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Copyright, iv
Preface, xviii
Acknowledgments, xix
Part I. Social Problems—Personal Troubles or Public Issues?, 1
Visual essay I. Seeing Problems Sociologically, 2
Chapter 1. Sociology and the Study of Social Problems, 4
Using Our Sociological Imagination, 6
What Is a Social Problem?, 8
The Negative Consequences of Social Problems, 8
Objective and Subjective Realities of Social Problems, 8
Taking a World View: A Social Constructionist Approach to AIDS in Africa, 10
The History of Social Problems, 11
Understanding the Sociological Perspective, 13
Functionalist Perspective, 13
Conflict Perspective, 14
Feminist Perspective, 15
Interactionist Perspective, 15
The Science of Sociology, 17
The Transformation From Problem to Solution, 19
Making Sociological Connections, 21
MAIN POINTS, 23
ON YOUR OWN, 24
INTERNET AND COMMUNITY EXERCISES, 24
Part II. The Bases of Inequality, 26
Visual essay II. “Invisible” Dividing Lines, 30
Chapter 2. Social Class and Poverty, 35
What Does It Mean to Be Poor?, 38
The Federal Definitions of Poverty, 38
Who Are the Poor?, 40
Sociological Perspectives on Social Class and Poverty, 44
Functionalist Perspective, 44
Conflict Perspective, 46
Feminist Perspective, 46
In Focus: Who Has the Real Power?, 47
Interactionist Perspective, 48
The Consequences of Poverty, 50
Health and Health Care, 50
Food Insecurity and Hunger, 51
Lack of Affordable Housing, 53
Voices in the Community: Stephen Bradberry, 54
Responding to Class Inequalities, 55
U.S. Welfare Policy, 55
When Time Limits Run Out, 57
Taking a World View: Child Care in Europe, 58
Changing the Definition—Redefining the Poverty Line, 59
Earned Income Tax Credit, 60
MAIN POINTS, 60
ON YOUR OWN, 62
INTERNET AND COMMUNITY EXERCISES, 62
Chapter 3. Race and Ethnicity, 63
Defining Race and Ethnicity, 64
Patterns of Racial and Ethnic Integration, 66
Taking a World View: Caste Discrimination in India, 68
In Focus: Japanese American Internment Camps, 69
Sociological Perspectives on Inequalities Based on Race and Ethnicity, 70
Functionalist Perspective, 70
Conflict Perspective, 71
Feminist Perspective, 72
Interactionist Perspective, 72
The Consequences of Racial and Ethnic Inequalities, 73
Income and Wealth, 73
Education, 74
Health, 76
U.S. Immigration, 77
Global Immigration as a Social Problem, 78
Responding to Racial and Ethnic Inequalities, 79
Encouraging Diversity and Multiculturalism, 79
Voices in the Community: Rosa Parks, 81
Affirmative Action, 82
MAIN POINTS, 85
ON YOUR OWN, 85
INTERNET AND COMMUNITY EXERCISES, 86
NOTE, 86
Chapter 4. Gender, 87
Sociological Perspectives on Gender Inequality, 89
Functionalist Perspective, 89
Conflict and Feminist Perspectives, 90
Interactionist Perspective, 91
The Consequences of Gender Inequality, 92
Occupational Sex Segregation, 93
Income Inequality, 95
Educational Attainment, 97
In Focus: The Pay Gap Between College-Educated Men and Women, 98
Responding to Gender Inequalities, 98
Feminist Movements and Social Policies, 98
Taking a World View: Violence Against Women, 100
Title IX, 101
Voices in the Community: Bernice R. Sandler, 103
MAIN POINTS, 104
ON YOUR OWN, 105
INTERNET AND COMMUNITY EXERCISES, 106
Chapter 5. Sexual Orientation, 107
Sociological Perspectives on Sexual Orientation and Inequality, 108
Functionalist Perspective, 108
Conflict and Feminist Perspectives, 109
Interactionist Perspective, 110
Sexual Orientation and Inequality, 112
U.S. Legislation on Homosexuality, 112
The Rights and Recognition of Same-Sex Couples, 113
