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Copyright, iv
Dedication, ix
Preface, xi
Contributors, xv
Reviewers, xvii
Acknowledgments, xix
Unit 1. General Transdisciplinary, 1
Chapter 1. Succeeding as a Student, 3
The Journey Begins, 4
Learning Styles, 4
Solitary Learners, 4
Social Learners, 4
Auditory Learners, 5
Visual Learners, 5
Kinesthetic Learners, 5
Oral-Dependent Learners, 5
Writing-Dependent Learners, 5
Test-Taking Strategies, 5
Anxiety Reduction, 5
Preparing for the Examination, 7
Just Before the Examination, 7
During the Examination, 7
Practical Strategies, 7
Self-Care, 8
Body Mechanics, 8
Safe Lifting, 8
Case Studies, 10
Resources, 10
Chapter Summary, 10
Team Work Exercises, 10
Chapter 2. The Profession of Medical Assisting, 11
Role Description, 12
Career Opportunities for Medical Assistants, 13
Credentialing, 14
Certified Medial Assistant, 15
Registered Medical Assistant, 15
Professional and Regulatory Organizations, 15
American Association of Medical Assistants, 15
American Medical Technologists, 15
Accrediting Organizations, 16
Chapter Summary, 16
Team Work Exercises, 16
Case Studies, 17
Resources, 17
Chapter 3. Professionalism, 19
Characteristics of a Professional, 20
Accuracy, 20
Courteousness and Respectfulness, 20
Dependability, 20
Flexibility, 21
Commitment to Lifelong Learning, 21
Tactfulness, 21
Accountability, 22
Positive Attitude, 22
Professional Appearance, 22
Daily Hygiene, 22
Makeup, 22
Jewelry, 22
Tattoos, 22
Hair, 22
Attire, 22
Medical Assistant as a Role Model, 23
Qualities of a Good Role Model, 23
Barriers to Professionalism, 24
Bad Habits, 24
Reactive Versus Proactive, 24
Personal Problems at Work, 24
Rumors and Gossip, 24
Becoming a Team Player, 24
Chapter Summary, 25
Team Work Exercises, 25
Case Studies, 26
Resources, 26
Chapter 4. Health Care Yesterday and Today, 27
Brief History of Medicine, 29
Ancient Health Care, 29
Early Development of Medicine, 30
Current Medicine, 31
Future of Medicine, 32
Health Care Settings, 33
Hospitals, 33
Long-Term Care, 33
Subacute Care, 33
Home Care, 33
Ambulatory Care, 33
Types of Medical Practices, 33
Sole Proprietorship, 33
Partnership, 34
Corporation, 34
Health Care Team, 34
Physicians, 34
Other Practitioners, 35
Nurses, 37
Physician Assistants, 38
Medical Technologists, 38
Therapists, 39
Physical Therapist, 39
Occupational Therapist, 39
Respiratory Therapist, 39
Speech Therapist, 39
Registered Dietitian, 39
Prehospital Care Specialists, 39
Emergency Medical Technicians, 39
Paramedics, 40
Technicians, 40
Phlebotomist, 40
Radiologic Technicians, 40
Medical Laboratory Technicians, 40
Administrative Specialists, 40
Medical Coding Specialist, 40
Medical Transcriptionist, 41
Chapter Summary, 41
Team Work Exercises, 42
Case Studies, 42
Resources, 42
Chapter 5. Therapeutic Communication, 43
First Impressions, 45
Communication Cycle, 45
Referent, 45
Message, 45
Sender and Receiver, 45
Channels, 45
Feedback, 45
Interpersonal Variables, 46
Environment, 46
Verbal Communication, 46
Nonverbal Communications, 46
Active Listening, 46
Giving Advice, 47
Communication Patterns, 47
Passive, 47
Passive-Aggressive, 47
Assertive, 47
Aggressive, 47
Communication Challenges, 48
Defense Mechanisms, 48
Rationalization, 48
Compensation, 48
Regression, 48
Repression, 48
Displacement, 48
Denial, 48
Projection, 48
Strategies for Dealing with Difficult People, 49
Focusing on the Patient, 49
Acknowledging the Patient, 49
Validating the Patient’s Feelings, 49
Using “I” Language, 49
Moving to a Solution, 50
Setting Boundaries, 50
Cultural Variables, 50
Chapter Summary, 51
Team Work Exercises, 51
Case Studies, 51
Resources, 52
Chapter 6. Legal Considerations, 53
Legal Relationship of the Patient and Physician, 55
Medical Practice Act, 55
Licensure, 55
Revoking a License, 56
Scope of Practice, 56
Standard of Care, 56
Consent, 56
Implied Consent, 56
Informed Consent, 57
Malpractice, 57
The Lawsuit Process, 57
Subpoenas and Depositions, 57
Trial, 58
Malpractice Insurance, 58
Intentional Torts, 58
Criminal Versus Civil Law, 59
Patient Noncompliance, 60
Statute of Limitations, 61
Risk Management, 61
Documentation, 62
Confidentiality, 63
Exceptions to Disclosure Rules, 63
Durable Power of Attorney and Living Wills, 63
Reporting Abuse, 63
Child Abuse, 64
Neglect, 64
Emotional Abuse, 65
Physical Abuse, 65
Sexual Abuse, 65
Elder Abuse, 67
Neglect, 67
Physical Abuse, 67
Chapter Summary, 69
Team Work Exercises, 69
Case Studies, 70
Resources, 70
Chapter 7. HIPAA and a Patient’s Rights, 71
HIPAA, 72
Title I. Title Insurance Reform, 74
Title II. Title Administrative Simplification, 74
Reduced Cost, 74
Privacy Protection, 75
Patient’s Right to Access, 77
HIPAA Compliance, 79
HIPAA Compliance Office, 79
Safeguards for PHI, 79
Administrative, 79
Technical, 80
Physical, 80
HIPAA Documents, 80
HIPAA Noncompliance, 82
Chapter Summary, 84
Team Work Exercises, 84
Case Studies, 84
Resources, 84
Chapter 8. Bioethics, 85
Ethics and Morals, 86
Law and Ethics, 86
Bioethics, 87
Ethical Principles, 87
Nonmaleficence, 87
Beneficence, 87
Autonomy, 88
Distributive Justice, 88
Paternalism, 88
Veracity, 88
Fidelity, 88
Ethical Philosophies, 88
Deontological Philosophies, 89
Teleological Philosophies, 89
Philosophical Divide, 89
Anatomy of an Ethical Dilemma, 89
Ethical Decision Making, 89
Ethics Committee, 90
Ethics and the Medical Professional, 90
Code of Ethics, 90
Ethical Behavior in the Medical Office, 90
Trust and Loyalty, 91
Confidentiality, 91
Respect and Dignity, 91
Commitment to Professional Development, 92
Chapter Summary, 92
Team Work Exercises, 93
Case Studies, 93
