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Copyright, ii
Preface, v
Acknowledgments, vii
Reviewers, viii
Part 1. Introduction To Goniometry, 1
Chapter 1. Basic Concepts, 3
Goiniometry, 3
Joint Motion, 4
Arthrokinematics, 4
Osteokinematics, 5
Planes and Axes, 5
Range of Motion, 6
Active Range of Motion, 8
Passive Range of Motion, 8
Hypomobility, 9
Hypermobility, 11
Factors Affecting Range of Motion, 12
Muscle Length Testing, 13
Chapter 2. Procedures, 19
Positioning, 19
Stabilization, 20
Measurement Instruments, 21
Universal Goniometer, 21
Exercise 1: determining the End of Range of Motion and End-Feel, 22
Gravity-Dependent Goniometers (Inclinometers), 25
Electrogoniometers, 26
Visual Estimation, 26
Exercise 2: The Universal Goniometer, 27
Alignment, 27
Exercise 3: Goniometer Alignment for Elbow Flexion, 30
Recording, 31
Numerical Tables, 32
Pictorial Charts, 32
Sagittal–Frontal–Transverse–Rotation Method, 33
American Medical Association Guides to Evaluation Method, 34
Procedures, 34
Explanation Procedure, 35
Testing Procedure, 35
Exercise 4: Explanation of Goniometric Testing Procedure, 36
Exercise 5: Testing Procedure for Goiniometric Evaluation of Elbow Flexion ROM, 37
Chapter 3. Validity and Reliability, 39
Validity, 39
Face Validity, 39
Content Validity, 39
Criterion-Related Validity, 39
Construct Validity, 40
Reliability, 41
Summary of Goniometric Reliability Studies, 41
Statistical Methods of Evaluating Measurement Reliability, 43
Exercises to Evaluate Reliability, 47
Exercise 6: Intratester Reliability, 48
Exercise 7: Intertester Reliability, 50
Part 2. Upper-extremity Testing, 55
Chapter 4. The Shoulder, 57
Structure and Function, 57
Glenohumeral Joint, 57
Sternoclavicular Joint, 58
Acromioclavicular Joint, 58
Scapulothoracic Joint, 59
Range of Motion Testing Procedures, 60
Landmarks for Testing Procedure, 60
Flexion, 62
Extension, 66
Abduction, 70
Adduction, 74
Medial (Internal) Rotation, 74
Lateral (External) Rotation, 78
Research Findings, 82
Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors, 82
Functional Range of Motion, 85
Reliability and Validity, 86
Superior and Inferior Radioulnar Joints, 92
Range of Motion Testing Procedures, 94
Landmarks for Testing Procedures, 94
Elbow Flexion, 96
Elbow Extension, 98
Forearm Pronation, 98
Forearm Supination, 100
Muscle Length Testing Procedures, 102
Biceps Brachii, 102
Triceps Brachii, 104
Research Findings, 106
Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors, 106
Functional Range of Motion, 108
Reliability, 110
Validity, 112
Chapter 6. The Wrist, 115
Structure and Function, 115
Radiocarpal and Midcarpal Joints, 115
Range of Motion Testing Procedures, 117
Landmarks for Testing Procedures, 117
Flexion, 118
Extension, 120
Radial Deviation, 122
Ulnar Deviation, 124
Muscle Length Testing Procedures, 126
Flexor Digitorum Profundus And Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Muscle Length, 126
Extensor Digitorum, Extensor Indicis, And Extensor Digiti Minimi Muscle Length, 130
Research Findings, 134
Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors, 134
Functional Range of Motion, 137
Reliability, 139
Validity, 140
Chapter 7:The Hand, 143
Structure and Function, 143
Fingers: Metacarpophalangeal Joints, 143
Fingers: Proximal Interphalangeal and Distal Interphalangeal Joints, 144
Thumb: Carpometacarpal Joint, 144
Thumb: Metacarpophalangeal Joint, 145
Thumb: Interphalangeal Joint, 145