Employment, 115
In Focus: Gay Friendly Campuses, 116
Responding to Sexual Orientation Inequalities, 117
Family Legislation, 117
Voices in the Community: Gay and Lesbian Families at the White House Egg Roll, 117
Military Service, 119
Taking a World View: Gay Military Service Policies, 120
MAIN POINTS, 121
ON YOUR OWN, 121
INTERNET AND COMMUNITY EXERCISES, 122
Chapter 6. Age and Aging, 123
Our Aging World, 124
Taking a World View: Aging in China, 127
Sociological Perspectives on Age, Aging, and Inequality, 128
Functionalist Perspective, 128
Conflict Perspective, 129
Feminist Perspective, 130
Interactionist Perspective, 131
The Consequences of Age Inequality, 132
Ageism, 132
Age and Social Class, 133
Health and Medical Care, 134
Ageism in the Workplace, 136
Responding to Age Inequalities, 136
Social Security, 137
Medicare, 138
In Focus: Senior Political Power, 139
Voices in the Community: Doris Haddock, 141
MAIN POINTS, 142
ON YOUR OWN, 143
INTERNET AND COMMUNITY EXERCISES, 143
Part III. Our Social Institutions, 144
Visual essay III. What Is a Family?, 147
Chapter 7. Families, 149
Myths of the Family, 150
Sociological Perspectives on the Family, 152
Functionalist Perspective, 152
Conflict and Feminist Perspectives, 152
Interactionist Perspective, 153
Problems in the Family, 154
Divorce, 154
Taking a World View: The Family in Sweden, 156
Violence and Neglect in the Family, 157
Teen Pregnancies and Newborn Abandonment, 160
In Focus: Teen Parenting and Education, 162
The Problems of Time and Money, 163
Community, Policy, and Social Action, 165
Family Medical Leave Act of 1993, 165
Community Responses to Domestic Violence and Neglect, 166
Teen Pregnancy and Infant Abandonment, 167
Voices in the Community: Dawn Geras, 168
Supporting Different Family Forms, 169
MAIN POINTS, 172
ON YOUR OWN, 173
INTERNET AND COMMUNITY EXERCISES, 174
Chapter 8. Education, 175
The New Educational Standard, 176
Sociological Perspectives on Education, 179
Functionalist Perspective, 179
Conflict Perspective, 179
Feminist Perspective, 180
Interactionist Perspective, 182
Problems and Challenges in American Education, 183
Taking a World View: Educational Tracking and Testing in Japan, 184
The Problem of Basic Literacy, 185
Inequality in Educational Access and Achievement, 186
Violence and Harassment in Schools, 189
Community, Policy, and Social Action, 191
Policy Responses—The Basis for Educational Reform, 191
Promoting Educational Opportunities—Head Start, 192
Mentoring, Supporting, and Valuing Networks, 193
In Focus: No Child Left Behind and Standardized Testing, 194
Voices in the Community: Wendy Kopp, 195
Antiviolence Programs in Schools, 197
Does Having a Choice Improve Education?, 198
MAIN POINTS, 200
ON YOUR OWN, 201
INTERNET AND COMMUNITY EXERCISES, 202
Chapter 9. Work and the Economy, 203
The Changing Natureof Work, 204
In Focus: The Economic and Social Impacts of Deindustrialization, 206
Sociological Perspectives on Work, 208
Functionalist Perspective, 208
Conflict Perspective, 209
Feminist Perspective, 210
Interactionist Perspective, 212
Problems in Work and the Economy, 213
Unemployment and Underemployment, 213
The Problem of Globalization, 214
Contingent or Temporary Workers, 215
A Livable Wage, 217
A Hazardous and Stressful Workplace, 218
Taking a World View: Mexico’s Maquiladoras, 219
Discrimination at the Workplace, 220
U.S. Garment Industry and Sweatshop Labor, 221
Community, Policy, and Social Action, 222
Federal Policies, 222
Expanding Employment Opportunities for Women, 223
