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Sensation & Perception, Second Edition

by Jeremy M. Wolfe; Keith R. Kluender; Dennis M. Levi; Linda M. Bartoshuk; Rachel S. Herz; Roberta L. Klatzky; Susan J. Lederman; Daniel M. Merfeld

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Copyright, iv
About the Authors, vi
Preface to the Second Edition, xiv
Chapter 1. Introduction, 2
Early Philosophy of Perception, 3
Nativism and Empiricism, 7
Nativism, 7
Empiricism, 8
The Dawn of Psychophysics, 10
Psychophysical Methods, 13
Signal Detection Theory, 14
The Biology of Perception, 18
Hermann von Helmholtz, 21
Neuronal Connections, 22
Neural Firing: The Action Potential, 25
Summary, 27
Chapter 2. The First Steps in Vision: Seeing Stars, 28
A Little Light Physics, 29
Eyes That See Light, 30
Shining Starlight onto the Retina, 32
The Retina, 33
Retinal Information Processing, 36
Light Transduction by Rod and Cone Photoreceptors, 36
Lateral Inhibition through Horizontal and Amacrine Cells, 40
Convergence and Divergence of Information via Bipolar Cells, 40
Communicating to the Brain via Ganglion Cells, 41
Whistling in the Dark: Dark and Light Adaptation, 45
The Man Who Could Not See Stars, 47
Summary, 49
Chapter 3. Spatial Vision: From Stars to Stripes, 50
Visual Acuity: Oh Say, Can You See?, 51
A Visit to the Eye Doctor, 54
Acuity for Low-Contrast Stripes, 55
Why Sine Wave Gratings?, 57
Retinal Ganglion Cells and Stripes, 57
The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus, 58
Striate Cortex, 59
Cortical Topography and Cortical Magnification, 60
Receptive Fields in Striate Cortex, 62
Orientation Selectivity, 62
Other Receptive-Field Properties, 63
Simple and Complex Cells, 64
Further Complications, 65
Columns and Hypercolumns, 66
Selective Adaptation: The Psychologist’s Electrode, 69
Selective Adaptation for Spatial Frequencies, 71
The Site of Selective Adaptation Effects, 72
Combining Spatial Frequency and Orientation Selectivity, 72
Spatial Frequency–Tuned Pattern Analyzers in Human Vision, 73
The Development of Spatial Vision, 74
Development of the Contrast Sensitivity Function, 75
The Girl Who Almost Couldn’t See Stripes, 76
Summary, 77
Chapter 4. Perceiving and Recognizing Objects, 78
Middle Vision, 80
Finding Edges, 81
Texture Segmentation and Grouping, 84
Perceptual Committees Revisited, 85
Figure and Ground, 88
Dealing with Occlusion, 89
Parts and Wholes, 90
Summarizing Middle Vision, 91
Object Recognition, 92
Templates versus Structural Descriptions, 93
Problems with Structural-Description Theories, 94
Multiple Recognition Committees?, 95
Faces: An Illustrative Special Case, 96
Objects in the Brain, 97
Summarizing Object Recognition, 101
Summary, 101
Chapter 5. The Perception of Color, 104
Basic Principles of Color Perception, 105
The Problem of Univariance, 105
Trichromacy, 106
Rods and Cones, 106
Metamers, 108
Lights, Filters, and Finger Paints, 110
Three Numbers, Many Colors, 111
History of Trichromatic Theory, 113
Opponent Processes, 114
Repackaging the Information, 114
Opponent Cells in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus, 115
Psychophysical Roots of Opponent Color Theory, 115
Afterimages, 117
Color in the Visual Cortex, 118
Does Everyone See Colors the Same Way?, 119
Does Everyone See Colors the Same Way?—Yes, 119
Does Everyone See Colors the Same Way?—No, 119
Does Everyone See Colors the Same Way?—Maybe, 120