Resources, 93
Chapter 9. Patient Education, 95
Medical Assistant’s Role in Patient Education, 96
Learning Styles, 96
Learning Domains, 97
Cognitive Domain, 97
Affective Domain, 97
Psychomotor Domain, 97
Assessing Learning Needs, 97
Identifying Learning Objectives, 98
Organizing the Teaching Session, 98
Motivation to Learn, 98
Locus of Control, 99
Self-Efficacy, 99
Barriers to Effective Patient Education, 101
Emotional Response to Illness and Disability, 101
Physical and Personal Barriers to Learning, 101
Age-Related Teaching Considerations, 102
Teaching Strategies, 104
Verbal Lecture, 104
Conversational, 105
Group, 105
Patient Education Literature, 105
Evaluation of Learning, 106
Legal Implications of Patient Education, 106
Chapter Summary, 106
Team Work Exercises, 107
Case Studies, 108
Resources, 108
Unit 2. Administrative, 109
Chapter 10. The Office Environment, 111
Welcoming New Patients, 112
Americans with Disabilities Act, 112
Office Design, 112
Privacy, 112
Workflow, 113
Ergonomics, 113
Reception Area, 114
Managing Office Space, 114
Lighting, 115
Colors, 116
Reading Materials, 116
Music, 117
Cleanliness, 117
Educational Resources, 118
Marketing Materials, 118
Office Safety, 118
Other Precautions, 118
Case Studies, 119
Resources, 119
Chapter Summary, 119
Team Work Exercises, 119
Chapter 11. Telephone Techniques, 121
Essential Tool, 122
Telephone Etiquette, 122
Answering Incoming Calls, 123
Hold, 123
Volume and Tone, 123
Clarity and Speed, 123
Multilingual Callers, 123
Making Outgoing Calls, 124
Ending Calls, 124
Time Zones, 124
Call Handling, 124
Taking Messages, 128
Triaging Calls, 128
Difficult Callers, 130
Automated Routing Units, 130
Documentation, 130
Answering Service or Machine, 130
Chapter Summary, 131
Team Work Exercises, 132
Case Studies, 132
Resources, 132
Chapter 12. Appointment Scheduling, 133
Challenges in Appointment Scheduling, 134
Types of Scheduling Systems, 134
Practice-Based Scheduling, 134
Stream Scheduling, 134
Cluster Booking, 135
Double Booking, 135
Wave Scheduling, 135
Open Hours, 135
Catch-up Time, 135
Patient Scheduling, 135
Scheduling Patients by Phone, 135
New Patient, 135
Established Patient, 136
Scheduling Patients During In-Office Checkout, 137
Appointment Matrix, 137
Computerized Appointment Systems, 137
Manual Appointment Book System, 140
Daily Worksheet, 140
Appointment Changes and Cancellations, 140
Computerized Changes and Cancellations, 140
Charging for Cancelled Visits or Denying Future Visits, 140
Triage for Setting Appointments, 140
Referral Procedures, 144
Termination of Services, 147
Team Work Exercises, 147
Chapter Summary, 147
Case Studies, 148
Resources, 149
Chapter 13. Written Office Communications and Mail, 151
Communications and the Medical Office, 152
Business Letters, 152
Four Styles for Letters, 154
Letters to Patients, 155
Letters to Physicians, 156
Letters to Attorneys, 156
Faxed Documents, 160
Preparing an Envelope, 162
Internal Marketing, 164
Reminder Notes, 164
Birthdays and Holidays, 164
Generating Referrals, 164
E-mail Guidelines, 166
Incoming Mail, 166
Transcription of Medical Documents, 168
Chapter Summary, 171
Team Work Exercises, 171
Case Studies, 171
Resources, 171
Chapter 14. Medical Records Management, 173
Importance of Medical Records Management, 174
File Storage, 174
Vertical Files, 174
Open-Shelf Lateral Files, 174
Moveable Files, 175
File Folders, 175
Fasteners, 175
Tabs, 176
Units, 176
Filing Systems, 176
Alphabetical System, 176
Simple Alphabetical Filing, 176
Color-coded Alphabetical Filing, 176
Numeric Filing, 177
Consecutive Filing, 178
Nonconsecutive Filing, 178
Accession Log Filing, 179
Other Information on the File Folder, 180
Locating and Tracking Medical Records, 181
Tracking Medical Records, 181
Cross-Referencing Medical Records, 181
Electronic Health Record, 182
Increased Access, 182
Cost Reduction, 183
Reduced Medical Errors, 183
Barriers to EHR Conversion, 183
Medical Record Maintenance, 183
Medical Records Archives, 184
Medical Records Purging, 184
Release of Medical Records, 185
Chapter Summary, 185
Team Work Exercises, 185
Case Studies, 186
Resources, 186
Chapter 15. Office Management, 187
Qualities of Leadership, 188
Praising While Problem Solving, 188
Office Management Roles and Responsibilities, 189
Dealing with Employees, 190
Conducting an Interview, 190
New Employee Orientation, 192
Policies and Procedures Manual, 192
Conducting a Staff Meeting, 192
Conducting an Employee Evaluation, 192
Disciplinary Actions and Terminations, 194
Taking an Inventory and Ordering Supplies, 195
Maintaining Laboratory Equipment and Supplies Inventory, 195
Selecting Computer Hardware and Software, 195
Using Computers in the Medical Office, 198
Assisting with Physician Travel Arrangements, 198
Marketing in the Medical Office, 198
Internal Marketing, 199
External Marketing, 200
Tracking Marketing, 200
Chapter Summary, 202
Team Work Exercises, 202
Case Studies, 202
Resources, 202
Chapter 16. Coding and Insurance, 203
Health Insurance and Payment, 204
Coding, 204
Procedural Coding, 204
CPT-4 Coding, 205
HCPCS, 208
Diagnostic Coding, 208
ICD-9-CM Coding, 208
Multiple Diagnosis Codes, 214
Conventions, 214
Superbill, 216
Insurance in the Physician’s Office, 219
Employer Insurance Programs, 219
Managed Care, 222
Health Maintenance Organization, 222
Independent Practice Association, 223
Preferred Provider Organization, 223
Traditional Insurance, 223
Consumer-Driven Health Plans, 224
Health Savings Account, 225
Health Reimbursement Account, 225
Flexible Spending Account, 225
Government Programs, 225
Medicare, 225
Medicaid, 226
