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Copyright, iv
Dedication, v
Preface, vii
About the Author, xi
Acknowledgments, xiii
Reviewers, xv
Unit 1. Safe and Legal Dispensing of Medications, 2
Chapter 1. Patient Safety, 3
Patients' Rights, 4
Right Patient, 4
Right Drug, 4
Right Dose, 5
Right Time, 5
Right Route, 7
Right Documentation, 8
Ethics in Medication Administration, 9
Information, 9
Consent, 10
Privacy, 11
Emergency Responsibilities, 11
Summary, 12
Chapter 2. Regulations, 17
Regulatory Authorities, 18
OSHA, 18
Food and Drug Administration, 19
MedWatch, 19
Drug Development, 19
Clinical Trials, 22
Names of Drugs, 24
Chemical Name, 24
Brand Name, 24
Generic Name, 25
Control of Drugs, 26
Managing Controlled Substances, 29
Substance Abuse, 29
Summary, 31
Chapter 3. Sources and Actions, 37
Sources of Drugs, 38
Plants, 38
Animals, 38
Humans, 39
Minerals, 39
Toxins, 39
Synthesis, 39
Reasons for Medications, 39
A Medication's Journey, 40
Absorption, 41
Distribution, 41
Metabolism, 42
Excretion, 42
Therapeutic Levels, 42
Side Effects, 45
Special Patients, 45
Pediatric Patients, 48
Geriatric Patients, 49
Pregnant Patients, 49
Patients with Organ Dysfunction, 49
Summary, 50
Chapter 4. Forms and Routes of Drugs, 55
Routes and Forms, 56
Gastrointestinal Route, 56
Parenteral Route, 58
Inhalation Route, 60
Nasal Route, 60
Ophthalmic Route, 60
Otic Route, 60
Topical/Transdermal Route, 60
Vaginal Route, 60
Summary, 61
Chapter 5. Prescriptions and Labels, 65
Prescriptions, 66
Types of Orders, 66
Written Prescription, 67
Parts of a Prescription, 67
Labels, 68
Summary, 70
Chapter 6. Resources, 73
Drug Resources, 74
Comprehensive Resources, 74
Clinically Based Resources, 75
Websites, 80
Evaluating a Website, 85
Summary, 86
Unit 2. Administration of Medicines, 90
Chapter 7. Medication Administration, 91
Supplies, 92
Nonparenteral Supplies, 92
Parenteral Supplies for Injectable Medications, 95
Administering Medications, 104
Oral Medications, 104
Ophthalmic Administration, 106
Otic Administration, 108
Nasal Administration, 108
Administration by Inhalation, 108
Transdermal Administration, 110
Vaginal Administration, 111
Rectal Administration, 111
Injections, 111
Intravenous Administration, 117
Flushing Indwelling Devices, 122
Complications of IV Therapy, 123
Documentation of IV Therapy, 126
Summary, 127
Unit 3. Calculations, 130
Chapter 8. Basic Review of Mathematics, 131
Concepts, 132
Whole Numbers, 132
Fractions, 134
Decimals, 143
Percentages, 148
Ratios and Proportions, 149
Solving for an Unknown, 153
Summary, 154
Chapter 9. Measurement Systems, 163
Measuring Systems, 164
Avoirdupois and Apothecary Systems, 164
Household System, 164
Equivalents in Systems, 166
Metric System, 169
Summary, 175
Chapter 10. Dosage Calculations, 179
Methods for Calculating Drug Dosages, 180
Reading Drug Labels, 180
Dimensional Analysis, 180
Formula Method, 183
Fractions, 184
Ratio and Proportions, 186
Word Problems, 187
Special Circumstances, 189
Weight-Based Calculations in Adults and Children, 189
Calculation Using Body Surface Area, 189
Reconstituting Powders, 190
Calculation of IV Dosages, 192
Electronic Regulator Pumps, 192
Manual IV Sets, 193
Fluid Balance, 195
Summary, 197
Unit 4. Classifications of Drugs, 202
Chapter 11. Nervous System Medications, 203
Neurological Medications, 204
Medications of the Autonomic Nervous System, 204
Medications for Control of Pain and Fever, 210
Salicylates, 211
Acetaminophen, 211
NSAIDs, 211
Narcotics, 211
Drugs for Anxiety, Insomnia, Sedation, and Seizures, 211
Anxiolytic Medications, 211
Barbiturates, 212
Antiseizure Medications, 212
Medications for Behavioral/Emotional/Mood Disorders, 212
CNS Stimulants, 212
Antidepressants, 213
Mood-Stabilizing Medications, 214
Medications for Treating Psychoses, 214
Medications for Degenerative Disorders, 214
Medications for Local and General Anesthesia, 215
Local Anesthesia, 215
General Anesthesia, 215
Alcohol, 215
Summary, 215
Chapter 12. Cardiovascular System Medications, 219
Cardiovascular Medications, 220
Medications for Myocardial Infarction, Stroke, and Clotting, 220
Antianginal Medications, 220
Anticoagulants, Antiplatelet, Thrombolytic, and Antifibrinolytic Medications, 223
Medications That Promote Blood Cell Development, 225
