant Disorder And Conduct Disorder, 732
Tic Disorders, 734
Tourette’s Syndrome, 734
Maltreatment of Children, 735
Substance Use and Abuse, 736
Eating Disorders, 737
Obesity, 738
Sleep Disorders, 739
Developmental Conditions, 740
Developmental Disabilities, 740
Down Syndrome, 742
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, 742
Learning Disorders and Cognitive Impairment, 743
Elimination Disorders, 743
Enuresis, 743
Encopresis, 744
Chapter 24: Caring for the Child with a Respiratory Condition, 750
Introduction, 751
The Child’s Respiratory System, 751
Congenital Respiratory Conditions and Structural Anomalies, 752
Choanal Atresia, 752
Esophageal Atresia And Tracheoesophageal Fistula, 753
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia, 754
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, 756
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia, 757
Cystic Fibrosis, 758
Upper Airway Disorders, 761
Sinusitis, 761
Nasopharyngitis, 762
Pharyngitis, 763
Tonsillitis, 764
Croup Or Laryngotracheobronchitis, 765
Otitis Media/Externa, 766
Otitis Media, 767
Lower Airway Disorders, 768
Bronchitis, 768
Respiratory Syncytial Virus, 768
Pneumonia, 769
Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, 771
Infectious Conditions, 771
Pertussis, 771
Tuberculosis, 772
Influenza, 774
Pulmonary Noninfectious Irritation, 774
Foreign Body Aspiration, 774
Smoke Inhalation, 776
Passive Smoking, 777
Respiratory Conditions Related to Allergens, 778
Allergic Rhinitis, 778
Asthma, 778
Chapter 25: Caring for the Child with a Gastrointestinal Condition, 785
Introduction, 785
Developmental Aspects of the Gastrointestinal System, 786
Structural Gastrointestinal Disorders, 787
Inguinal Hernia, 787
Umbilical Hernia, 788
Anorectal Malformations, 788
Obstructive Gastrointestinal Disorders, 789
Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis, 789
Intussusception, 790
Malrotation And Volvulus, 791
Inflammatory Disorders, 792
Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 792
Inflammatory Bowel Disease, 793
Appendicitis, 795
Omphalitis, 797
Meckel Diverticulum, 797
Functional Gastrointestinal Conditions, 797
Infantile Colic, 797
Acute Diarrhea, 798
Chronic Diarrhea, 800
Vomiting, 800
Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome, 802
Constipation, 803
Encopresis, 805
Gastroesophageal Reflux And Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, 806
Hirschsprung Disease, 807
Malabsorption Disorders, 808
Lactose Intolerance, 808
Celiac Disease, 809
Short Bowel Syndrome, 810
Hepatic Disorders, 811
Biliary Atresia, 811
Cirrhosis, 812
Hepatitis, 813
Abdominal Trauma: Injuries, 814
Chapter 26: Caring for the Child with an Immunological or Infectious Condition, 819
Introduction, 820
The Immune System, 820
The Body’s Defense, 821
Congenital Immunode ciency Disorders, 821
B-Cell Disorders, 822
T-Cell Disorders, 822
B-Lymphocyte Disorders, 822
Combined Immunodeficiency Disorders, 822
Immunode ciency Disorders, 822
Human Immunodeficiency Virus, 822
Transplantation, 827
Nursing Care, 827
Autoimmune Disorders, 827
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, 827
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis, 829
Allergic Reaction, 830
Anaphylaxis, 830
Infectious Diseases of Childhood, 831
Infection, 831
Common Viral Infections, 841
Cytomegalovirus Infections, 841
Herpes Zoster, 842
Smallpox, 842
Infectious Mononucleosis, 842
Common Fungal Infections, 843
Candida Albicans (Oral Thrush), 843
Immunizations, 844
Nursing Care, 846
Animal-Borne Infectious Diseases, 847
Rabies, 847
West Nile Virus, 847
Avian Influenza, 848
An Emerging Issue in Infectious Disease: Resistant Organisms, 849
Antibiotic Alternatives, 849
Chapter 27: Caring for the Child with a Cardiovascular Condition, 853
Introduction, 854
Congenital Heart Disease, 857
Cyanotic Versus Acyanotic Congenital Heart Defects, 857
Segmental Classif cation of Congenital Heart Defects, 857
Defects In The Septum, 857