CHAMPUS, 228
CHAMPVA, 228
Worker’s Compensation, 228
Multiple Insurance Policies, 230
COBRA, 230
Self-Pay Patients, 231
Insurance Claims, 231
HIPAA, 231
Life Cycle of an Insurance Claim, 231
Submitting a Claim, 233
Obtaining Referrals, 233
Payment Systems, 238
Usual, Customary, and Reasonable, 239
Fee-for-Service, 239
Resource-Based Relative Value Scale, 239
Capitation, 239
Payment Processing, 239
Payment Denials and Appeals Process, 241
Fraud and Abuse, 241
Chapter Summary, 245
Case Studies, 246
Resources, 246
Team Work Exercises, 246
Chapter 17. Billing and Collections, 247
Patient Billing, 248
Determination of Fees, 248
Explaining Fees to the Patient, 248
Billing Procedures, 249
Aging of Accounts, 249
Computerized Billing and Account Transactions, 250
Monthly and Cycle Billing, 251
Monthly Billing, 251
Cycle Billing, 251
Credit and Collections, 252
Policies and Procedures, 252
Extending Credit, 253
Collections, 253
Collection Strategies, 253
Telephone Collections, 254
Collection Agency, 257
Chapter Summary, 257
Team Work Exercises, 257
Case Studies, 257
Resources, 257
Chapter 18. Accounting and Banking, 259
Financial Management, 260
Accounting Practices, 260
Fixed and Variable Costs, 260
Cost Ratio, 260
Income Statement, 261
Balance Sheet, 261
Bookkeeping, 261
Ledger Cards, 263
Adjustments, 263
NSF Checks, 263
Accounts Receivable Ratio, 267
Collection Ratio, 267
Accounts Payable, 267
Deliveries and Supplies, 267
Writing Checks, 267
Payroll, 268
Preparing Payroll Checks, 268
Banking Practices, 271
Reconciling Bank Statements, 271
Making Bank Deposits, 274
Petty Cash, 282
Chapter Summary, 282
Team Work Exercises, 282
Case Studies, 282
Resources, 283
Unit 3. Clinical, 285
Chapter 19. Infection Control and Medical Asepsis, 287
Infectious Disease, 289
Microorganisms and Pathogens, 289
Bacteria, 289
Rickettsia, 289
Virus, 289
Fungus, 289
Protozoa, 289
Chain of Infection, 289
Pathogen, 290
Reservoir Host, 290
Means of Exit, 291
Mode of Transmission, 291
Means of Entry, 291
Susceptible Host, 291
Types of Infection, 291
Stages of Disease, 292
Incubation Stage, 292
Prodromal Stage, 292
Acute Stage, 292
Declining Stage, 292
Convalescent Stage, 292
The Body’s Defense Mechanisms, 292
Mechanical Defenses, 292
Chemical Defenses, 293
Cellular Defenses, 293
Inflammatory Response, 294
Immunity, 294
Standard Precautions, 295
Personal Protective Equipment, 296
Disposal of Biohazardous Waste, 296
Sharps and Needlestick Safety, 296
Vaccinations, 297
Exposure Control, 297
Bloodborne Pathogen Exposure, 297
Biohazard Spill, 297
Asepsis, 298
Sanitization, 298
Hand Sanitization, 298
Sanitization of Equipment and the Environment, 298
Disinfection, 300
Sterilization, 300
Autoclave, 301
Chemical Sterilization, 303
Types of Asepsis, 303
Medical Asepsis, 303
Surgical Asepsis, 303
Chapter Summary, 305
Team Work Exercises, 306
Cases Studies, 306
Resources, 306
Chapter 20. The Patient Interview, 307
First Impressions, 308
Interviewing Techniques, 308
Talkative Patient, 309
Quiet Patient, 309
Obstacles to Effective Interviewing, 311
Offering Opinions and Advice, 311
Offering False Reassurance, 311
Using Technical Language, 311
Talking Too Much, 311
Asking Judgmental Questions, 311
Discussing Sensitive Topics, 311
Age-Appropriate Communication, 312
Medical History, 313
Documentation, 314
Documentation Types, 314
Source-oriented, 315
Problem-oriented, 315
Chapter Summary, 316
Team Work Exercises, 317
Case Studies, 317
Resources, 317
Chapter 21. Vital Signs, 319
Vital Signs Proficiency, 320
Temperature, 320
Fever, 321
Thermometer Types and Uses, 321
Glass Thermometer, 321
Digital Thermometer, 321
Tympanic Thermometer, 323
Chemical Thermometers, 323
Temporal Thermometer, 323
Disinfecting Thermometers, 328
Celsius Versus Fahrenheit, 329
Pulse, 329
Pulse Sites, 330
Temporal, 330
Carotid, 330
Brachial, 331
Radial, 331
Apical, 331
Femoral, 334
Popliteal, 334
Dorsalis Pedis, 334
Posterior Tibialis, 334
Respiration, 334
Characteristics of Respiration, 335
Rate, 335
Rhythm, 335
Depth, 335
Blood Pressure, 336
Korotkoff Sounds, 337
Evaluating Blood Pressure, 337
Postural Vital Signs, 339
Oxygen Saturation, 339
Chapter Summary, 341
Team Work Exercises, 342
Case Studies, 342
Resources, 343
Chapter 22. Physical Examination, 345
Purpose of the Physical Examination, 346
Physical Examination Techniques, 346
Inspection, 346
Palpation, 347
Percussion, 347
Auscultation, 347
Mensuration, 348
Manipulation, 348
Components of a Physical Examination, 348
Preparing for the Physical Examination, 348
Preparing the Examination Room, 348
Preparing the Patient, 352
Physical Examination Supplies and Equipment, 352
Assisting with the Physical Examination, 352
Positioning and Draping, 353
Measurement of Weight and Height, 359
Measuring Weight, 359
Measuring Height, 362
Chapter Summary, 364
Team Work Exercises, 364
Case Studies, 364
Resources, 365
Chapter 23. Essentials of Medical Terminology, 367
Origins of Medical Language, 368
Medical Word Elements, 368
Combining Forms, 369
Prefixes, 369
Suffixes, 370
Abbreviations, 374
Pathological Terms, 374
Translating Terms, 376
Pronunciation and Plural Forms, 377
Directional Terms, 377
Memorize and Practice, 378
Chapter Summary, 379
Team Work Exercises, 380
Case Studies, 380
Resources, 380
Chapter 24. Surgical Asepsis and Assisting with Minor Surgery, 381
Surgical Role of a Medical Assistant, 382
Surgical Instruments, 382
Cutting Instruments, 383
Scissors, 383
Scalpels, 384
Grasping-Clamping Instruments, 384
Probing and Dilating Instruments, 384
Specula, 384
Scopes, 385
Probes, Retractors, and Dilators, 385