Medications That Decrease Blood Pressure, 226
ACE Inhibitors, 226
Beta-Adrenergic Blockers, 227
Calcium Channel Blockers, 228
Medications for Heart Failure, 228
Vasodilators, 228
Cardiac Glycosides, 228
Drugs for Abnormal Heart Rhythms, 228
Sodium Channel Blockers, 229
Beta-Adrenergic Blockers, 229
Potassium Channel Blockers, 229
Calcium Channel Blockers, 229
Medications for Shock, 229
Drugs for Lipid Disorders, 229
Summary, 230
Chapter 13. Immunologic System Medications, 235
Medications That Affect the Immune System, 236
Antiinflammatory Medications, 236
Antihistamines, 236
Glucocorticoids, 240
Nasal Decongestants, 240
NSAIDs, 240
Immunosuppressants, 240
Antiinfective Medications, 240
Antibiotics, 240
Antitoxins, 242
Antifungal Medications, 242
Medications That Fight Viruses, 243
Vaccines, 243
Parasites, 243
Drugs to Fight Cancer, 244
Cancer-Fighting Agents, 245
Alkylating Agents, 245
Antimetabolite Medications, 245
Antitumor Antibiotics, 245
Plant Extracts/Alkaloids, 245
Hormones, 245
Biological Therapy, 245
Radioactive Isotopes, 246
Special Handling of Chemotherapeutic Medications, 246
Complications of Chemotherapy, 246
Summary, 247
Chapter 14. Integumentary System Medications, 251
Integumentary System, 252
Medications Used to Treat Infections, 252
Bacteria, 252
Parasites, 254
Viruses, 254
Fungal Infections, 254
Medications Used to Treat Inflammatory Conditions, 254
Burns, 254
Atopic Dermatitis, 255
Psoriasis, 255
Medications Used to Treat Cancer, 255
Summary, 257
Chapter 15. Pulmonary System Medications, 261
Pulmonary Medications, 262
Mast Cell Stabilizers, 262
Antiinfluenza Agents, 264
Antitussives and Expectorants, 264
Bronchodilator Medications, 264
Anticholinergics, 266
Xanthines, 266
Decongestants, 266
Glucocorticoids, 266
Mucolytics, 266
Oxygen, 266
Smoking Cessation, 267
Summary, 267
Chapter 16. Gastrointestinal System Medications, 271
Gastrointestinal System, 272
Gastrointestinal Medications, 273
Medications to Treat Constipation, 275
Medications to Treat Diarrhea, 276
Medications to Treat Nausea and Vomiting, 276
Medications to Treat Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, 277
Medications to Treat Ulcers, 277
Medications to Treat Gallstones, 278
Medications to Treat Obesity, 278
Medications to Treat Hemorrhoids, 279
Medications to Treat Flatulence, 279
Medications to Treat Fungal Infections of the GI Tract, 279
Medications to Treat Intestinal Parasites, 279
Medications to Induce Vomiting and Treat Drug Overdose, 279
Nutritional Supplements, 279
Mouthwashes and Other Oral Treatments, 280
Summary, 280
Chapter 17. Musculoskeletal System Medications, 285
Musculoskeletal Medications, 286
Medications Used to Treat Muscular Disorders, 288
Medications Used to Treat Skeletal Disorders, 289
Summary, 291
Chapter 18. Endocrine System Medications, 295
Endocrine System Medications, 296
Medications for Thyroid and Parathyroid Disorders, 296
Medications for Pancreatic Disorders, 298
Medications for Adrenal Disorders, 303
Summary, 304
Chapter 19. Reproductive and Urinary System Medications, 309
Reproductive System Medications, 310
Medications for Disorders Related to Female Hormones, 312
Medications for Disorders Related to Male Hormones, 315
Urinary System Medications, 315
Diuretics, 315
Other Urinary Medications, 317
Effects of Medications on Color of the Urine, 317
Summary, 317
Chapter 20. Eye and Ear Medications, 321
Eye and Ear Medications, 322
Medications for the Eye, 322
Medications for the Ear, 325
Summary, 326
Chapter 21. Herbs, Vitamins, and Minerals, 331
Herbs, Vitamins, Minerals, and More, 332
Herbal Medicines, 332
Vitamins, Minerals, and More, 334
Vitamins, 335
Minerals, 336
Wrap Up, 337
Summary, 337
Appendix A. Drug Classifications, 341
Appendix B. Drug Classification Index by Generic Name, 345
Appendix C. Pregnancy Drug Categories and Controlled Substances Schedules, 357
Appendix D. Routine Pediatric and Adult Immunizations, 359
Appendix E. Administering Medications to Children, 367
Appendix F. Pediatric Dosage Calculations, 369
Appendix G. Examples of Herbs, Vitamins, Minerals, Amino Acids, and Lipids Used in Illness by System, 371
Glossary, 375
Index, 387

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