From the Color of Lights to a World of Color, 122
Color Constancy, 122
The Problem with the Illuminant, 124
Physical Constraints Make Constancy Possible, 125
Color Vision in Animals, 128
Summary, 131
Chapter 6. Space Perception and Binocular Vision, 132
Monocular Cues to Three-Dimensional Space, 136
Occlusion, 136
Size and Position Cues, 137
Aerial Perspective, 140
Linear Perspective, 141
Pictorial Depth Cues and Pictures, 142
Motion Cues, 144
Accommodation and Convergence, 146
Binocular Vision and Stereopsis, 146
Stereoscopes and Stereograms, 150
Random Dot Stereograms, 152
Stereoscopic Correspondence, 153
The Physiological Basis of Stereopsis, 155
Combining Depth Cues, 156
The Bayesian Approach, 157
Illusions and the Construction of Space, 158
Binocular Rivalry and Suppression, 160
Development of Binocular Vision and Stereopsis, 161
Abnormal Visual Experience Can Disrupt Binocular Vision, 165
Summary, 166
Chapter 7. Motion Perception, 168
Computation of Visual Motion, 171
Apparent Motion, 172
The Correspondence and Aperture Problems, 172
Detection of Global Motion in Area MT, 175
Motion Aftereffects Revisited, 176
Second-Order Motion, 177
Using Motion Information, 179
Going with the Flow: Using Motion Information to Navigate, 179
Something in the Way You Move: Using Motion Information to Identify Objects, 180
Avoiding Imminent Collision: The Tao of Tau, 181
Eye Movements, 182
Physiology and Types of Eye Movements, 183
Eye Movements and Reading, 185
Saccadic Suppression and the Comparator, 185
Development of Motion Perception, 186
The Man Who Couldn’t See Motion, 186
Summary, 187
Chapter 8. Attention and Scene Perception, 188
Selection in Space, 191
The “Spotlight” of Attention, 192
Visual Search, 193
Feature Searches Are Efficient, 194
Many Searches Are Inefficient, 195
In Real-World Searches, Basic Features Guide Visual Search, 196
The Binding Problem in Visual Search, 198
Attending in Time: RSVP and the Attentional Blink, 199
The Physiological Basis of Attention, 201
Attention Could Enhance Neural Activity, 202
Attention Could Enhance the Processing of a Specific Type of Stimulus, 202
Attention and Single Cells, 204
Disorders of Visual Attention, 205
Neglect, 206
Extinction, 207
Balint Syndrome, 207
Perceiving and Understanding Scenes, 209
Picture Memory and Change Blindness, 209
Local and Global Approaches to Scene Recognition, 212
What Do We Actually See?, 214
Summary, 217
Chapter 9. Hearing: Physiology and Psychoacoustics, 218
The Function of Hearing, 219
What Is Sound?, 220
Basic Qualities of Sound Waves: Frequency and Amplitude, 220
Sine Waves, Complex Tones, and Fourier Analysis, 222
Basic Structure of the Mammalian Auditory System, 225
Outer Ear, 225
Middle Ear, 226
Inner Ear, 227
The Auditory Nerve, 233
Auditory Brain Structures, 237
Basic Operating Characteristics of the Auditory System, 240
Intensity and Loudness, 241
Frequency and Pitch, 242
Hearing Loss, 244
Summary, 247
Chapter 10. Hearing in the Environment, 248
Sound Localization, 249
Interaural Time Difference, 250
Interaural Level Difference, 253
Cones of Confusion, 254
Pinna and Head Cues, 256
Auditory Distance Perception, 259
Complex Sounds, 260
Harmonics, 260
Timbre, 262
Attack and Decay, 265
Auditory Scene Analysis, 265
Spatial, Spectral, and Temporal Segregation, 267
Grouping by Timbre, 268
Grouping by Onset, 269
Continuity and Restoration Effects, 271