Specialty Instruments, 386
Biopsy Equipment, 386
Principles of Surgical Asepsis, 386
Sterile Technique, 387
Surgical Scrub, 388
Sterile Field, 388
Sterile Gloving, 394
Minor Surgical Procedures, 394
Cryosurgery, 397
Microsurgery, 397
Laser Surgery, 398
Electrosurgery, 398
Endoscopy, 398
The Medical Assistant’s Role in Minor Surgery, 398
Patient Preparation and Postoperative Care, 399
Wound Care, 403
Sutures, 403
Staples, 403
Wound Care Supplies, 403
Dressings, 403
Bandages, 405
Creams, Ointments, and Solutions, 407
Anesthetics, 407
Chapter Summary, 408
Team Work Exercises, 409
Case Studies, 409
Resources, 410
Chapter 25. Dermatology, 411
Structures and Functions of the Integumentary System, 412
Structures of the Skin, 412
Functions of the Skin, 412
Protection, 412
Temperature Regulation, 414
Medical Terminology Related to the Integumentary System, 414
Common Integumentary System Diseases and Disorders, 417
Bacterial Skin Infections, 417
Impetigo, 417
Acne, 420
Cellulitis, 421
Folliculitis, 421
Viral Skin Infections, 422
Warts, 422
Herpes Viruses, 422
Herpes Zoster, 423
Fungal Skin Disorders, 423
Tinea, 424
Candidiasis, 424
Parasitic Infestations, 424
Pediculosis, 425
Scabies, 425
Hypersensitivity and Inflammatory Reactions, 425
Eczema, 426
Psoriasis, 426
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, 426
Neoplasms, 427
Basal Cell Carcinoma, 428
Squamous Cell Carcinoma, 428
Malignant Melanoma, 428
Dermatology Procedures, 428
Assisting with Examination, 428
Allergy Skin Testing, 429
Scratch Test, 429
Intradermal Test, 429
Patch Test, 429
Radioallergosorbent Test, 432
Culture and Sensitivity Testing, 432
Image Enhancement Procedures, 432
Dermabrasion and Dermaplaning, 432
Microdermabrasion, 432
Chemical Peel, 432
Laser Resurfacing, 433
Botox, 433
Chapter Summary, 434
Team Work Exercises, 434
Case Studies, 434
Resources, 434
Chapter 26. Neurology, 435
Structures and Functions of the Nervous System, 436
Structures of the Nervous System, 436
Neuron, 436
Central Nervous System, 437
Peripheral Nervous System, 437
Functions of the Nervous System, 439
Neuron, 439
Central Nervous System, 439
Peripheral Nervous System, 439
Medical Terminology Related to the Neurological System, 441
Common Nervous System Diseases and Disorders, 441
Disorders of the Central Nervous System, 444
Stroke, 444
Transient Ischemic Attack, 445
Migraine Headache, 445
Epilepsy, 446
Encephalitis, 447
Meningitis, 447
Traumatic Brain Injury, 448
Spinal Cord Injury, 449
Parkinson Disease, 449
Multiple Sclerosis, 450
Brain Tumor, 451
Disorders of the Peripheral Nervous System, 451
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, 451
Bell Palsy, 452
Peripheral Neuropathy, 452
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, 453
Spinal Stenosis, 454
Neurology Procedures, 455
Assisting with Examination, 455
Nervous System Tests, 455
Electroencephalography, 455
Lumbar Puncture, 456
Computed Tomography, 457
Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 457
Chapter Summary, 459
Team Work Exercises, 459
Case Studies, 460
Resources, 460
Chapter 27. Cardiology and Lymphatics, 461
Structures and Functions of the Cardiovascular System, 462
Structures of the Cardiovascular System, 462
Heart, 462
Circulatory System, 462
Functions of the Cardiovascular System, 463
Heart, 463
Circulatory System, 465
Structures and Functions of the Lymphatic System, 466
Structures of the Lymphatic System, 466
Thymus, 467
Spleen, 467
Functions of the Lymphatic System, 467
Thymus, 467
Spleen, 467
Medical Terminology Related to the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems, 468
Common Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System Diseases and Disorders, 472
Cardiovascular System, 472
Hypertension, 472
Coronary Artery Disease, 473
Myocardial Infarction, 473
Heart Failure, 474
Aneurysm, 476
Varicose Veins, 477
Atrial Fibrillation, 477
Deep Vein Thrombosis, 478
Shock, 478
Anemia, 478
Leukemia, 479
Lymphatic System, 479
Hodgkin Disease, 479
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, 480
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 480
Cardiology and Lymphatics Procedures, 481
Assisting with Examination, 481
Electrocardiography, 481
Preparing the Electrocardiograph Machine, 481
Electrocardiograph Paper, 482
Standardization, 482
Leads and Electrodes, 482
Preparing the Patient, 483
Recording the ECG, 484
Rhythm Interpretation, 484
Artifacts, 486
Artificial Cardiac Pacemaker, 486
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator, 486
Cardiac Stress Test, 486
Holter Monitoring, 486
Event Recorder, 491
Chapter Summary, 493
Team Work Exercises, 494
Case Studies, 494
Resources, 494
Chapter 28. Pulmonology, 495
Structures and Functions of the Pulmonary System, 497
Structures of the Pulmonary System, 497
Upper Airway, 497
Lower Airway, 497
Lungs, 497
Functions of the Pulmonary System, 497
Upper Airway, 497
Lower Airway, 498
Lungs, 498
Medical Terminology Related to the Pulmonary System, 498
Common Pulmonary System Diseases and Disorders, 502
Common Upper Respiratory System Diseases and Disorders, 502
Allergic Rhinitis, 502
Upper Respiratory Infection, 502
Sinusitis, 502
Pharyngitis, 503
Common Lower Respiratory System Diseases and Disorders, 503
Pneumonia, 503
Influenza, 503
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 504
Bronchitis, 505
Asthma, 505
Emphysema, 506
Pulmonary Tuberculosis, 507
Epstein-Barr Virus, 508
Lung Cancer, 508
Pulmonology Procedures, 509
Assisting with Examination, 509
Diagnostic Testing, 509
Pulmonary Function Tests, 509
Bronchoscopy, 511
Mantoux Test, 511