Range of Motion Testing Procedures: Fingers, 147
Landmarks for Testing Procedures, 147
Metacarpophalangeal Flexion, 148
Metacarpophalangeal Extension, 150
Metacarpophalangeal Abduction, 153
Metacarpophalangeal Adduction, 155
Proximal Interphalangeal Flexion, 155
Proximal Interphalangeal Extension, 157
Distal Interphalangeal Flexion, 158
Distal Interphalangeal Extension, 160
Composite Flexion of the MCP, PIP, and DIP Joints, 161
Range of Motion Testing Procedures: Thumb, 162
Landmarks for Testing Procedures, 162
Carpometacarpal Flexion, 164
Carpometacarpal Extension, 167
Carpometacarpal Abduction, 170
Carpometacarpal Adduction, 172
Carpometacarpal Opposition, 172
Metacarpophalangeal Flexion, 176
Metacarpophalangeal Extension, 178
Interphalangeal Flexion, 179
Interphalangeal Extension, 181
Muscle Length Testing Procedures: Fingers, 182
Lumbricals, Palmar Interossei, and Dorsal Interossei, 182
Research Findings, 186
Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors, 186
Functional Range of Motion, 189
Reliability, 190
Validity, 191
Part 3. Lower-Extremity Testing, 195
Chapter 8. The Hip, 197
Structure and Function, 197
Iliofemoral Joint, 197
Range of Motion Testing Procedures, 198
Landmarks for Testing Procedures, 198
Flexion, 200
Extension, 202
Abduction, 204
Adduction, 206
Medial (Internal) Rotation, 208
Lateral (External) Rotation, 210
Muscle Length Testing Procedures, 212
Hip Flexors: Thomas Test, 212
The Hamstrings: Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, And Biceps Femoris: Straight Leg Raising Test, 218
Tensor Fascia Lata And Iliotibial Band: Ober Test, 224
Tensor Fascia Lata And Iliotibial Band: Modified Ober Test, 228
Research Findings, 229
Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors, 229
Functional Range of Motion, 234
Reliability and Validity, 235
Chapter 9. The Knee, 241
Structure and Function, 241
Tibiofemoral and Patellofemoral Joints, 241
Range of Motion Testing Procedures, 243
Landmarks for Testing Procedures, 243
Flexion, 244
Extension, 246
Muscle Length Testing Procedures, 246
Rectus Femoris: Ely Test, 246
Hamstring Muscles: Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, and Biceps Femoris: Distal Hamstring Length Test or Popliteal Angle Test, 250
Research Findings, 254
Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors, 254
Functional Range of Motion, 256
Reliability and Validity, 258
Chapter 10. The Ankle and Foot, 263
Structure and Function, 263
Proximal and Distal Tibiofibula Joints, 263
Talocrural Joint, 263
Subtalar Joint, 263
Transverse Tarsal (Midtarsal) Joint, 265
Tarsometatarsal Joints, 266
Metatarsophalangeal Joints, 267
Interphalangeal Joints, 268
Range of Motion Testing Procedures, 269
Landmarks for Testing Procedures: Talocrural Joint, 269
Dorsiflexion: Talocrural Joint, 270
Plantarflexion: Talocrural Joint, 273
Landmarks for Testing Procedures: Tarsal Joints, 275
Inversion: Tarsal Joints, 276
Eversion: Tarsal Joints, 277
Landmarks for Testing Procedures: Subalter Joint (Rearfoot), 281
Inversion: Subtalar Joint (Rearfoot), 282
Eversion: Subtalar Joint (Rearfoot), 284
Inversion: Transverse Tarsal Joint, 286
Eversion: Transverse Tarsal Joint, 288
Flexion: Metatarsophalangeal Joint, 292
Extension: Metatarsophalangeal Joint, 294
Abduction: Metatarsophalangeal Joint, 296
Adduction: Metatarsophalangeal Joint, 298
Flexion: Interphalangeal Joint Of The First Toe And Proximal Interphalangeal Joints Of The Four Lesser Toes, 298
