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Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, Second Edition

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Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, Second Edition

by John D. Winter

Publisher: Prentice Hall

Copyright Year: 2010

Publishing Date: 2009/02/16

eText ISBN-10: 0-321-67421-9

eText ISBN-13: 978-0-321-67421-0

Print ISBN-10: 0-321-59257-3

Print ISBN-13: 978-0-321-59257-6

Course: Petrology

Pages: 720

eTextbook $67.00

(180 day subscription)

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Table of Contents | Description

Instructor Resources | Student Resources

ABOUT THIS TITLE - TABLE OF CONTENTS

Part I. Igneous Petrology, 1

Chapter 1. Some Fundamental Concepts, 2

Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 2

1.1. Introduction to Igneous Petrology, 2

1.2. The Earth’s Interior, 4

1.3. Origin of the Solar System and the Earth, 6

1.4. Differentiation of the Earth, 8

1.5. How Do We Know All This?, 9

1.6. Meteorites, 11

1.7. Pressure and Temperature Variations with Depth, 12

1.7.1. The Pressure Gradient, 12

1.7.2. Heat Transfer and the Temperature Gradient, 13

1.7.3. Dynamic Cooling of the Earth: Geodynamics and Plate Tectonics, 15

1.8. Magma Generation in the Earth, 17

Review Questions and Problems, 20

Important “First Principle” Concepts, 20

Suggested Further Readings, 21

Chapter 2. Classification and Nomenclature of Igneous Rocks, 23

Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 23

2.1. Introduction, 23

2.2. Compositional Terms, 24

2.3. The IUGS Classification, 25

2.3.1. Calculations and Plotting, 25

2.3.2. Phaneritic Rocks, 26

2.3.3. Modifying Terms, 28

2.3.4. Mafic and Ultramafic Rocks, 28

2.4. Aphanitic Rocks, 28

2.5. Pyroclastic Rocks, 30

Review Questions and Problems, 31

Important “First Principle” Concepts, 31

Suggested Further Readings, 31

Chapter 3. Textures of Igneous Rocks, 34

Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 34

3.1. Primary Textures (Crystal/Melt Interactions), 35

3.1.1. Rates of Nucleation, Growth, and Diffusion, 35

3.1.2. Nucleation at Preferred Sites, 38

3.1.3. Compositional Zoning, 38

3.1.4. Crystallization Sequence, 39

3.1.5. Magmatic Reaction and Resorption, 41

3.1.6. Differential Movement of Crystals and Melt, 41

3.1.7. Cumulate Textures, 42

3.1.8. Primary Twinning, 43

3.1.9. Volcanic Textures, 43

3.1.10. Pyroclastic Textures, 44

3.2. Secondary Textures: Postmagmatic Changes, 45

3.2.1. Polymorphic Transformation, 45

3.2.2. Secondary Twinning, 46

3.2.3. Exsolution, 47

3.2.4. Secondary Reactions and Replacement, 47

3.2.5. Deformation, 49

3.3. A Glossary of Igneous Textural Terms, 49

Review Questions and Problems, 53

Important “First Principle” Concepts, 53

Suggested Further Readings, 53

Chapter 4. Igneous Structures and Field Relationships, 54

Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 54

4.1. Extrusive, or Volcanic, Processes, Products, and Landforms, 54

4.1.1. Properties of Magma and Eruptive Styles, 54

4.1.2. Central Vent Landforms, 56

4.1.3. Fissure Eruptions, 60

4.1.4. Lava Flow Features, 60

4.1.5. Pyroclastic Deposits, 63

4.1.5.1. Pyroclastic Fall Deposits, 63

4.1.5.2. Pyroclastic Flow Deposits, 65

4.1.5.3. Pyroclastic Surge Deposits, 66