Peak-Flow Measurement, 512
Treatments, 512
Metered-Dose Inhaler, 513
Nebulizer Treatments, 513
Incentive Spirometry, 513
Oxygen Therapy, 514
Chapter Summary, 517
Team Work Exercises, 517
Case Studies, 517
Resources, 518
Chapter 29. Endocrinology, 519
Structures and Functions of the Endocrine System, 520
Structures of the Endocrine System, 520
Functions of the Endocrine System, 520
Pineal Gland, 521
Pituitary Gland, 521
Thyroid Gland, 522
Adrenal Glands, 522
Pancreas, 522
Thymus Gland, 522
Ovaries, 522
Testes, 522
Negative Feedback System, 522
Medical Terminology Related to the Endocrine System, 524
Common Endocrine System Diseases and Disorders, 528
Types of Diabetes, 528
Type I Diabetes, 528
Type II Diabetes, 528
Gestational Diabetes, 529
Thyroid Disorders, 530
Hypothyroidism, 530
Hyperthyroidism, 531
Endocrinology Procedures, 532
Assisting with Examination, 532
Endocrine System Tests, 534
Fasting Blood Glucose, 534
Glucose Tolerance Test, 534
Glycosylated Hemoglobin, 535
Urine Glucose Test, 535
Glucometer Testing, 535
Thyroid Tests, 535
Thyroid Scan, 535
Radioactive Iodine Uptake, 535
Chapter Summary, 536
Team Work Exercises, 536
Case Studies, 536
Resources, 536
Chapter 30. Gastroenterology, 537
Structures and Functions of the Gastrointestinal System, 538
Structures of the GI System, 538
Alimentary Canal, 538
Accessory Organs of Digestion, 539
Functions of the GI System, 539
Alimentary Canal, 539
Accessory Organs of Digestion, 541
Medical Terminology Related to the GI System, 544
Common GI System Diseases and Disorders, 544
Disorders of the Upper GI Tract, 544
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, 545
Hiatal Hernia, 545
Peptic Ulcer Disease, 545
Gastritis, 546
Pyloric Stenosis, 548
Disorders of the Lower GI Tract, 548
Abdominal Hernia, 548
Appendicitis, 549
Diverticular Disease, 549
Hemorrhoids, 550
Inflammatory Bowel Disease, 550
Disorders of the Accessory Organs of Digestion, 551
Viral Hepatitis, 551
Cholelithiasis and Cholecystitis, 552
Acute Pancreatitis, 553
Disorders of Nutrition, 553
Celiac Disease, 554
Anorexia Nervosa, 554
Bulimia, 554
Disorders That Commonly Cause Diarrhea, 555
Food Poisoning, 555
E. E., 555
Infection, 555
Campylobacter Infection, 555
Infection, 556
Cancers of the GI System, 556
Oral Cancer, 556
Esophageal Cancer, 557
Gastric Cancer, 557
Colorectal Cancer, 557
Liver Cancer, 557
Pancreatic Cancer, 558
Gastroenterology Procedures, 558
Assisting with Examination, 558
Stool Specimen Collection, 559
Fecal Occult Blood Test, 559
Flexible Sigmoidoscopy, 560
Cleansing Enema, 560
GI System Tests, 561
Helicobacter Pylori, 561
Liver Function Test, 561
Upper GI X-ray, 563
Lower GI X-ray, 563
Gallbladder Ultrasound, 564
Chapter Summary, 564
Team Work Exercises, 565
Case Studies, 565
Resources, 565
Chapter 31. Urology and the Male Reproductive System, 567
Structures and Functions of the Urinary and Male Reproductive Systems, 568
Structures of the Urinary System, 568
Kidneys, 568
Nephrons, 568
Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra, 568
Functions of the Urinary System, 569
Kidneys, 569
Nephrons, 569
Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra, 569
Structures of the Male Reproductive System, 570
Functions of the Male Reproductive System, 570
Medical Terminology Related to the Urinary and Male Reproductive Systems, 571
Common Urological and Male Reproductive Diseases and Disorders, 576
Urinary System Diseases and Disorders, 576
Bacterial Cystitis and Urethritis, 576
Pyelonephritis, 577
Glomerulonephritis, 577
Bladder Cancer, 578
Renal Cancer, 578
Wilms Tumor, 579
Hydronephrosis, 579
Polycystic Kidney Disease, 580
Renal Calculi, 580
Acute Renal Failure, 580
Chronic Renal Failure, 582
Male Reproductive System Diseases and Disorders, 582
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy, 582
Prostate Cancer, 583
Testicular Cancer, 584
Epididymitis, 586
Balanoposthitis, 586
Prostatitis, 586
Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 586
Erectile Dysfunction, 587
Urology and Male Reproductive Procedures, 587
Assisting with Examination, 588
Catheterization, 588
Renal Computed Tomography Scan, 589
Intravenous Pyelography, 593
Cystoscopy, 594
Voiding Cystourethrography, 594
Creatinine, 594
Blood Urea Nitrogen, 595
Renal Angiography, 595
Vasectomy, 595
Chapter Summary, 596
Team Work Exercises, 596
Case Studies, 596
Resources, 597
Chapter 32. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 599
Structures and Functions of the Female Reproductive System, 601
Structures of the Female Reproductive System, 601
Internal Structures, 601
External Structures, 601
Breasts, 602
Functions of the Female Reproductive System, 602
Internal Structures, 602
External Structures, 603
Breasts, 603
Female Reproductive Cycle, 604
Menstruation, 604
Follicular Phase, 604
Luteal Phase, 604
Menstrual Phase, 604
Pregnancy, 604
Birth Process, 606
Menopause, 607
Medical Terminology Related to the Female Reproductive System, 607
Common Obstetric and Gynecological Diseases and Disorders, 610
Vaginal Infections, 610
Candidiasis, 610
Chlamydia, 611
Genital Herpes, 611
Genital Warts, 612
Gonorrhea, 612
Syphilis, 612
AIDS, 613
Trichomoniasis, 613
Bartholin Gland Cyst, 613
Menstrual Disorders, 614
Dysmenorrhea, 614
Amenorrhea, 614
Ovarian Cysts, 614
Premenstrual Syndrome, 615
Toxic Shock Syndrome, 615
Uterine Disorders, 615
Endometriosis, 615
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, 616
Uterine Fibroids, 616
Uterine Prolapse, 617
Complications of Pregnancy, 618
Ectopic Pregnancy, 618
Abortion, 618
Gestational Diabetes, 618
Placenta Previa, 619