Restoration of Complex Sounds, 272
Summary, 273
Chapter 11. Music and Speech Perception, 274
Music, 275
Musical Notes, 276
Making Music, 278
Speech, 281
Speech Production, 281
Speech Perception, 285
Learning to Listen, 291
Speech in the Brain, 295
Summary, 297
Chapter 12. Touch, 298
Touch Physiology, 300
The Sense Organ and Receptor Units for Touch, 300
From Skin to Brain, 305
Pain, 309
Pleasant Touch, 312
Tactile Sensitivity and Acuity, 313
How Sensitive Are We to Mechanical Pressure?, 313
How Finely Can We Resolve Spatial Details?, 314
How Finely Can We Resolve Temporal Details?, 316
Haptic Perception, 316
Perception for Action, 316
Action for Perception, 317
The What System of Touch: Perceiving Objects and Their Properties, 319
The Where System of Touch: Locating Objects, 322
Tactile Spatial Attention, 325
Interactions between Touch and Other Modalities, 325
Virtual Haptic Environments, 327
Summary, 329
Chapter 13. Olfaction, 330
Olfactory Physiology, 331
Odors and Odorants, 331
The Human Olfactory Apparatus, 331
The Genetic Basis of Olfactory Receptors, 337
The Feel of Scent, 338
From Chemicals to Smells, 338
Theories of Olfactory Perception, 339
The Importance of Patterns, 341
Odor Mixtures, 342
Odor Imagery, 343
Olfactory Psychophysics, Identification, and Adaptation, 343
Detection, Discrimination, and Recognition, 343
Psychophysical Methods for Detection and Discrimination, 344
Identification, 345
Adaptation, 346
Cognitive Habituation, 348
Olfactory Hedonics, 349
Familiarity and Intensity, 349
Nature or Nurture?, 349
An Evolutionary Argument, 351
Caveats, 352
Olfaction, Memory, and Emotion, 352
Neuroanatomical and Evolutionary Connections between Odor and Emotion, 354
The Vomeronasal Organ and the Question of Human Pheromones, 354
Summary, 357
Chapter 14. Taste, 360
Taste versus Flavor, 361
Localizing Flavor Sensations, 362
Anatomy and Physiology of the Gustatory System, 363
Papillae, 364
Taste Buds and Taste Receptor Cells, 365
Taste Processing in the Central Nervous System, 367
The Four Basic Tastes, 368
Salty, 368
Sour, 369
Bitter, 369
Sweet, 370
Survival Value of Taste, 372
The Pleasures of Taste, 372
Specific Hungers, 373
The Special Case of Umami, 375
The Special Case of Fat, 376
Coding of Taste Quality, 376
Taste Adaptation and Cross-Adaptation, 377
Genetic Variation in Taste Experience, 377
Supertasters, 378
Health Consequences of Taste Sensation, 380
Pleasure and Retronasal versus Orthonasal Olfaction, 380
Chili Peppers, 381
Summary, 382
Chapter 15. Spatial Orientation and the Vestibular System, 384
Modalities and Qualities of Spatial Orientation, 386
The Three Spatial Orientation Modalities: Angular Motion, Linear Motion, and Tilt, 387
Basic Qualities of Spatial Orientation: Direction and Amplitude, 388
Peripheral Structure of the Mammalian Vestibular System, 390
Hair Cells—Mechanical Transducers, 390
Semicircular Canals, 392
Otolith Organs, 397
Spatial Orientation Perception, 400
Rotation Perception, 401
Translation Perception, 403
Tilt Perception, 403
Sensory Integration, 404
Visual–Vestibular Integration, 405
Reflexive Vestibular Responses, 406
Vestibulo-Ocular Responses, 406
Vestibulo-Autonomic Responses, 410
Vestibulo-Spinal Responses, 411
Cortical Projections, 412
Summary, 415
Glossary, 417
References, 433
Photo Credits, 447
Index, 449

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