4.1.5.4. Comparing Pyroclastic Deposits, 66

4.2. Intrusive, or Plutonic, Processes and Bodies, 67

4.2.1. Tabular Intrusive Bodies, 67

4.2.2. Non-Tabular Intrusive Bodies, 71

4.2.3. Contact Relationships of Plutons, 72

4.2.4. Timing of Intrusion, 73

4.2.5. Depth of Intrusion, 73

4.2.6. Multiple-Injection and Zoned Plutons, 76

4.2.7. The Process of Magma Rise and Emplacement, and the “Room Problem”, 77

4.3. Hydrothermal Systems, 79

Review Questions and Problems, 82

Important “First Principle” Concepts, 82

Suggested Further Readings, 82

Chapter 5. An Introduction to Thermodynamics, 83

Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 83

5.1. Energy, 83

5.2. Gibbs Free Energy, 84

5.3. The Gibbs Free Energy for a Phase, 85

5.3.1. Variations in the Gibbs Free Energy for a Phase with Pressure and Temperature, 86

5.4. Gibbs Free Energy for a Reaction, 88

5.4.1. Variation in the Gibbs Free Energy for a Reaction with Pressure and Temperature, 88

5.4.2. The Equilibrium State, 89

5.4.3. Thermodynamic Evaluation of Phase Diagrams, 90

Review Questions and Problems, 91

Important “First Principle” Concepts, 92

Suggested Further Readings, 92

Chapter 6. The Phase Rule and One- and Two-Component Systems, 93

Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 93

6.1. Introduction: Crystallization Behavior of Natural Magmas, 93

6.2. Phase Equilibrium and the Phase Rule, 95

6.3. Application of the Phase Rule to the H₂O System, 96

6.4. One-Component Systems, 98

6.5. Two-Component (Binary) Systems, 100

6.5.1. Binary Systems with Complete Solid Solution, 100

6.5.2. Binary Eutectic Systems, 103

6.5.3. Binary Peritectic Systems, 106

6.5.4. The Alkali Feldspar System, 109

Review Questions and Problems, 112

Important “First Principle” Concepts, 112

Suggested Further Readings, 112

Chapter 7. Systems with More Than Two Components, 113

Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 113

7.1. Three-Component (Ternary) Systems, 113

7.1.1. Ternary Eutectic Systems, 113

7.1.2. Ternary Peritectic Systems, 117

7.1.3. Ternary Systems with Solid Solution, 118

7.2. Systems with More than Three Components, 122

7.3. Reaction Series, 124

7.4. The Effects of Pressure on Melting Behavior, 126

7.5. The Effects of Fluids on Melting Behavior, 127

7.5.1. The Effects of H₂O, 127

7.5.2. The Effects of CO₂, 132

Review Questions and Problems, 134

Important “First Principle” Concepts, 134

Suggested Further Readings, 134

Chapter 8. Chemical Petrology I: Major and Minor Elements, 135

Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 135

8.1. Analytical Methods, 136

8.2. Analytical Results, 139

8.3. Major and Minor Elements in the Crust, 140

8.4. Normative Minerals, 141

8.5. Variation Diagrams, 142

8.5.1. Bivariate Plots, 143

8.5.2. Triangular Plots: The AFM Diagram, 146

8.6. Using Variation Diagrams to Model Magmatic Evolution, 146

8.6.1. Pearce Element Ratios (PERs), 146

8.6.2. Graphical and Mathematical Models of Magmatic Evolution, 148

8.7. Magma Series, 152

Review Questions and Problems, 157

Important “First Principle” Concepts, 157

Suggested Further Readings, 157

Chapter 9. Chemical Petrology II: Trace Elements and Isotopes, 158

Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 158

9.1. Element Distribution, 158

9.2. Models for Solid–Melt Processes, 161