Abruptio Placentae, 620
Eclampsia, 621
Cancers of the Female Reproductive System, 621
Breast Cancer, 621
Cervical Cancer, 623
Uterine Cancer, 623
Ovarian Cancer, 623
Other Disorders of the Female Reproductive System, 624
Infertility, 624
Fibrocystic Breast Disease, 625
Obstetric and Gynecological Procedures, 625
Prenatal Care, 625
Initial Visit, 625
Routine Prenatal Visits, 627
Assessment of the Neonate, 629
Postpartum Visit, 629
Assisting with the Gynecological Examination, 629
Breast Examination, 632
Pelvic Examination, 632
Pap Test, KOH Preparation, and Wet Preparation, 633
Common Gynecological Surgical Procedures, 633
Cryosurgery, 634
Laparoscopy, 635
Dilatation and Curettage, 635
Uterine Ablation, 636
Hysterectomy, 636
Diagnostic Testing in Pregnancy, 636
Fetal Ultrasound, 637
Amniocentesis, 637
Chorionic Villus Sampling, 637
Common Gynecological Diagnostic Tests, 637
Amplified DNA Probe Test, 637
Colposcopy with Biopsy, 638
Endometrial Biopsy, 638
Mammography, 639
Chapter Summary, 639
Team Work Exercises, 639
Case Studies, 640
Resources, 640
Chapter 33. Pediatrics, 641
Pediatric Patients, 642
Growth and Development, 642
Medical Terminology Related to Pediatrics, 642
Common Pediatric Diseases and Disorders, 645
Communicable Pediatric Diseases and Disorders, 645
Common cold, 645
Conjunctivitis, 646
Croup, 646
Diarrhea, 647
Impetigo, 648
Influenza Virus, 649
Otitis Media, 649
Respiratory Syncytial Virus, 651
Throat, 651
Oral Thrush, 652
Chickenpox, 652
Warts, 653
Noncommunicable Pediatric Diseases and Disorders, 653
Allergies, 653
Eating Disorders, 655
Asthma, 655
Behavioral Disorders, 656
Autism, 656
Down Syndrome, 657
Constipation, 657
Failure to Thrive, 657
Cerebral Palsy, 658
Eczema, 658
Scoliosis, 660
Obesity, 660
Lead Poisoning, 660
Phenylketonuria, 661
Pediatric Procedures, 662
Assisting with Examination, 662
Vital Signs, 662
Vision Screening, 668
Hearing Screening, 668
Well-Child Examination, 668
Sick-Child Examination, 672
Reporting Abuse, 673
Physical Abuse, 674
Sexual Abuse, 674
Neglect, 674
Immunizations, 674
Vaccine Registry, 674
Objections to Vaccination, 676
Pediatric Laboratory Tests, 677
Urinalysis, 677
Hemoglobin and Hematocrit, 679
Rapid, 679
Test, 679
Nutritional Counseling, 679
Birth to 6 Months, 679
6. Months to 1 Year, 679
Age 1, 679
Ages 2 to 5, 679
School-Age Children, 679
Adolescents, 680
Vitamin and Mineral Supplements, 680
Chapter Summary, 682
Team Work Exercises, 682
Case Studies, 682
Resources, 682
Chapter 34. Geriatrics, 683
The Aging Population, 684
Ageism, 684
Physiological Changes of Aging, 685
Integumentary System, 685
Nervous System, 686
Cardiovascular System, 686
Respiratory System, 686
Digestive System, 686
Urinary System, 687
Reproductive System, 687
Endocrine System, 687
Musculoskeletal System, 687
Sensory System, 688
Medical Terminology Related to Geriatrics, 688
Common Geriatric Diseases and Disorders, 690
Dementia, 690
Alzheimer Disease, 690
Bone Disorders, 692
Osteoporosis, 693
Osteoarthritis, 693
Sensory Disorders, 694
Presbyopia, 694
Cataracts, 694
Glaucoma, 695
Macular Degeneration, 696
Presbycusis, 696
Special Needs of the Geriatric Patient, 697
Communication Strategies, 697
Safety Promotion, 697
Mobility Aids, 698
Home Safety, 698
Pain Management, 700
Extended Care and End-of-Life Issues, 700
In-Home and Home Health Care, 700
Assisted Living, 700
Nursing Center, 703
Extended Care Campus, 703
End-of-Life Issues, 703
Chapter Summary, 705
Team Work Exercises, 705
Case Studies, 706
Resources, 706
Chapter 35. Orthopedics, 707
Structures and Functions of the Musculoskeletal System, 709
Structures of the Musculoskeletal System, 709
Bone, 709
Muscle, 709
Tendons and Ligaments, 709
Functions of the Musculoskeletal System, 709
Bone, 710
Muscle, 710
Tendons and Ligaments, 712
Medical Terminology Related to the Musculoskeletal System, 712
Common Musculoskeletal System Diseases and Disorders, 716
Injuries to Bones, 717
Dislocation, 717
Scoliosis, 717
Kyphosis, 717
Lordosis, 718
Gout, 718
Osteoarthritis, 718
Osteoporosis, 718
Rheumatoid Arthritis, 718
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis, 719
Muscle Disorders, 719
Fibromyalgia, 719
Strain, 719
Myasthenia Gravis, 720
Rotator Cuff Tear, 720
Herniated Disk, 721
Injuries to Tendons and Ligaments, 721
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear, 721
Epicondylitis, Medial and Lateral, 721
Tendinitis, 722
Sprain, 722
Orthopedic Procedures, 722
Assisting with Examination, 722
Goniometry, 725
Evaluating Muscle Strength and Range of Motion, 725
Range of Motion, 727
Fitting a Patient with a Walker, Cane, and Crutches, 727
Fitting a Patient with a Walker, 727
Fitting a Patient with a Cane, 727
Fitting a Patient with Crutches, 730
Casting, 730
Thermotherapy, 735
Moist Heat, 735
Dry Heat, 738
Cryotherapy, 740
Ultrasound, 741
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation, 741
Chapter Summary, 743
Team Work Exercises, 743
Case Studies, 743
Resources, 743
Chapter 36. Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, 745
Structures and Functions of the Eyes, Ears, Mouth, Nose, and Throat, 746
Structures of the Eyes, Ears, Mouth, Nose, and Throat, 746
Eyes, 746
Ears, 747
Mouth, 748
Nose and Throat, 748
Functions of the Eyes, Ears, Mouth, Nose, and Throat, 749
Eyes, 749
Ears, 751
Mouth, 751
Nose and Throat, 752
Medical Terminology Related to the Eyes, Ears, Mouth, Nose, and Throat, 752
Common Diseases and Disorders of the Eyes, Ears, Mouth, Nose, and Throat, 755
Eyes, 755
Astigmatism, 755
Blepharitis, 755
Conjunctivitis, 755
Diabetic Retinopathy, 755
Hypertensive Retinopathy, 755