Worker-Friendly Businesses—Conducting Business a Different Way, 224
Voices in the Community: Judy Wicks, 225
Organized and Fighting Back, 226
MAIN POINTS, 228
ON YOUR OWN, 229
INTERNET AND COMMUNITY EXERCISES, 229
Chapter 10. Health and Medicine, 230
Sociological Perspectives on Health, Illness, and Medicine, 231
Functionalist Perspective, 234
Conflict Perspective, 235
Feminist Perspective, 237
Interactionist Perspective, 238
Health Inequalities, 239
Gender, 239
Social Class, 240
Education, 240
Other Health Care Problems, 241
The Rising Cost of Health Care, 241
Inequalities in Health Insurance, 243
Community, Policy, and Social Action, 245
Health Care Reform, 245
State Health Care Reforms, 246
State Children’s Health Insurance Program, 247
State Prescription Drug Plans, 247
Taking a World View: Health Care in Canada, 249
In Focus: Bird Flu Pandemic, 250
Voices in the Community: Victoria Hale, 251
Work-Based Health Clinics, 252
Community-Based Health Care for Minorities, 253
MAIN POINTS, 254
ON YOUR OWN, 255
INTERNET AND COMMUNITY EXERCISES, 256
Chapter 11. The Media, 257
Sociological Perspectives on the Media, 259
Functionalist Perspective, 259
Conflict Perspective, 260
Feminist Perspective, 261
Interactionist Perspective, 263
Taking a World View: Women’s Feature Service, New Delhi, India, 264
The Media and Social Problems, 266
The Digital Haves and Have-Nots, 266
Media Indecency, 269
Do the Media Control Our Lives?, 271
In Focus: Moral Panic, Cyberporn, and Online Predators, 272
Do You Trust the News Media?, 274
Community, Policy, and Social Action, 275
Federal Communications Commission and the Telecommunications Act of 1996, 275
Who Is Watching the Media?, 277
Voices in the Community: Geena Davis, 277
Media Literacy and Awareness, 278
MAIN POINTS, 279
ON YOUR OWN, 280
INTERNET AND COMMUNITY EXERCISES, 281
Part IV. Our Social and Physical Worlds, 282
Visual essay IV. Drug Legacy, 286
Chapter 12. Alcohol and Drug Abuse, 288
Sociological Perspectives on Drug Abuse, 289
Functionalist Perspective, 289
Conflict Perspective, 291
Feminist Perspective, 292
Interactionist Perspective, 292
What Is Drug Abuse?, 294
Alcohol, 295
Taking a World View: The Scottish Drinking Problem, 296
Tobacco and Nicotine, 297
Marijuana, 298
Methamphetamine, 298
Cocaine, 299
The Problems of Drug Abuse, 300
The Relationship With Crime and Violence, 300
Drug Use at the Workplace, 300
Problem Drinking Among Teens and Young Adults, 301
In Focus: Alcopops, 304
The Increase in Club Drugs, 304
Policy and Social Action, 305
Federal Programs, 305
Drug Legalization, 306
Punishment or Treatment?, 308
Drug Treatment and Prevention Programs, 309
Voices in the Community: Jill Ingram, 310
MAIN POINTS, 312
ON YOUR OWN, 314
INTERNET AND COMMUNITY EXERCISES, 314
Chapter 13. Crime and Criminal Justice, 315
Sociological Perspectives on Crime, 316
Functionalist Perspective, 316
Conflict Perspective, 317
Feminist Perspective, 318
Interactionist Perspective, 320
Sources of Crime Statistics, 321
Types of Crime, 323
Violent Crime, 323
Property Crime, 325
Juvenile Delinquency, 326
White-Collar Crime, 326
The Inequalities of Crime—Offenders and Victims, 328
Offenders, 328
Victims, 329
Our Current Response to Crime, 330
The Police, 330
Prisons, 331
Taking a World View: Policing in Brazil, 332
The Death Penalty, 335
Community, Policy, and Social Action, 336
U.S. Department of Justice, 336
Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Programs, 336
The New American Prison, 337
In Focus: A Public Health Approach to Gun Control, 338
