Tabs for Contents, notes, highlights

Hide Contents, Notes, and Highlights

Search TermsShow Hide

« Back to eTextbook

Copyright, iv
Preface, vii
Contributors, ix
Reviewers, ix
Acknowledgments, xiii
Part I. Nature of Research and the Research Process, 1
Chapter 1. Introduction to Nursing Research, 3
The Importance Of Research In Nursing, 4
What Is Research?, 5
The Scientific Method, 5
Research And The Entry-level Nurse, 7
Guidelines for Scientific Integrity, 9
Scholarly Publications and Practices, 10
Promoting Nursing Research, 11
Linkages, 14
Chapter 2. Understanding the Research Process and Ethical Issues in Nursing Research, 17
The Research Process, 18
Phase 1, 20
Phase 2, 20
Phase 3, 20
Phase 4, 20
Phase 5, 20
Types Of Research, 21
Basic Versus Applied Research, 21
Experimental Versus Nonexperimental, 22
Classification Of Research By Time Dimension, 23
Retrospective Versus Prospective Research, 23
Cross-Sectional Versus Longitudinal Research, 25
Ethical Issues In Nursing Research, 26
Developing Professional Guidelines, 26
Historical Events That Helped Shape Guidelines for Human Subject Protection, 27
Nuremberg Code, 27
Declaration of Helsinki, 27
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 28
The Willowbrook Study, 29
The Crisis at Johns Hopkins University, 29
Other Scandals Regarding Unethical Research Studies, 30
Developing Guidelines for Clinical Nursing Research, 30
Protecting Human Rights, 32
Right to Freedom From Injury, 32
Right to Privacy and Dignity, 32
Right to Anonymity and Confidentiality, 32
Ensuring the Protection of Human Rights, 34
Key Elements of Informed Consent, 34
Institutional Review Boards, 37
Evaluating Evidence for the Protection of Human Rights, 38
Part II. Planning a Research Study, 43
Chapter 3. Selecting and Defining a Problem, 45
Problem Statement, 46
Characteristics, 46
Purpose Statement, 48
Sources And Selection Of Research Problems, 50
Nursing Practice, 50
Literature Review, 50
Theory, 51
Replication, 52
Selecting a Research Problem, 52
Review Of Related Literature, 52
Definition, Purpose, and Scope, 53
Searching for Relevant Literature, 54
Sources of Information, 54
Nursing Journals, 54
Primary Versus Secondary Sources, 56
Databases, Indexes, and Abstracts, 56
Analyzing, Organizing, and Reporting, 59
Critiquing Reviews Of The Literature, 60
Chapter 4. Applying Appropriate Theories and Conceptual Models, 63
Overview Of Theory, 64
Inductive Versus Deductive Approach to Discovering New Knowledge, 65
Classification of Theories in Nursing, 66
Grand Theories, 67
Middle-Range Theories, 68
Practice Theories, 68
Borrowed Theories, 69
Concepts, 71
Conceptual Models, 72
Conceptual Models of Nursing, 72
Critiquing Theories And Conceptual Models, 72
Chapter 5. Formulating Hypotheses and Research Questions, 75
Hypotheses, 76
Characteristics of Hypotheses, 77
Types Of Hypotheses, 79
Simple Versus Complex, 79
Nondirectional Versus Directional, 81
Statistical Versus Research, 81
Testing Hypotheses, 83
Research Questions, 84
Classification Of Variables, 86
Questions To Consider When Critiquing Hypotheses And/or Research Questions, 87
Chapter 6. Selecting the Sample and Setting, 89
Sampling Concepts, 90
Population and Sample, 90
Sampling, 91
Types of Sampling, 91
Probability Sampling, 92
Simple Random Sample, 92
Random Selection Versus Random Assignment, 94
Stratified Random Sampling, 95
Cluster Sampling, 96
Systematic Sampling, 97
Nonprobability Sampling, 98
Convenience Sampling, 98
Quota Sampling, 101
Purposive Sampling, 102
Adequacy Of The Sample, 103
Sample Size, 103
External Validity, 104
Interaction of Selection and Treatment, 104
Interaction of Setting and Treatment, 104