9.2.1. Batch Melting, 161

9.2.2. Rayleigh Fractionation, 163

9.3. The Rare Earth Elements: A Special Group of Trace Elements, 163

9.4. Normalized Multielement (Spider) Diagrams, 166

9.5. Application of Trace Elements to Igneous Systems, 167

9.6. Geochemical Criteria for Discriminating Between Tectonic Environments: Discrimination Diagrams, 169

9.7. Isotopes, 170

9.7.1. Stable Isotopes, 171

9.7.2. Radioactive and Radiogenic Isotopes, 172

9.7.2.1. The K-Ar System, 173

9.7.2.2. The Rb-Sr System, 175

9.7.2.3. The Sm-Nd System, 177

9.7.2.4. The U-Th-Pb System, 179

Review Questions and Problems, 182

Important “First Principle” Concepts, 182

Suggested Further Readings, 182

Chapter 10. Mantle Melting and the Generation of Basaltic Magma, 183

Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 183

10.1. Petrology of the Mantle, 184

10.2. Melting of the Mantle, 187

10.2.1. Raising Temperature, 187

10.2.2. Lowering Pressure, 188

10.2.3. Adding Volatiles, 188

10.2.4. A Brief Summary of Mantle Melting, 190

10.3. Generation of Basalts from a Chemically Uniform Mantle, 190

10.4. Primary Magmas, 194

10.5. A Chemically Heterogeneous Mantle Model, 196

Review Questions and Problems, 200

Important “First Principle” Concepts, 201

Suggested Further Readings, 201

Chapter 11. Magma Diversity, 202

Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 202

11.1. Partial Melting, 202

11.2. Magmatic Differentiation, 204

11.2.1. Fractional Crystallization, 204

11.2.2. Volatile Transport, 209

11.2.3. Liquid Immiscibility, 210

11.3. Magma Mixing, 211

11.4. Assimilation, 213

11.5. Boundary Layers, In Situ Crystallization, and Compositional Convection, 215

11.6. Mixed Processes, 218

11.7. Tectonic–Igneous Associations, 219

Review Questions and Problems, 220

Important “First Principle” Concepts, 220

Suggested Further Readings, 220

Chapter 12. Layered Mafic Intrusions, 222

Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 222

12.1. Igneous Layering, 223

12.2. Examples of Layered Mafic Intrusions, 224

12.2.1. The Bushveld Igneous Complex, 224

12.2.2. The Stillwater Complex, 228

12.2.3. The Skaergård Intrusion, 231

12.3. The Processes of Crystallization, Differentiation, and Layering in LMIs, 234

12.3.1. Gravity Settling, 235

12.3.2. Recharge and Magma Mixing, 235

12.3.3. Oscillations Across the Cotectic, 236

12.3.4. Compaction, 236

12.3.5. In Situ Crystallization and Convection, 236

12.3.6. Preferential Nucleation and Crystallization, 237

12.3.7. Density Currents, 238

12.3.8. Combined Processes, 241

12.4. Conclusion, 242

Review Questions, 243

Important “First Principle” Concepts, 243

Suggested Further Readings, 243

Chapter 13. Mid-Ocean Ridge Volcanism, 244

Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 244

13.1. Volcanism at Constructive Plate Boundaries, 244

13.2. The Mid-Ocean Ridges, 245

13.3. Structure of the Oceanic Crust and Upper Mantle, 248

13.4. MORB Petrography and Major Element Geochemistry, 250

13.5. MORB Trace Element and Isotope Geochemistry, 254

13.6. Petrogenesis of Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts, 256

13.6.1. Mantle Melting: The Generation of Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts, 256

13.6.2. Magma Chambers and the Creation of Oceanic Lithosphere, 259

13.6.3. The Influence of Spreading Rate, 264