Extension: Interphalangeal Joint Of The First Toe And Proximal Interphalangeal Joints Of The Four Lesser Toes, 299
Flexion: Distal Interphalangeal Joints Of The Four Lesser Toes, 299
Extension: Distal Interphalangeal Joints Of The Four Lesser Toes, 299
Muscle Length Testing Procedures, 300
Gastrocnemius, 300
Gastrocnemius Length Testing Position: Standing, 303
Research Findings, 304
Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors, 304
Functional Range of Motion, 309
Reliability and Validity, 311
Part 4. Testing Of The Spine And Temporomandibular Joint, 317
Chapter 11. The Cervical Spine, 319
Structure and Function, 319
Atlanto-Occipital and Atlantoaxial Joints, 319
Intervertebral and Zygapophyseal Joints, 321
Range of Motion Testing Procedures, 323
Landmarks for Testing Procedures, 323
Cervical Flexion: Universal Goniometer, 326
Cervical Flexion: Tape Measure, 328
Cervical Flexion: Double Inclinometers, 329
Cervical Flexion: Cervical Range of Motion (CROM) Device, 330
Cervical Extension: Universal Goniometer, 331
Cervical Extension: Tape Measure, 333
Cervical Extension: Double Inclinometers, 334
Cervical Extension: CROM Device, 335
Cervical Lateral Flexion: Universal Goniometer, 336
Cervical Lateral Flexion: Tape Measure, 338
Cervical Lateral Flexion: Double Inclinometers, 339
Cervical Lateral Flexion: CROM Device, 340
Cervical Rotation: Universal Goniometer, 341
Cervical Rotation: Tape Measure, 343
Cervical Rotation: Inclinometer, 343
Cervical Rotation: CROM Device, 345
Research Findings, 346
Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors on Cervical Range of Motion Measurements, 346
Functional Range of Motion, 352
Reliability and Validity, 353
Summary, 361
Chapter 12. The Thoracic and Lumbar Spine, 365
Structure and Function, 365
Thoracic Spine, 365
Lumbar Spine, 366
Range of Motion Testing Procedures, 368
Landmarks for Testing Procedures, 368
Thoracolumbar Flexion, 369
Tape Measure, 370
Fingertip-to-Floor, 371
Double Inclinometer, 372
Thoracolumbar Extension, 373
Tape Measure, 374
Double Inclinometers, 375
Thoracolumbar Lateral Flexion, 376
Universal Goniometer, 377
Fingertip-to-floor, 378
Fingertip-to-thigh, 379
Double Inclinometer, 381
Thoracolumbar Rotation, 382
Universal Goniometer, 382
Double Inclinometer, 384
Lumbar Flexion, 385
Modified–Modified Schober Test or Simplified Skin Distraction Test, 385
Modified Schober Test, 387
Double Inclinometer, 387
Lumbar Extension, 388
Simplified Skin Attraction Test Modified-Modified Schober Test (MMST), 388
Modified Schober Test, 388
Double Inclinometer, 390
Lumbar Lateral Flexion, 391
Double Inclinometer, 392
Research Findings, 393
Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors, 393
Functional Range of Motion, 397
Reliability and Validity, 398
Summary, 405
Chapter 13. The Temporomandibular Joint, 409
Structure and Function, 409
Temporomandibular Joint, 409
Range of Motion Testing Procedures, 412
Depression Of The Mandible (Mouth Opening), 412
Overbite, 416
Protrusion of the Mandible, 417
Lateral Excursion of the Mandible, 418
Research Findings, 420
Effects of Age, Gender, and Other Factors, 420
Reliability and Validity, 422
Appendix A. Normative Range of Motion Values, 425
Appendix B. Joint Measurements by Body Position, 431
Appendix C. Numerical Recording Forms, 433
Index, 439

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