Voices in the Community: Max Kenner, 339
Community Approaches to Law, 340
Prison Advocacy and Death Penalty Reform, 341
MAIN POINTS, 343
ON YOUR OWN, 344
INTERNET AND COMMUNITY EXERCISES, 344
Chapter 14. Cities and Suburbs, 345
Urban Sociology and Demography, 346
The Processes of Urbanization and Suburbanization, 346
The Population Composition, 348
Sociological Perspectives on Urbanization, 350
Functionalist Perspective, 350
Taking a World View: Global Urbanization and Population Growth, 351
Conflict and Feminist Perspectives, 352
Interactionist Perspective, 353
The Consequences of Urbanization and Suburbanization, 355
Affordable Housing, 355
Household Crowding, 357
Substandard Housing, 358
Homelessness, 358
Gentrification, 360
Urban Sprawl and Commuting, 360
In Focus: Living Car Free, 362
Community, Policy, and Social Action, 363
Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 363
Renewal Communities, Empowerment Zones, and Enterprise Communities, 363
Voices in the Community: Magic Johnson, 364
Urban Revitalization Demonstration Program: HOPE VI, 366
Creating Sustainable Communities, 366
Housing and Homelessness Programs, 368
MAIN POINTS, 369
ON YOUR OWN, 370
INTERNET AND COMMUNITY EXERCISES, 371
Chapter 15. The Environment, 372
Environmental Problems Are Human Problems, 373
Sociological Perspectives on Environmental Problems, 375
Functionalist Perspective, 375
Conflict Perspective, 376
Feminist Perspective, 377
Interactionist Perspective, 378
Social Problems and the Environment, 379
Global Warming, 379
Air Quality, 381
Hazardous Waste Sites and Brownfields, 383
Water Quality, 383
Taking a World View: Home Sweet Landfill, 384
Our Water Supply, 385
Land Conservation and Wilderness Protection, 387
Community, Policy, and Social Action, 387
Federal Responses, 387
State and Local Responses, 388
Environmental Interest Groups, 390
Grassroots Movements, 391
In Focus: The 100-Mile Diet, 392
Radical Environmentalists, 393
College and University Sustainability, 394
Voices in the Community: Chad Pregracke, 395
MAIN POINTS, 396
ON YOUR OWN, 398
INTERNET AND COMMUNITY EXERCISES, 398
NOTE, 398
Chapter 16. War and Terrorism, 399
Defining Terrorism and War, 400
Terrorism, 400
A Brief History of U.S. Conflicts, 401
Sociological Perspectives on War and Terrorism, 402
Functionalist Perspective, 402
Conflict Perspective, 403
Feminist Perspective, 403
Interactionist Perspective, 404
The Problems of War and Terrorism, 406
Domestic Terrorism, 406
The Impact of War and Terrorism, 408
Taking a World View: Ireland and the Decommissioning of the IRA, 410
In Focus: The Hidden Costs of War, 411
How Did This Happen? The Role of Intelligence and Security, 413
Where Will the Next Attack Come From?, 414
Community, Policy, and Social Action, 415
Political Diplomacy, 415
The Use of Economic Sanctions, 416
Military Response, 416
Voices in the Community: Greg Mortenson, 417
Antiwar and Peace Movements, 419
MAIN POINTS, 421
ON YOUR OWN, 422
INTERNET AND COMMUNITY EXERCISES, 423
Part V. Individual Action and Social Change, 424
Visual essay V. Thanks to Student Activists, 426
Chapter 17. Social Problems and Social Action, 430
Social Problems and Their Solutions, 431
Understanding Social Movements, 432
How Do Social Movements Begin?, 434
How Have Reform Movements Madea Difference?, 436
Making the Last Connection, 437
MAIN POINTS, 441
ON YOUR OWN, 443
INTERNET AND COMMUNITY EXERCISES, 443
References, 444
Credits, 496
Glossary/Index, 500
About the Author, 519

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