Defects Of The Vessels And Valves, 860
Conal–Truncal Defects, 864
Combination Defects, 865
Cardiac Diseases, 866
Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis, 866
Kawasaki Disease, 866
Cardiomyopathy, 867
Additional Cardiac Conditions, 868
Cardiac Trauma, 868
Hypertension, 869
Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, 869
Neurally Mediated Syncope, 870
Long Q-T Syndrome, 870
Rhythm Disturbances, 871
Invasive Tests, 871
Cardiac Catheterization, 871
Angiography, 873
Biopsy, 874
Closure Devices, 874
Opening Devices, 874
Nursing Care, 874
Surgical Interventions, 875
Pacemakers, 875
Cardiac Transplantation, 875
Nursing Care for the Child with a Cardiac Condition, 879
Caring For The Child In The Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, 879
Transferring The Stable Child To A Surgical Or Medical Unit, 880
Caring For Children With Cardiac Conditions Across Care Settings, 881
Chapter 28: Caring for the Child with an Endocrinological or Metabolic Condition, 885
Introduction, 887
Pathophysiological Conditions of the Endocrine System, 887
Conditions Of The Anterior Pituitary, 887
Conditions Of The Posterior Pituitary, 892
Conditions Of The Thyroid, 895
Conditions Of The Parathyroid, 897
Conditions Of The Adrenals, 899
Metabolic Conditions, 906
Diabetes Mellitus Type 1, 906
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, 912
Diabetic Ketoacidosis, 914
Chapter 29: Caring for the Child with a Neurological or Sensory Condition, 921
Introduction, 922
Altered States of Consciousness, 922
The Unconscious Child, 923
Persistent Vegetative State, 925
Increased Intracranial Pressure, 926
Seizure Disorders, 929
Inflammatory Neurological Conditions, 933
Meningitis, 933
Encephalitis, 934
Brain Abscess, 936
Reye Syndrome, 936
Guillain-Barré Syndrome, 938
Developmental Neurological Conditions, 939
Spina Bifida, 939
Hydrocephalus, 941
Cerebral Palsy, 944
Neurological Injuries, 945
Near Drowning, 945
Head Injury, 946
Shaken Baby Syndrome, 947
Spinal Cord Injury, 947
Nontraumatic Neurological Conditions, 949
Headaches, 949
Sensory Conditions, 950
Eye Disorders, 950
Eye Injuries, 954
Hearing Loss, 955
Language Disorders, 957
Chapter 30: Caring for the Child with a Musculoskeletal Condition, 962
Introduction, 964
Immobilizing Devices, 965
Casts, 965
Principles of Traction, 968
Skin Traction, 968
Skeletal Traction, 969
Common Musculoskeletal Conditions found in Children, 972
Clubfoot, 972
Legg–Calve–Perthes Disease, 973
Slipped Femoral Capital Epiphysis, 974
Fractures, 975
Soft Tissue Injuries, 977
Sports Injuries, 978
Osgood–Schlatter Disease, 979
Osteomyelitis, 979
Juvenile Arthritis, 980
Muscular Dystrophies, 982
Scoliosis, 983
Kyphosis, 986
Lordosis, 986
Spinal Fusion, 987
Tetanus, 987
Osteogenesis Imperfecta, 989
Osteoporosis, 991
Chapter 31: Caring for the Child with an Integumentary Condition, 995
Introduction, 996
Skin Lesions, 997
Wounds and Wound Healing, 998
Skin Infections, 998
Bacterial Infections, 1002
Viral Infections, 1007
Fungal Infections, 1009
Dermatitis, 1011
Contact Dermatitis, 1011
Atopic Dermatitis, 1011
Seborrheic Dermatitis, 1012
Cutaneous Skin Reactions, 1012
Infestations, 1013
Lice, 1013
Mite Infestation, 1013
Bites and Stings, 1014
Insects, 1014
Animal Bites, 1015
Human Bites, 1017
Diseases from Bites, 1017
Lyme Disease, 1017
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, 1018
Cat Scratch Disease, 1018
Burns, 1019
Thermal Burns, 1019
Chemical Burns, 1020
Electrical, 1020
Radiation, 1020
Classification Of Burns, 1021
Nursing Care, 1022
Hypothermia, 1025
Frostbite, 1027
Pressure Ulcers, 1027
Chapter 32: Caring for the Child with a Renal, Urinary Tract, or Reproductive Condition, 1033
Introduction, 1034
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, 1035
Disorders of the Renal and Urinary Systems, 1038
Urinary Tract Infections, 1038
Vesicoureteral Reflux, 1039
Unexplained Proteinuria, 1042
Hematuria, 1043
Glomerular Disease, 1044