Exophthalmos, 756
Myopia, 756
Hyperopia, 757
Presbyopia, 757
Photophobia, 757
Cataracts, 758
Glaucoma, 758
Macular Degeneration, 758
Ears, 758
Ménière Disease, 758
Otitis Externa, 758
Otitis Media, 759
Labyrinthitis, 759
Tinnitus, 759
Vertigo, 760
Mouth, 760
Oral Herpes, 760
Oral Thrush, 760
Cleft Lip, 760
Cleft Palate, 761
Nose and Throat, 761
Rhinitis, 761
Tonsillitis, 761
Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology Procedures, 761
Assisting with Ophthalmic Examination, 761
Assisting with Ophthalmic Irrigation and Instillation, 762
Assisting with Otic Examination, 762
Tuning Fork Test, 770
Audiometric Testing, 770
Assisting with Otic Irrigation and Instillation, 772
Assisting with Examination of the Mouth, Nose, and Throat, 772
Chapter Summary, 775
Team Work Exercises, 775
Case Studies, 775
Resources, 775
Chapter 37. Nutrition, 777
Understanding Nutrition, 778
Macronutrients, 778
Carbohydrate, 778
Simple Carbohydrates, 779
Complex Carbohydrates, 779
Carbohydrate Digestion, 781
Regulation of Blood Glucose, 781
Proteins, 781
Essential and Nonessential, 782
Protein Digestion, 783
Body Protein Manufacturing, 785
Fats, 786
Fatty Acids, 786
Triglycerides, 787
Phospholipids, 787
Sterols, 788
Digestion of Fat, 788
Micronutrients, 788
Vitamins, 789
Minerals, 789
Water, 790
Planning for Good Nutrition, 792
Children, 794
Infancy to Age 2, 794
Nutrition for Special Populations, 794
Pregnancy, 794
Ages 2 to 12, 795
Adolescence, 795
Older Adults, 795
Medical Conditions, 795
HIV and AIDS, 795
Cancer, 796
Diabetes, 796
Soft Diet, 796
Bland Diet, 796
Sodium-Restricted Diet, 796
Weight-Loss Diets, 796
Common Nutritional Diseases and Disorders, 796
Macronutrient Disorders, 796
Kwashiorkor, 797
Marasmus, 797
Morbid Obesity, 798
Syndrome X, 798
Micronutrient Disorders, 800
Rickets, 800
Scurvy, 800
Pellagra, 801
Beriberi, 801
Chapter Summary, 802
Team Work Exercises, 802
Case Studies, 802
Resources, 802
Chapter 38. Introduction to Pharmacology, 805
Pharmacology and the Medical Assistant, 807
Drug Forms, 807
Drug Categories, 807
Prescription, 807
Over the Counter, 807
Natural, 807
Drug Sources, 807
Plants, 807
Animals, 807
Minerals, 807
Laboratories, 808
Drug Action and Uses, 808
Pharmacokinetics, 808
Absorption, 808
Distribution, 808
Metabolism, 808
Excretion, 808
Pharmacodynamics, 808
Pharmacotherapeutics, 809
Cure, 809
Treatment, 809
Diagnosis, 809
Prevention, 810
Replacement, 810
Drug Names, 810
Chemical Name, 810
Generic Name, 810
Trade Name, 810
Drug Classifications, 811
Drug Effects, 811
Therapeutic Effect, 814
Adverse Effects and Reactions, 814
Allergic Reaction, 814
Idiosyncratic Effect, 814
Cumulative Effect, 814
Toxic Effect, 815
Tolerance, 815
Drug Interactions, 815
Synergism, 815
Antagonism, 815
Potentiation, 816
Contraindications, 817
Drug Regulation, 817
Drug Enforcement Agency, 817
DEA Registration, 817
Controlled Substances, 817
Record Keeping, 818
Food and Drug Administration, 819
OTC Drugs, 819
Drug Safety, 819
Drug Disposal, 820
Drug References, 820
United States Pharmacopeia-National Formulary, 820
Physician’s Desk Reference, 820
Drug Handbooks, 820
Package Inserts, 820
Patient Prescription Information, 820
Teaching Patients About Drugs, 820
Special Considerations, 822
Geriatrics, 823
Pediatrics, 823
Chapter Summary, 823
Team Work Exercises, 824
Case Studies, 824
Resources, 824
Chapter 39. Dosage Calculation and Medication Administration, 825
Dosage Calculation, 826
Systems of Measurement, 826
Metric System, 826
Apothecary and Household Systems, 826
Dose on Hand, 827
Ratio and Proportion, 827
Fractional Equation, 827
Calculation Methods, 827
Using Conversions, 828
Calculating Infant and Child Dosages, 828
Medication Administration, 829
Parts of a Prescription, 829
Routes of Medication Administration, 829
Oral, 831
Parenteral, 832
Chapter Summary, 847
Team Work Exercises, 847
Case Studies, 847
Resources, 847
Chapter 40. Introduction to the Clinical Laboratory, 849
Purpose of the Clinical Laboratory, 850
Laboratory Tests, 850
Panel, 850
Manual or Automated, 851
Purpose of Laboratory Tests, 851
Quantitative or Qualitative Results, 852
Laboratory Profession, 852
CLIA 1988, 852
Laboratory Testing Categories, 854
Waived Tests, 854
Moderate-Complexity Tests, 854
High-Complexity Tests, 854
Provider-Performed Microscopy Procedures, 855
Quality Control, 855
Physician’s Office Laboratory, 856
Laboratory Requisitions and Reports, 857
Laboratory Requisition Slip, 857
Laboratory Report, 857
Patient Preparation, 859
Fasting, 859
Medication Restrictions, 859
Specimen Collection, Handling, and Transport, 859
Guidelines for Specimen Collection, 861
Laboratory Equipment, 862
Proper Equipment Maintenance, 863
Chapter Summary, 865
Team Work Exercises, 865
Case Studies, 865
Resources, 866
Chapter 41. Phlebotomy, 867
Types of Phlebotomy Procedures, 868
Venipuncture, 868
Composition of Blood, 868
Venipuncture Equipment, 869
Tubes, 869
Plastic Adapters, 872
Needles, 872
Syringes, 874
Winged Infusion Sets, 874
Tourniquet, 875
Gloves, 875
Proper Site Selection for Venipuncture, 876
Patient Preparation for Venipuncture, 877
Venipuncture Procedure, 877
Capillary Puncture, 877
Composition of Capillary Blood, 882
Capillary Puncture Equipment, 884
Capillary Puncture Devices, 884
Capillary Puncture Collection Containers, 884
Proper Site Selection for Capillary Puncture, 884
Patient Preparation for Capillary Puncture, 885
Capillary Puncture Procedure, 885
Special Phlebotomy Considerations, 886
Fainting, 886
Failing to Obtain Blood, 887
Dealing with Problem Specimens, 887
Chapter Summary, 887