Review Questions and Problems, 269

Important “First Principle” Concepts, 269

Suggested Further Readings, 269

Chapter 14. Oceanic Intraplate Volcanism, 270

Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 270

14.1. Intraplate Volcanic Activity, 270

14.2. Types of OIB Magmas, 273

14.3. OIB Petrography and Major Element Geochemistry, 274

14.4. OIB Trace Element Geochemistry, 277

14.5. OIB Isotope Geochemistry, 279

14.5.1. Strontium and Neodymium Isotopes, 280

14.5.2. Lead Isotopes, 281

14.5.3. Helium Isotopes, 282

14.5.4. Osmium and Oxygen Isotopes, 285

14.5.5. Other Mantle Isotopic Reservoirs, 286

14.6. Nature of the Mantle, 287

14.7. Petrogenesis of OIBs, 291

Review Questions and Problems, 299

Important “First Principle” Concepts, 299

Suggested Further Readings, 299

Chapter 15. Continental Flood Basalts, 301

Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 301

15.1. Large Igneous Provinces, 301

15.2. The Tectonic Setting of CFBs, 303

15.3. The Columbia River Basalts, 304

15.3.1. The Setting of the Columbia River Basalt Group, 304

15.3.2. CRBG Petrography and Major Element Geochemistry, 307

15.3.3. CRBG Trace Element Geochemistry, 309

15.3.4. CRBG Isotope Geochemistry, 310

15.3.5. Petrogenesis of the Columbia River Basalts, 312

15.4. Other Continental Flood Basalt Provinces, 314

15.5. Petrogenesis of Continental Flood Basalts and LIPs, 316

Review Questions, 321

Important “First Principle” Concepts, 321

Suggested Further Readings, 322

Chapter 16. Subduction-Related Igneous Activity, Part I: Island Arcs, 323

Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 323

16.1. Island-Arc Volcanism, 324

16.2. Island-Arc Volcanic Rocks and Magma Series, 326

16.3. Major Element Geochemistry of Island Arcs, 329

16.4. Spatial and Temporal Variations in Arcs, 332

16.5. Petrography of Island-Arc Volcanics, 332

16.6. Island-Arc Trace Element Geochemistry, 334

16.7. Island-Arc Isotopes, 336

16.8. Petrogenesis of Island-Arc Magmas, 339

16.8.1. Thermal Constraints, 339

16.8.2. Dehydration and Melting in Subducted Slabs, 340

16.8.3. A Possible Model, 343

16.8.4. A Panoply of Arc Parental Magmas, 346

16.8.5. Mantle Re-enrichment, 348

Review Questions and Problems, 350

Important “First Principle” Concepts, 351

Suggested Further Readings, 351

Chapter 17. Subduction-Related Igneous Activity, Part II: Continental Arcs, 352

Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 352

17.1. Introduction, 352

17.2. The Volcanic Andes of South America, 353

17.2.1. Petrology and Geochemistry of the Andean Volcanics, 354

17.2.2. Petrogenesis of Andean Volcanic Rocks, 359

17.3. The Cascades of the Western United States, 361

17.4. Plutonic Belts of Continental Arcs, 365

17.4.1. Geochemistry of the Peruvian Coastal Batholith, 367

17.4.2. Volcanic/Plutonic Equivalence, 369

17.4.3. Across-Axis Batholith Variations, 370

17.5. Petrogenesis of Continental-Arc Magmas, 373

Review Questions, 376

Important “First Principle” Concepts, 376

Suggested Further Readings, 376

Chapter 18. Granitoid Rocks, 377

Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 377

18.1. Petrography of Granitoids, 378

18.2. Granitoid Geochemistry, 379

18.3. Crustal Melting, 380

18.4. Granitoid Classification, 383

18.4.1. The S-I-A-M Classification of Granitoids, 384