Interaction of History and Treatment, 104
Questions To Consider When Critiquing The Sample And Setting, 105
Chapter 7. Principles of Measurement, 107
Measurement, 108
Nominal, 108
Ordinal, 109
Interval, 111
Ratio, 111
Errors Associated with Measurement, 112
Measurement Scales, 112
Reliability, 112
Test-Retest Reliability, 113
Internal Consistency Reliability, 113
Interrater Reliability, 115
Validity, 116
Content Validity, 117
Criterion-Related Validity, 118
Concurrent, 118
Predictive , 119
Construct Validity, 119
Understanding The Importance Of Psychometric Properties Associated With Instrumentation, 120
Questions To Consider When Critiquing Levels Of Measurement, Issues Of Reliability, And Validity, 121
Questions To Consider When Critiquing Instruments, 122
Chapter 8. Data Collection Methods, 125
Qualitative Versus Quantitative Data, 126
Quantitative Data Collection Methods, 126
Surveys and Questionnaires, 127
Developing a Questionnaire, 128
Designing Good Answers, 131
Ordering the Questions, 131
Scales, 132
Likert Scales, 132
Semantic Differential Scales, 136
Visual Analogue Scales, 138
Q Methodology, 139
Instruments, 140
Biophysical Measures, 142
Qualitative Data Collection Methods, 142
Interviews, 142
Participant Observation, 143
Focus Group Interviews, 143
Questions To Consider When Critiquing Data Collection Methods, 145
Chapter 9. Analyzing the Data, 149
Using Statistics To Describe, 150
Measures of Central Tendency, 151
Mean, 151
Median, 151
Mode, 153
Comparing the Mean, Median, and Mode, 154
Level of Measurement, 154
Shape of the Distribution, 156
Research Objective, 156
Measures of Dispersion, 156
Range, 156
Variance and Standard Deviation, 156
Comparing the Range, Variance, and Standard Deviation, 157
Inferential Statistics, 158
Probability, 159
Parametric Versus Nonparametric Statistical Tests, 160
Using Statistics To Examine Relationships, 161
Correlations, 161
Pearson Product-Moment Correlation, 162
Correlation Matrix, 162
Using Statistics To Test For Differences, 163
t-Test, 163
Assumptions, 163
Forms of the t-test, 163
Analysis of Variance, 165
Assumptions, 165
Concept of Variance, 166
Nonparametric Statistical Tests, 167
Chi-Square, 167
Assumptions, 168
Types of Chi-Square Tests, 168
Questions To Consider When Critiquing Descriptive And/or Inferential Statistics, 170
Chapter 10. Selecting a Quantitative Research Design, 173
Quantitative Versus Qualitative Research, 175
Quantitative And Qualitative Approaches To Design Selection, 175
What is a Research Design?, 177
Characteristics of a Research Design, 177
Research Design as a Function of Philosophy, Theory, and Question Attributes, 178
Research Design as a Function of Knowledge Advancement, Concept Development, and Research Question, 179
Research Design as a Function of Study, Purpose, or Focus, 179
Research Design as a Function of Control of Phenomena Investigated, 179
Research Design as a Function of Trustworthiness of Findings, 180
Research Design as a Function of Researcher Involvement with Subjects or Participants, 181
Classification Of Research Designs, 182
Quantitative Designs, 182
Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs, 183
True Experimental Designs, 183
Quasi-Experimental Designs, 186
Randomized Clinical Trials, 187
Validity In Relation To Research Design, 189
History, 189
Maturation, 190
Testing, 190
Instrumentation, 190
Statistical Regression, 190
Mortality, 191
Nonexperimental Designs, 191
Descriptive Designs, 191
Correlational Designs, 191
Descriptive Correlational Design, 192
Qualitative Designs, 193
Other Types Of Research Designs, 194
Historical Research, 194
Secondary Analysis, 195
Meta-Analysis, 195