Team Work Exercises, 887
Case Studies, 887
Resources, 888
Chapter 42. Hematology and Coagulation Procedures, 889
Hematology and Coagulation Overview, 890
Whole Blood, Plasma, and Serum, 890
Whole Blood, 890
Plasma, 890
Serum, 891
Blood Cells and Their Functions, 891
RBCs, 892
WBCs, 892
Granulocytes, 892
Agranulocytes, 892
Platelets, 892
Tests and Procedures Associated with Hematology, 893
Hemoglobin and Hematocrit, 893
Complete Blood Count, 893
CLIA-Waived Hematological Tests, 894
Other Hematology Department Tests, 898
Diseases Associated with Hematology Tests, 898
Tests and Procedures Associated with Coagulation, 899
Other Coagulation Department Tests, 899
Diseases Associated with Coagulation, 900
Chapter Summary, 901
Team Work Exercises, 901
Case Studies, 901
Resources, 901
Chapter 43. Clinical Chemistry and Serological Procedures, 903
Testing in the POL, 904
Clinical Chemistry, 904
Chemistry Analyzers, 904
Specimen Types, 905
Common POL Chemistry Tests, 906
Blood Glucose Testing, 906
Fasting Blood Glucose, 906
2-hour Postprandial, 906
Glucose Tolerance Test, 906
Glucose Monitors, 907
Lipids, 908
Cholesterol, 909
Other Chemistry Department Tests, 911
Diseases Associated with Chemistry Tests, 912
Serology, 913
Antibody–Antigen Reactions, 913
Agglutination, 913
ELISA, 913
Blood Groups and Typing, 914
Common POL Serological Tests, 914
Mononucleosis Testing, 915
Rheumatoid Factor, 915
HIV Testing, 915
Chapter Summary, 918
Team Work Exercises, 918
Case Studies, 918
Resources, 918
Chapter 44. Urinalysis, 919
Urinalysis in the POL, 920
Urinary System Overview, 920
Characteristics of Urine, 920
Collecting a Urine Specimen, 921
Urine Specimen Types, 921
Collection Procedure, 921
Preparation for Urinalysis, 924
Reagent Strip, 924
Urine Analyzer, 924
Quality Control, 925
Urinalysis Components, 925
Evaluating the Physical Components of Urine, 925
Color, 925
Clarity, 925
Odor, 926
Specific Gravity, 926
Evaluating the Chemical Components of Urine, 926
pH, 926
Glucose, 926
Protein, 927
Ketones, 927
Bilirubin, 927
Urobilinogen, 927
Blood, 927
Nitrite, 927
Leukocytes, 927
Evaluating the Microscopic Components of Urine, 927
Urine Pregnancy Testing, 928
Chapter Summary, 933
Team Work Exercises, 934
Case Studies, 934
Resources, 934
Chapter 45. Microbiology, 935
History of Microbiology, 936
Infection and Disease, 936
Normal Flora, 936
Types of Microorganisms, 938
Bacteria, 939
Cocci, 939
Bacilli, 939
Spiral, 941
Viruses and Prions, 941
Protozoa and Parasitic Worms, 942
Fungus, 942
Microbiological Testing, 945
Bacterial Culture, 945
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, 947
Microbiology Procedures, 949
Specimen Collection for Microbiological Analysis, 949
Microbiological Testing Performed in the POL, 951
Throat Culture Test, 953
Rapid Streptococcal Test, 953
Chapter Summary, 957
Team Work Exercises, 958
Case Studies, 958
Resources, 958
Chapter 46. Bioemergency Response and Preparedness, 959
Emergency Preparedness, 960
Bioterrorism, 960
Agents Used in Bioterrorism, 960
Categories of Bioterrorism Agents, 961
Laboratory Response Network, 962
Federal Laboratory, 962
Reference Laboratory, 963
Hospital Clinical Laboratories, 963
Bioterrorism Response and the Medical Assistant, 963
Pandemic Influenza, 964
Pandemic Response Plan, 964
Chapter Summary, 965
Team Work Exercises, 966
Case Studies, 966
Resources, 966
Chapter 47. Office Emergencies, 967
Emergency Preparedness, 968
Emergency Planning, 968
Common Emergency Equipment, 970
Triage, 971
Responding to Common Office Emergencies, 972
Common Signs and Symptoms in Office Emergencies, 972
Dyspnea, 972
Chest Pain, 974
Altered Consciousness, 974
Acute Abdominal Pain, 978
Common Office Emergencies, 978
Hemorrhage, 978
Poisoning, 981
Environmental Injuries, 981
Musculoskeletal Injury, 985
Eye Injury, 986
Chapter Summary, 986
Team Work Exercises, 987
Case Studies, 988
Resources, 989
Chapter 48. Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, 991
Radiography and the Medical Assistant, 993
X-Ray, 993
X-Ray Film, 995
X-Ray Views, 995
Patient Preparation for X-ray, 995
Mammography, 998
Patient Preparation for Mammography, 998
Fluoroscopy, 999
Patient Preparation, 999
Computer Imaging, 1000
Ultrasound, 1000
Patient Preparation, 1000
Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 1002
Patient Preparation, 1002
Computed Tomography, 1002
Nuclear Medicine, 1003
Radiation Therapy, 1003
External Radiation Therapy, 1003
Internal Radiation Therapy, 1003
Patient Preparation, 1004
Positron Emission Tomography, 1004
Patient Preparation, 1004
Radiation Safety, 1004
Scheduling Diagnostic Imaging Procedures, 1005
Chapter Summary, 1006
Team Work Exercises, 1006
Case Studies, 1006
Resources, 1006
Chapter 49. Externship and Career Strategies, 1007
Bridging the Gap, 1008
Key Benefits of an Externship, 1008
Externship Placement, 1008
Making a Good Impression, 1009
The Job Search, 1010
Applying for a Position, 1010
The Resume, 1010
Resume Types, 1011
The Cover Letter, 1011
The Interview, 1011
After the Interview, 1012
Career Advancement, 1013
Performance Evaluation, 1014
Credentialing, 1016
Certified Medial Assistant, 1016
Registered Medical Assistant, 1018
Preparing for the Credentialing Examination, 1018
Recertification, 1019
Chapter Summary, 1020
Team Work Exercises, 1021
Case Studies, 1022
Resources, 1022
Appendix A. Glossary, 1023
Appendix B. Abbreviations, 1037
Appendix C. Index of Competencies, 1041
Appendix D. Commonly Prescribed Drugs, 1047
Appendix E. Certification Examination Content Outlines, 1053
Index, 1059

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