18.4.2. A Classification of Granitoids Based on Tectonic Setting, 385

18.4.2.1. Oceanic Granitoids, 385

18.4.2.2. Continental Orogenic Granitoids, 387

18.4.2.3. Transitional Granitoids, 388

18.4.2.4. Continental Anorogenic Granitoids, 390

18.5. Geochemical Discrimination of Tectonic Granitoids, 391

18.6. The Role of the Mantle in Granitoid Genesis, 392

18.7. Origin of the Continental Crust, 393

Review Questions, 395

Important “First Principle” Concepts, 396

Suggested Further Readings, 396

Chapter 19. Continental Alkaline Magmatism, 397

Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 397

19.1. Continental Rift-Associated Alkaline Magmatism, 399

19.1.1. The East African Rift System, 400

19.1.2. Magma Series of the East African Rift, 401

19.1.3. Geochemistry of East African Rift Volcanics, 401

19.1.4. Isotopic and Trace Element Characteristics of East African Rift Magmas, 402

19.1.5. Mantle Enrichment and Heterogeneity Beneath the East African Rift, 404

19.1.6. Trends in East African Rift Magmatism, 406

19.1.7. Magma Evolution in the East African Rift, 406

19.1.8. A Model for East African Rift Magmatism, 407

19.2. Carbonatites, 409

19.2.1. Carbonatite Classification and Mineralogy, 409

19.2.2. Carbonatite Occurrences, 409

19.2.3. Field Characteristics of Carbonatites, 411

19.2.4. Carbonatite Geochemistry, 412

19.2.5. The Origin of Carbonatites, 412

19.2.5.1. Carbonatites as Primary Magmas, 414

19.2.5.2. Carbonatites as Differentiation Products of Primary Alkaline Silicate Melts, 416

19.2.5.3. Carbonatites as Products of Liquid Immiscibility, 417

19.2.5.4. Carbonatite Petrogenesis, 418

19.2.6. The Natrocarbonatite Problem, 419

19.2.7. The Source of Volatiles in the Mantle, 420

19.3. Highly Potassic Rocks, 420

19.3.1. Lamproites, 421

19.3.2. Lamprophyres, 423

19.3.3. Kimberlites, 425

19.3.3.1. Petrography of Kimberlites, 425

19.3.3.2. Kimberlite–Orangeite Field Relationships, 426

19.3.3.3. Kimberlite–Orangeite Geochemistry, 427

19.3.3.4. Petrogenesis of Kimberlites and Orangeites, 429

19.4. Mantle Metasomatism and Mantle Xenoliths, 431

Review Questions, 434

Important “First Principle” Concepts, 434

Suggested Further Readings, 434

Chapter 20. Anorthosites, 436

Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 436

20.1. Archean Anorthosites, 436

20.1.1. Petrology and Geochemistry of Archean Anorthosites, 437

20.1.2. The Parent Liquid of Archean Anorthosites, 437

20.1.3. Petrogenesis of Archean Anorthosites, 438

20.2. Proterozoic Anorthosites, 439

20.2.1. Petrology and Geochemistry of Proterozoic Anorthosites, 439

20.2.2. The Parent Liquid of Proterozoic Anorthosites, 440

20.2.3. Petrogenesis of Proterozoic Anorthosite Massifs, 440

20.2.4. Lunar Anorthosites, 442

Review Questions, 443

Suggested Further Readings, 443

Part II. Metamorphic Petrology, 445

Chapter 21. An Introduction to Metamorphism, 446

Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 446

21.1. The Limits of Metamorphism, 447

21.2. Metamorphic Agents and Changes, 448

21.2.1. Temperature, 448

21.2.2. Pressure, 449

21.2.3. Deviatoric Stress, 450

21.2.4. Metamorphic Fluids, 452

21.3. The Types of Metamorphism, 453

21.3.1. Contact Metamorphism, 453

21.3.2. Regional Metamorphism, 454

21.3.3. Fault-Zone and Impact Metamorphism, 457