Epidemiological Research, 196
Research Design Selection, 197
Questions To Consider When Critiquing Research Designs, 197
Chapter 11. Selecting a Qualitative Research Design, 201
Phenomenological Research, 203
Phenomenology as a Philosophy and Research Method, 204
Characteristics Of Phenomenological Research, 205
Research Problem/Question, 205
Conducting Phenomenological Research, 205
Sample, 206
Ethical Considerations, 206
Data Collection, 207
Data Analysis, 208
Question of Scientific Rigor, 209
Writing Phenomenological Findings, 212
Ethnographic Research, 213
Ethnographic Research and Nursing, 214
Characteristics Of Ethnographic Research, 214
Research Problem/Question, 214
Conducting Ethnographic Research, 215
Pre-Field Work, 216
Field Work: Phase I, 217
Field Work: Phase II, 217
Field Work: Phase III, 218
Post-Field Work, 218
Writing Ethnographic Findings, 218
Grounded Theory, 219
Symbolic Interaction, 219
Characteristics Of Grounded Theory Research, 220
Research Problem/Questions, 220
Conducting Grounded Theory Research, 220
Data Collection, 220
Theoretical Sampling, 221
Coding, 222
Review of the Literature, 223
Memos, 223
Criteria for Judging Grounded Theory, 223
Questions To Consider When Critiquing Phenomenological Research, 224
Questions To Consider When Critiquing Ethnographic Research, 225
Questions To Consider When Critiquing Grounded Theory Research, 226
Learning Activities, 227
Bracketing Exercise, 227
Interview Role-Play Exercise, 228
Part III. Utilization of Nursing Research, 231
Chapter 12. Interpreting and Reporting Research Findings, 233
Interpreting Research Findings, 234
Examining the Meaning of Results, 234
Considering the Significance of Findings, 235
Generalizing the Findings, 236
Drawing Conclusions, 236
Limitations, 236
Research Report, 237
Title, 237
Abstract, 237
Introduction, 237
Literature Review, 238
Methods, 239
Results, 242
Discussion, 244
References, 244
Disseminating Research Findings, 246
Publication, 246
Query Letter, 247
Manuscript Guidelines, 247
Review Process, 247
Oral Presentations, 248
Poster Presentation, 248
Questions To Consider When Critiquing The Interpretation Of Research Findings, 249
Chapter 13. Critiquing Research Reports, 251
Research Critiques Versus Research Reviews, 251
Guidelines For A Critique Of A Research Report, 253
Research Appraisal Checklist, 255
Scoring the Research Appraisal Checklist, 259
Research Critique Of A Quantitative Study, 260
Title, 260
Problem Statement, 261
Review of the Literature, 261
Hypotheses, 262
Methodology: Research Design, 262
Methodology: Sample, 263
Methodology: Data Collection Procedures, 264
Methodology: Data Collection Instruments, 264
Methodology: Data Analysis, 265
Results and Findings, 265
Research Critique Of A Qualitative Study, 266
Purpose, 266
Identified Problem for Study, 266
Methodology, 267
Data Collection Procedures, 267
Data Analysis: Organizing/Categorizing/ Summarizing, 268
Scientific Integrity: Credibility/Transferability/Dependability/Confirmability, 268
Results of the Study, 269
Chapter 14. Understanding Evidence-Based Practice, 271
Evidence-based Practice: What Is It?, 272
Characteristics of Evidence-Based Practice, 273
The Research-practice Gap, 273
Limitations Of Evidence-based Practice, 274
How Is EBM Actually Practiced?, 274
Asking Clinical Questions, 274
Tracking Down the Best Evidence, 275
Evidence Databases, 276
Other Resources on Evidence-Based Health Care, 278
Appraising the Evidence Critically, 278
Ethical Concerns Around EBP, 280
Index, 283

Search Results

« Back to eTextbook


PAGE	Description

66	...

Tabs for Contents, notes, highlights

Table of Contents

Search Results