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome, 1046
Henoch–schönlein Purpura, 1047
Chronic Glomerulonephritis, 1047
Structural Defects of the Urinary System, 1048
Renal Trauma, 1048
Acute Renal Failure, 1049
Chronic Renal Failure, 1053
Dialysis in Pediatric Nursing, 1055
Peritoneal Dialysis, 1055
Hemodialysis, 1056
Renal Transplantation, 1057
Functional Disorders of the Urinary Tract, 1058
Dysfunctional Elimination Syndrome/Voiding Dysfunction, 1058
Enuresis, 1059
Exstrophy Of The Bladder, 1061
Reproductive Disorders Affecting Girls, 1061
Vulvovaginitis, 1061
Labial Adhesions, 1062
Amenorrhea, 1062
Reproductive Disorders Affecting Boys, 1063
Varicocele, 1063
Cryptorchidism, 1064
Hypospadias And Epispadias, 1064
Testicular Torsion, 1065
Reproductive Disorders Affecting Both Girls and Boys, 1066
Ambiguous Genitalia, 1066
Chapter 33: Caring for the Child with a Hematological Condition, 1071
Introduction, 1072
Common Hematological Conditions, 1073
Anemia, 1073
Iron-Deficiency Anemia, 1075
Epistaxis, 1076
Sickle Cell Disease, 1077
Thalassemia, 1081
Hereditary Spherocytosis, 1082
Hemophilia, 1082
Von Willebrand’s Disease, 1083
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura, 1085
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation, 1086
Aplastic Anemia, 1087
Neutropenia, 1090
Blood Transfusion Therapy, 1092
Blood Product Administration, 1092
Sensitivity To Cultural And Religious Beliefs, 1096
Transfusion Reactions, 1096
Febrile Reaction, 1096
Allergic Reaction, 1096
Bacterial Contamination, 1097
Circulatory Overload, 1097
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction, 1097
Bone Marrow Transplantation, 1098
Apheresis, 1098
Thrombosis, 1100
Chapter 34: Caring for the Child with Cancer, 1104
Introduction, 1105
Differences Between Childhood and Adult Cancers, 1105
Common Childhood Cancers, 1106
Leukemia, 1106
Solid Tumors, 1110
Bone Tumors, 1114
Lymphomas, 1116
Other Cancers, 1117
Nursing Care of the Child with Cancer, 1118
Nutrition, 1118
Infection, 1118
Chemotherapy, 1118
Radiation, 1119
Surgery, 1122
Pain Control, 1123
Psychosocial Support, 1123
Negative Effects of Chemotherapy, 1123
Nausea And Vomiting, 1124
Alopecia, 1124
Extravasation, 1125
Mucositis, 1125
Diarrhea And Constipation, 1125
Anemia, 1125
Thrombocytopenia, 1126
Neutropenia, 1126
Long-Term Effects Of Cancer Treatments, 1126
Medical Emergencies, 1126
Hemorrhagic Cystitis, 1126
Tumor Lysis Syndrome, 1127
Septic Shock, 1128
The Psychological Impact of Pediatric Cancer, 1128
Chapter 35: Caring for the Child with a Chronic Condition or the Dying Child, 1133
Introduction, 1134
A Chronic Condition and Its Relationship to Technology, 1135
Impact of a Chronic Condition, 1135
Impact Of A Chronic Condition On The Infant, 1136
Impact Of A Chronic Condition On The Toddler, 1136
Impact Of A Chronic Condition On The Preschooler, 1137
Impact Of A Chronic Condition On The School-Age Child, 1137
Impact Of A Chronic Condition On The Adolescent, 1138
Impact Of A Chronic Condition On The Sibling, 1138
The Child Living with a Chronic Condition, 1139
Emotional Responses to a Chronic Condition, 1140
Important Aspects When Caring for a Child with a Chronic Condition, 1140
Establishing A Therapeutic Relationship, 1140
Growth And Development, 1141
Education, 1141
Cultural Issues, 1141
The Dying Child, 1142
Perceptions Of Death, 1142
Before The Child Dies, 1143
Palliative Care, Hospice Care And End-Of-Life Care, 1144
After The Child Dies, 1146
Grieving, 1147
Grief Theories, 1147
Saying Good-Bye, 1151
The Sibling Says Good-Bye, 1151
Remembrance Packet, 1152
Organ Tissue Donation, 1152
Funerals, 1152
Caring for the Professional Caregiver, 1152
Appendix A: Centigrade to Fahrenheit Temperature Conversions, 1157
Appendix B: Expected Temperatures in Children, 1158
Photo and Illustration Credits, 1159
Index, 1165

Search Results

« Back to eTextbook


PAGE	Description

3	...

Tabs for Contents, notes, highlights

Table of Contents

Search Results