21.4. The Progressive Nature of Metamorphism, 457

21.5. Types of Protolith, 458

21.6. Some Examples of Metamorphism, 458

21.6.1. Orogenic Regional Metamorphism of the Scottish Highlands, 459

21.6.2. Regional Burial Metamorphism, Otago, New Zealand, 461

21.6.3. Paired Orogenic Metamorphic Belts of Japan, 462

21.6.4. Contact Metamorphism of Pelitic Rocks in the Skiddaw Aureole, United Kingdom, 463

21.6.5. Contact Metamorphism and Skarn Formation at Crestmore, California, 465

Review Questions, 468

Important “First Principle” Concepts, 469

Suggested Further Readings, 469

Chapter 22. A Classification of Metamorphic Rocks, 470

Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 470

22.1. Foliated and Lineated Rocks, 471

22.2. Non-Foliated and Non-Lineated Rocks, 471

22.3. Specific Metamorphic Rock Types, 472

22.4. Additional Modifying Terms, 473

22.5. High-Strain Rocks, 473

Review Questions, 476

Important “First Principle” Concept, 476

Suggested Further Readings, 476

Chapter 23. Structures and Textures of Metamorphic Rocks, 477

Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 477

23.1. The Processes of Deformation, Recovery, and Recrystallization, 478

23.2. Textures of Contact Metamorphism, 483

23.3. High-Strain Metamorphic Textures, 486

23.3.1. Shear Sense Indicators, 488

23.4. Regional Orogenic Metamorphic Textures, 490

23.4.1. Tectonites, Foliations, and Lineations, 491

23.4.1.1. Foliations, 491

23.4.1.2. Lineations, 493

23.4.2. Mechanisms of Tectonite Development, 494

23.4.3. Gneissose Structure and Layers, 495

23.4.4. Other Regional Metamorphic Textures, 496

23.4.5. Deformation Versus Metamorphic Mineral Growth, 496

23.4.6. Analysis of Polydeformed and Polymetamorphosed Rocks, 503

23.5. Crystallographically Controlled Inclusions, 506

23.6. Replacement Textures and Reaction Rims, 506

23.7. Textural Geochronology, 508

23.7.1. Analytical Techniques and Suitable Minerals, 509

23.7.2. Examples of Textural Geochronology, 509

Review Questions and Problems, 517

Important “First Principle” Concepts, 517

Suggested Further Readings, 517

Chapter 24. Stable Mineral Assemblages in Metamorphic Rocks, 518

Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 518

24.1. Equilibrium Mineral Assemblages, 518

24.2. The Phase Rule in Metamorphic Systems, 519

24.3. Chemographic Diagrams, 522

24.3.1. Common Chemographic Diagrams for Metamorphic Rocks, 524

24.3.1.1. The ACF Diagram, 525

24.3.1.2. The AKF Diagram, 527

24.3.2. Projections in Chemographic Diagrams, 527

24.3.2.1. Projection from Apical Phases, 527

24.3.2.2. Projecting from Non-Apical Phases, 530

24.3.3. J. B. Thompson’s AKFM Diagram, 531

24.3.4. Choosing the Appropriate Compatibility Diagram, 534

Review Questions and Problems, 536

Important “First Principle” Concepts, 536

Suggested Further Readings, 536

Chapter 25. Metamorphic Facies and Metamorphosed Mafic Rocks, 537

Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 537

25.1. Metamorphic Facies, 537

25.2. Facies Series, 540

25.3. Metamorphism of Mafic Rocks, 542

25.3.1. Mafic Assemblages at Low Grades, 542

25.3.2. Mafic Assemblages of the Medium P/T Series: Greenschist, Amphibolite, and Granulite Facies, 544

25.3.3. Mafic Assemblages of the Low P/T Series: Albite–Epidote Hornfels, Hornblende Hornfels, Pyroxene Hornfels, and Sanidinite Facies, 546

25.3.4. Mafic Assemblages of the High P/T Series: Blueschist and Eclogite Facies, 547

25.4. UHP and UHT Metamorphism: The Extremes of Crustal Metamorphism, 549

25.5. Pressure–Temperature–Time (P-T-t) Paths, 551

Review Questions, 556

Important “First Principle” Concepts, 556

Suggested Further Readings, 556

Chapter 26. Metamorphic Reactions, 558

Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 558

26.1. Polymorphic Transformations, 559

26.2. Exsolution Reactions, 560

26.3. Solid–Solid Net-Transfer Reactions, 560

26.4. Devolatilization Reactions, 560

26.5. Continuous Reactions, 565

26.6. Ion Exchange Reactions, 567

26.7. Oxidation/Reduction Reactions, 568

26.8. Reactions Involving Dissolved Species, 569

26.9. Reactions and Chemographics: A Geometric Approach, 569

26.10. Phase Diagrams for Multicomponent Systems That Involve Several Reactions, 571

26.11. Petrogenetic Grids, 574

26.12. Reaction Mechanisms, 575

Review Questions and Problems, 578

Important “First Principle” Concepts, 578

Suggested Further Readings, 578

Chapter 27. Thermodynamics of Metamorphic Reactions, 579

Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 579

27.1. Calculating the Location of a Reaction Equilibrium Curve on a Phase Diagram, 580

27.2. Gas Phases, 581

27.3. Compositional Variation, 582

27.4. Geothermobarometry, 587

27.4.1. The Garnet–Biotite Exchange Geothermometer, 588

27.4.2. The GASP Continuous Net-Transfer Geobarometer, 591

27.4.3. Application of Geothermobarometry to Rocks, 592

27.4.4. Calculating P-T-t Paths from Zoned Crystals, 595

27.4.5. Sources of Error in Geothermobarometry, 598

27.4.6. Precision and Accuracy in Geothermobarometry, 599

27.5. Sources of Data and Programs, 600

Review Questions and Problems, 602

Important “First Principle” Concepts, 602

Suggested Further Readings, 602

Chapter 28. Metamorphism of Pelitic Sediments, 607

Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 607

28.1. Diagenesis and Low-Grade Metamorphism of Pelites, 608

28.2. Medium P/T Metamorphism of Pelites: The Barrovian Sequence, 609

28.2.1. The Chlorite Zone, 609

28.2.2. The Biotite Zone, 610

28.2.3. The Garnet Zone, 613

28.2.4. The Staurolite Zone, 614

28.2.5. Pseudosections and High-Variance Reactions in KFMASH, 615

28.2.6. The Kyanite Zone, 620

28.2.7. The Sillimanite Zone, 621

28.2.8. Changes Above the Kyanite → Sillimanite Isograd, 621

28.2.9. The Effects of Non-KFMASH Components, 623

28.3. Low P/T Metamorphism of Pelites, 624

28.4. Partial Melting of Pelites, 627

28.5. Migmatites, 630

28.6. High P/T Metamorphism of Pelites, 631

Review Questions and Problems, 633

Important “First Principle” Concepts, 634

Suggested Further Readings, 634

Chapter 29. Metamorphism of Calcareous and Ultramafic Rocks, 635

Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 635

29.1. Metamorphism of Calcareous Rocks, 635

29.1.1. Contact Metamorphism of Siliceous Dolostones, 636

29.1.1.1. Open-System Behavior, 637

29.1.1.2. Closed-System Behavior, 639

29.1.2. Regional Metamorphism of Siliceous Dolostones, 641

29.1.3. Fluid Infiltration in Calcic Rocks, 643

29.1.4. Metamorphism of Calc-Silicate Rocks, 644

29.1.4.1. Ankerite Zone, 645

29.1.4.2. Biotite Zone, 645

29.1.4.3. Amphibole Zone, 646

29.1.4.4. Zoisite Zone, 646

29.1.4.5. Diopside Zone, 646

29.2. Metamorphism of Ultramafic Rocks, 647

29.2.1. Regional Metamorphism of Ultramafic Rocks in the CMS-H System, 647

29.2.2. The Effect of Other Components, 650

29.2.3. The Effect of CO₂, 650

Review Questions and Problems, 653

Important “First Principle” Concept, 653

Suggested Further Readings, 653

Chapter 30. Metamorphic Fluids, Mass Transport, and Metasomatism, 654

Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 654

30.1. Metamorphic Fluids, 654

30.1.1. The Nature of Metamorphic Fluids, 655

30.1.1.1. Volatile Species, 655

30.1.1.2. Nonvolatile Solutes, 656

30.1.2. The Role of Fluids in Metamorphism, 658

30.2. Metasomatism, 658

30.2.1. Metasomatic Processes, 659

30.2.1.1. Diffusion, 659

30.2.1.2. Infiltration, 660

30.2.2. J. B. Thompson’s Metasomatic Column, 662

30.2.3. Changes Associated with Metasomatism, 667

30.2.4. Examples of Metasomatism: Ultramafics, 669

30.2.5. Examples of Metasomatism: Calcareous Skarns, 674

30.2.6. Quantitative Models and Experiments of Metasomatism, 679

Review Questions and Problems, 681

Important “First Principle” Concepts, 681

Suggested Further Readings, 682

Appendix A. Estimating the Density and Viscosity of Silicate Melts, 683

Appendix B. The CIPW Norm, 686

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ABOUT THIS TITLE - DESCRIPTION

For a combined, one-semester, junior/senior-level course in Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Also useful for programs that teach Igneous Petrology and Metamorphic Petrology. Typical texts on igneous and metamorphic petrology are geared to either advanced or novice petrology students. This unique text offers comprehensive, up-to-date coverage of both igneous and metamorphic petrology in a single volume—and provides the quantitative and technical background required to critically evaluate igneous and metamorphic phenomena in a way that students at all levels can understand. The goal throughout is for students to be able to apply the techniques—and enjoy the insights of the results—rather than tinker with theory and develop everything from first principles.

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